📚 Year 11 WJEC Politics: Key Terms Quick Revision Guide | Year 11 WJEC 政治：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering political terminology is essential for success in the Year 11 WJEC Politics examination. This guide provides concise definitions and memory aids for the most important terms you need to know, covering democracy, government, participation, and global politics. Each term is explained in clear, exam-friendly language with parallel Chinese translations to support bilingual revision.
掌握政治术语是 Year 11 WJEC 政治考试成功的关键。本指南为你整理最需掌握的核心术语，提供简明定义与速记技巧，涵盖民主、政府、政治参与及全球政治。每个术语均以考试友好的清晰语言解释，并配有中文翻译，助力双语复习。
1. Power, Authority and Legitimacy | 权力、权威与合法性
Understanding the distinction between power, authority and legitimacy is the foundation of political analysis. These concepts explain why citizens obey governments and how political systems maintain stability.
理解权力、权威与合法性的区别是政治分析的基础。这些概念解释了公民为何服从政府，以及政治体系如何维系稳定。
Power – the ability to make others do something they would not otherwise do, often through coercion or force.
权力 – 让他人做其本不会做的事的能力，通常通过强制或武力实现。
Authority – the right to exercise power, which is recognised as legitimate by those subject to it.
权威 – 行使权力的权利，且被治理者承认其合法性。
Legitimacy – the belief that a government has the right to rule, often based on consent, law, or tradition.
合法性 – 认为政府有统治权的信念，通常基于同意、法律或传统。
Sovereignty – supreme power or ultimate authority; in the UK, legal sovereignty lies with Parliament, while political sovereignty rests with the people.
主权 – 最高权力或最终权威；在英国，法律主权属于议会，政治主权属于人民。
Mandate – the authority granted by voters to a government to carry out its stated policies, usually after winning an election.
授权 – 选民赋予政府执行其宣示政策的权力，通常在赢得选举后获得。
Consent – the agreement of the governed to be ruled, a key principle in democratic legitimacy.
同意 – 被统治者同意被统治，是民主合法性的关键原则。
2. Democracy and Representation | 民主与代表制
Democracy is more than just voting; it involves accountability, pluralism, and the protection of rights. This section introduces the key ideas behind democratic rule and how citizens are represented.
民主不仅仅是投票；它涉及问责、多元主义与权利保护。本节介绍民主治理背后的核心理念以及公民如何被代表。
Democracy – a system of government in which power is held by the people, either directly or through elected representatives.
民主 – 一种政府体系，权力由人民掌握，直接行使或通过选举产生的代表行使。
Representative democracy – a form of democracy where citizens choose representatives to make decisions on their behalf.
代议制民主 – 一种民主形式，公民选举代表代为做出决策。
Accountability – the obligation of those in power to explain their actions and accept responsibility for them, often enforced through elections.
问责制 – 掌权者解释其行为并承担责任的义务，通常通过选举强行落实。
Pluralism – a condition in which many different groups and viewpoints coexist and compete for influence in the political process.
多元主义 – 多种不同群体与观点并存并在政治进程中争取影响力的一种状态。
Majority rule – the principle that the will of the majority should prevail in decision-making, while respecting minority rights.
多数决定原则 – 决策应以多数人意愿为准，同时尊重少数者权利的原则。
Minority rights – protections and freedoms guaranteed to groups or individuals who are not part of the majority, essential in a liberal democracy.
少数者权利 – 对不属于多数的群体或个人的保障与自由，在自由民主制度中不可或缺。
3. Direct and Representative Democracy | 直接民主与代议制民主
Democracy can operate in different forms. It is important to distinguish between direct participation and the representative model used in the UK and most modern states.
民主可以不同的形式运作。区分直接参与和英国及多数现代国家采用的代议制模式非常重要。
Direct democracy – a system in which citizens vote on policy decisions themselves, without intermediaries.
直接民主 – 公民不经中介，自行对政策决策投票的体制。
Referendum – a direct vote by the electorate on a single political question, used to make important constitutional or policy decisions.
公民投票（公投） – 全体选民就单一政治议题的直接表决，用于重大宪法或政策决定。
Initiative – a process that allows citizens to propose new laws or constitutional changes, often by collecting a set number of signatures.
公民提案 – 允许公民提议新法律或宪法修正的程序，通常需收集规定数量的签名。
Recall – a mechanism enabling voters to remove an elected representative from office before their term ends.
罢免 – 使选民能在任期结束前撤换当选代表的机制。
Representative democracy – the dominant model in the UK, where MPs, councillors and other officials are chosen to govern on behalf of citizens.
代议制民主 – 英国的主导模式，由议员、市议员等官员代为治理。
4. The UK Constitution | 英国宪法
The UK’s constitution is unusual because it is uncodified, meaning it is not written in a single document. It draws from several sources, making an understanding of these terms vital.
英国宪法独具特色，因其为不成文宪法，即并非以单一文件写成。它源自多种来源，理解这些术语至关重要。
Uncodified constitution – a constitution where the rules and principles are not contained in a single written document, as in the UK.
不成文宪法 – 规则与原则不集中载于单一书面文件的宪法，英国即如此。
Statute law – law made by Parliament that affects the constitution, such as the Human Rights Act 1998 or the Scotland Act 1998.
成文法 – 由议会制定、影响宪法的法律，如《1998年人权法》或《1998年苏格兰法》。
Common law – law developed through judicial decisions over time, forming part of the UK constitution (e.g. the protection of individual freedoms).
普通法 – 经法官判决长期发展形成的法律，构成英国宪法的一部分（如对个人自由的保护）。
Conventions – unwritten rules and practices that are considered binding, such as the principle that the monarch gives Royal Assent to bills.
宪法惯例 – 被视为具有约束力的不成文规则与习惯，如君主必须批准议会法案的惯例。
Parliamentary sovereignty – the doctrine that Parliament is the supreme legal authority; it can create or end any law, and no other body can override it.
议会主权 – 议会是最高的法律权威；它可以制定或废止任何法律，其他机构不得推翻。
Rule of law – the principle that everyone, including the government, is subject to the law and that laws should be fairly applied.
法治 – 包括政府在内的所有人皆受法律约束、法律应公平适用的原则。
5. Parliament and Law-making | 议会与立法
Parliament is the legislature of the United Kingdom. Understanding how it is structured and how it makes laws is central to WJEC Politics.
议会是联合王国的立法机构。了解其结构及如何制定法律，是 WJEC 政治学科的核心内容。
House of Commons – the elected chamber of Parliament, made up of MPs from constituencies; it is the primary legislative body.
下议院 – 议会中由各选区议员组成的民选议院，是主要的立法机构。
House of Lords – the unelected second chamber, consisting of life peers, bishops and hereditary peers; it revises and delays legislation.
上议院 – 非民选的第二院，由终身贵族、主教和世袭贵族组成；负责修订和延迟立法。
Bill – a proposal for a new law that is debated by Parliament before it can become an Act.
法案 – 一项新法律的提案，须经议会辩论方可成为法律。
Act of Parliament – a bill that has completed all its parliamentary stages and received Royal Assent, thereby becoming law.
议会法（成文法律） – 完成全部议会阶段并获得御准的法案，由此成为法律。
Scrutiny – the process by which Parliament examines, questions and challenges the work of government, mainly through select committees and debates.
审查 – 议会主要通过特别委员会和辩论，对政府工作进行审视、质疑与挑战的过程。
Opposition – the largest political party not in government; its role is to hold the government to account and present an alternative.
反对党 – 不在政府内、最大的政党；其职责是追究政府责任并提出替代方案。
6. The Prime Minister and Cabinet | 首相与内阁
The executive branch is headed by the Prime Minister and supported by the Cabinet. These terms explain how executive power is organised and restrained.
行政部门由首相领导，并获得内阁支持。这些术语解释了行政权力如何组织与受限制。
Prime Minister – the head of government, appointed by the monarch, usually the leader of the party with a majority in the Commons.
首相 – 政府首脑，由君主任命，通常为下议院多数党领袖。
Cabinet – a group of senior ministers chosen by the Prime Minister to lead government departments and make major policy decisions.
内阁 – 由首相挑选的高级大臣组成的团队，领导政府各部门并做出重大政策决策。
Collective responsibility – the convention that all Cabinet members publicly support government policy, even if they privately disagree; those who cannot must resign.
集体负责制 – 所有内阁成员均须公开支持政府政策的惯例；若有不同意见无法支持则必须辞职。
Individual ministerial responsibility – the principle that ministers are responsible for the actions of their departments and their own conduct; they may be expected to resign if serious errors occur.
个人大臣责任制 – 大臣须对其部门行为及自身操守负责的原则；若发生严重失误，大臣可能被要求辞职。
Royal prerogative – powers historically held by the monarch that are now exercised by the Prime Minister and ministers, such as the power to declare war or dissolve Parliament.
王室特权 – 历史上归属君主、现今由首相和大臣行使的权力，例如宣战权或解散议会的权力。
7. The Judiciary and the Rule of Law | 司法机构与法治
An independent judiciary is a cornerstone of democracy. These terms highlight how the courts operate and uphold the rule of law in the UK.
独立的司法机构是民主的基石。这些术语强调英国法院如何运作并维护法治。
Judiciary – the branch of government responsible for interpreting law and administering justice; it includes judges and courts.
司法机构 – 负责解释法律和施行正义的政府分支，包括法官和法院。
Judicial independence – the principle that judges should be free from political interference, secured by their security of tenure and independent appointments.
司法独立 – 法官应免受政治干预的原则，通过任期保障和独立任命机制来确保。
Judicial review – a legal process through which the courts examine the lawfulness of decisions made by public bodies, including government ministers.
司法审查 – 法院审查公共机构（包括政府大臣）决策合法性的法律程序。
Separation of powers – the theory that the three branches of government (legislative, executive, and judicial) should be kept distinct to prevent abuse of power.
权力分立 – 立法、行政、司法三个政府分支应保持独立，以防权力滥用的理论。
Supreme Court – the highest court of appeal in the UK, established in 2009 to separate the judiciary from the House of Lords.
最高法院 – 英国最高上诉法院，成立于 2009 年，以将司法机构从上议院分离出来。
8. Elections and Voting Systems | 选举与投票制度
Elections determine who governs. The UK uses different electoral systems for different bodies, each with its own key terms.
选举决定由谁治理。英国对不同机构采用不同选举制度，各有专属关键术语。
General Election – a UK-wide election in which voters choose MPs for all 650 seats in the House of Commons.
大选 – 英国全国性选举，选民为下议院全部 650 个席位选出议员。
First-past-the-post (FPTP) – an electoral system where the candidate with the most votes in each constituency wins a seat; used for UK general elections.
简单多数制（FPTP） – 每个选区中得票最多的候选人赢得席位的选举制度；用于英国大选。
Proportional Representation (PR) – an electoral system designed to allocate seats in proportion to the votes each party receives; variants are used in Scottish Parliament and Welsh Senedd elections.
比例代表制 – 旨在按各党得票比例分配席位的选举制度；苏格兰议会和威尔士议会的选举采用其变体。
Electorate – all the people in a constituency or country who are entitled to vote in an election.
全体选民 – 一个选区或国家中有权在选举中投票的所有人。
Turnout – the percentage of registered voters who actually cast a ballot in an election; an important indicator of political engagement.
投票率 – 已登记选民中实际投票的人数百分比，是政治参与的重要指标。
9. Political Parties and the Political Spectrum | 政党与政治光谱
Political parties help organise democracy. Familiarity with the main parties and ideological labels is essential for analysing UK politics.
政党帮助组织民主。熟悉主要政党和意识形态标签对分析英国政治至关重要。
Political party – an organised group of people with similar political views that seeks to gain power through elections to implement its policies.
政党 – 具有相似政治观点、通过选举争取执政权以推行其政策的组织。
Manifesto – a public declaration of a party’s policies and priorities, issued before an election to attract voters.
竞选宣言 – 政党在选举前发布的政策与优先事项公开声明，用以争取选民支持。
Left-wing – a political position generally favouring social equality, a larger role for the state, higher public spending and progressive reforms.
左翼 – 通常主张社会平等、国家发挥更大作用、增加公共开支和渐进改革的政治立场。
Right-wing – a political position generally favouring individual freedom, lower taxes, a smaller state and traditional values.
右翼 – 通常主张个人自由、低税收、小政府和传统价值观的政治立场。
Centre – a moderate political position between left and right, often combining elements of both; associated with the Liberal Democrats.
中间派 – 介于左翼与右翼之间的温和立场，常综合二者元素；与自由民主党相关联。
10. Pressure Groups and Civil Society | 压力集团与公民社会
Not all political influence comes through elections. Pressure groups play a major role in shaping policy, and understanding them is a key part of the course.
并非所有政治影响都通过选举实现。压力集团在政策塑造中扮演重要角色，理解它们是该课程的关键部分。
Pressure group – an organised body that seeks to influence government policy without seeking election itself; they promote specific interests or causes.
压力集团 – 不谋求当选却力图影响政府政策的组织；推广特定利益或事业。
Insider group – a pressure group that has access to government ministers and is regularly consulted during the policy-making process (e.g. the BMA).
内部集团 – 能够接触政府大臣、并在决策过程中经常被征询意见的压力集团（如英国医学会）。
Outsider group – a pressure group that lacks regular access to decision-makers and often relies on public campaigns and direct action (e.g. Greenpeace).
外部集团 – 缺乏与决策者常规接触的压力集团，通常依靠公众宣传和直接行动（如绿色和平组织）。
Lobbying – the activity of attempting to influence decisions made by officials, legislators or ministers on behalf of an interest group.
游说 – 代表某一利益集团，试图影响官员、议员或大臣所作决策的活动。
Trade union – an organised association of workers formed to protect and promote their rights and interests, often through collective bargaining.
工会 – 工人组成的组织，旨在通过集体谈判等方式保护并促进其权益。
11. Devolution and Local Government | 权力下放与地方政府
Power in the UK is not concentrated solely at Westminster. Devolution has created regional parliaments and assemblies, and local government delivers services at the grassroots.
英国的权力并非仅集中在威斯敏斯特。权力下放产生了区域性议会，地方政府则在基层提供服务。
Devolution – the transfer of political power from central government to regional bodies without giving up ultimate sovereignty.
权力下放 – 将政治权力从中央政府移交给地区机构，但不放弃最终主权。
Devolved powers – matters over which devolved bodies have authority, such as health, education and transport in Scotland and Wales.
下放权力 – 下放机构有权管理的事务，如苏格兰和威尔士的卫生、教育与交通。
Reserved powers – matters retained by the UK Parliament, such as defence, foreign policy and constitutional affairs.
保留权力 – 由英国议会保留的事务，如国防、外交政策与宪法事务。
Scottish Parliament – the devolved legislature for Scotland, with powers over many domestic policies; sits at Holyrood.
苏格兰议会 – 苏格兰的权力下放立法机构，对诸多国内政策有立法权，驻地为荷里路德。
Senedd Cymru – the Welsh Parliament, with devolved powers over areas including health, education and the environment.
威尔士议会 – 威尔士议会，在卫生、教育及环境等领域拥有下放权力。
12. The UK and the Wider World | 英国与世界
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