A Guide to Quick Memorisation of Key Philosophical Terms for Year 11 Cambridge | 剑桥Year 11哲学术语速记指南

📚 A Guide to Quick Memorisation of Key Philosophical Terms for Year 11 Cambridge | 剑桥Year 11哲学术语速记指南

This guide provides a concise glossary of essential terms for Year 11 Cambridge philosophy students. Understanding these concepts is crucial for success in epistemology, ethics, philosophy of religion, philosophy of mind, and logic. Each term is defined clearly in both English and Chinese to aid retention and bilingual comprehension.

本指南为剑桥Year 11哲学学生提供关键术语的简明词汇表。理解这些概念对于在认识论、伦理学、宗教哲学、心灵哲学和逻辑学中取得成功至关重要。每个术语均以中英双语清晰定义，以帮助记忆和双语理解。

1. Epistemology: Types of Knowledge | 认识论：知识的类型

Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies knowledge, belief, and justification. It asks what knowledge is and how we can obtain it. Philosophers distinguish several types of knowledge, each with distinct characteristics.

认识论是研究知识、信念和辩护的哲学分支。它追问知识是什么以及我们如何获得知识。哲学家们区分了几种类型的知识，每种都有不同的特征。

Propositional knowledge (knowledge-that): Knowledge that a certain proposition is true, for instance, knowing that Paris is the capital of France. It is expressed in declarative statements and can be true or false.

命题知识（知道某命题的知识）：知道某个陈述为真，例如知道巴黎是法国的首都。它以陈述句表达，可为真或为假。

Acquaintance knowledge (knowledge-of): Knowledge gained through direct sensory experience. For example, knowing the taste of chocolate or knowing a person by meeting them. It does not require language.

亲知知识（关于对象的知识）：通过直接感官经验获得的知识。例如知道巧克力的味道，或通过见面认识一个人。它不依赖语言。

Ability knowledge (knowledge-how): Practical knowledge or skill, such as knowing how to ride a bicycle or how to solve a quadratic equation. It involves competence rather than factual recall.

能力知识（知道如何做的知识）：实践知识或技能，比如知道如何骑自行车或如何解二次方程。它涉及的是能力而非事实回忆。

Belief: A mental state of accepting a proposition as true. In epistemology, belief is necessary but not sufficient for knowledge. One can believe something false.

信念：接受一个命题为真的心理状态。在认识论中，信念是知识的必要条件但非充分条件。一个人可以相信假的东西。

2. The Tripartite Definition of Knowledge | 知识的三元定义

Traditionally, knowledge has been analysed as justified true belief (JTB). This widely accepted account was challenged by Gettier cases, leading to refinements in the theory of knowledge.

传统上，知识被分析为有理由的真信念（JTB）。这一广为接受的说法受到盖梯尔案例的挑战，从而引发了对知识理论的修正。

Justified True Belief (JTB): The theory that knowledge involves three conditions: the belief must be true, the knower must believe it, and the knower must have adequate justification for that belief. For example, knowing that it will rain based on a reliable weather forecast.

有理由的真信念（JTB）：认为知识包含三个条件：信念必须为真，认知者必须相信它，并且认知者必须有充分的理由。例如，依据可靠的天气预报知道将要下雨。

Gettier cases: Scenarios where someone has a justified true belief but, due to luck, does not seem to have knowledge. In a famous example, Smith has good evidence that Jones owns a Ford, and from that infers the true claim “either Jones owns a Ford or Brown is in Barcelona”. It turns out Jones does not own a Ford, but Brown happens to be in Barcelona, making the belief true by accident.

盖梯尔案例：一个人持有有理由的真信念，但由于运气因素，似乎并不拥有知识的场景。在一个著名例子中，史密斯有很好证据相信琼斯有一辆福特车，并由此推出”要么琼斯有一辆福特车，要么布朗在巴塞罗那”这个真陈述。结果琼斯没有福特车，但布朗碰巧在巴塞罗那，使得信念意外为真。

Infallibilism: The view that knowledge requires absolute certainty; a belief must be such that it could not be false. On this strict view, very few of our everyday beliefs would count as knowledge.

无误论：认为知识要求绝对的确定性；一个信念必须不可能为假。按照这种严格观点，我们日常的信念中极少能算作知识。

Reliabilism: An alternative analysis of knowledge proposing that a belief is justified if it is produced by a reliable cognitive process, such as clear perception, even if the believer cannot articulate the justification. This helps avoid Gettier problems.

可靠主义：一种替代性知识分析，主张一个信念若是由一个可靠的认知过程（如清晰的感知）产生的，即使信念者无法言说理由，它也是得到辩护的。这有助于避开盖梯尔问题。

3. Empiricism and Rationalism | 经验论与唯理论

How do we acquire knowledge? Empiricists argue that sensory experience is the ultimate source, while rationalists maintain that reason alone can yield significant knowledge. This foundational debate shapes epistemology.

我们如何获得知识？经验论者主张感官经验是最终来源，而唯理论者坚持单凭理性就能产出重要知识。这一基础性辩论塑造了认识论。

Empiricism: The theory that all knowledge originates from sensory experience. John Locke argued that the mind at birth is a tabula rasa, and all ideas come from sensation and reflection. David Hume pushed this further by questioning causality.

经验论：所有知识都起源于感官经验的理论。约翰·洛克主张心灵出生时是一块白板，一切观念来自感觉和反思

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