📚 CAIE Psychology Key Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | CAIE 心理学词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the language of psychology is the first step towards exam success. This guide offers you evidence-based memory techniques paired with core CAIE IGCSE Psychology terms, helping you encode, store and retrieve definitions more efficiently in your Year 11 course.
掌握心理学的语言是考试成功的第一步。本指南将为你提供基于实证的记忆技巧，并结合CAIE IGCSE心理学的核心术语，帮助你在Year 11课程中更高效地编码、存储和提取定义。
1. Memory Foundations: Encoding, Storage and Retrieval | 记忆基础：编码、存储与提取
Think of your brain as a computer. Encoding is like typing on a keyboard, translating sensory input into a neural code. Storage is the hard drive, where information is held over time. Retrieval is the monitor, accessing stored data when you need it. To remember these, visualise the process every time you sit at your desk.
把你的大脑想象成一台电脑。编码就像在键盘上打字，把感觉输入转化为神经代码。存储就像硬盘，信息被长时间保留在那里。提取就像显示器，在你需要时访问存储的数据。为了记住这些，每次坐在书桌前时就视觉化这个过程。
In CAIE Psychology, you apply these terms when discussing models like the Multi-Store Model. Encoding deficits explain forgetting at the sensory register; retrieval failure is central to the Tip-of-the-Tongue phenomenon.
在CAIE心理学中，你在讨论多存储模型等模型时会用到这些术语。编码缺陷解释了感觉登记中的遗忘；提取失败是舌尖现象的核心原因。
2. The Multi-Store Model in a Nutshell | 多存储模型简记
The Multi-Store Model (Atkinson & Shiffrin) describes three separate stores: Sensory Register, Short-Term Memory (STM), and Long-Term Memory (LTM). Use the acronym ‘SSL’ (Sensory-Short-Long) to recall the order. Imagine a sSSLeeping snake moving from head (sensory) to tail (long-term).
多存储模型（Atkinson & Shiffrin）描述了三个独立的存储库：感觉登记、短时记忆（STM）和长时记忆（LTM）。用首字母缩略词”SSL”（Sensory-Short-Long）来回忆顺序。想象一条熟睡的蛇（SSL），从头部（感觉）移动到尾部（长时）。
Remember the key features with a table:
| Store | Capacity | Duration | Encoding |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sensory Register | Very large | ½ second (iconic) | Sense-specific |
| STM | 7 ± 2 chunks | 18-30 seconds | Acoustic mainly |
| LTM | Potentially unlimited | Up to a lifetime | Semantic mainly |
记住这些关键特征，可以对照下表。
3. Acronyms for the Serial Position Effect | 序列位置效应的缩略词记忆法
When recalling a list, we tend to remember the first items (primacy) and the last items (recency), while the middle ones are often forgotten. Use ‘PIRATES’ to link: Primacy Initial R
在回忆一个列表时，我们倾向于记住前面的项目（首因效应）和后面的项目（近因效应），而中间的项目常常被遗忘。用”PIRATES”来串联：Primacy（首因）在开头，Recency（近因）在结尾，So中间就被略过了。或者，边指着头（前）、脚趾（后）、肚子（中间）边念三遍”Primacy, Recency, Middle Asymptote”。
This effect supports the idea of separate STM and LTM stores: recency reflects STM, primacy reflects LTM. In exams, always link the data to the model.
这一效应支持了独立的短时记忆和长时记忆的存在：近因效应反映短时记忆，首因效应反映长时记忆。考试中，务必把数据与模型联系起来。
4. Visual Imagery: Bartlett’s “War of the Ghosts” | 视觉意象记忆法：巴特利特的”战争幽灵”
Bartlett’s key concepts—reconstructive memory, schemas, confabulation—can be anchored with one vivid mental image: a ghost holding a distorted storybook. The ghost represents the “War of the Ghosts” folk tale; the distortion shows how memory is reconstructed using cultural schemas, and the gaps filled with confabulations.
巴特利特的关键概念——重构记忆、图式、虚构——可以用一个生动的心理图像来锚定：一个幽灵拿着一本变形扭曲的故事书。幽灵代表”战争幽灵”这个故事；变形扭曲表明记忆是如何利用文化图式进行重构的，而空白处则由虚构来填补。
In the study, British participants unfamiliar with the indigenous story altered the narrative each time they reproduced it, assimilating it to their own cultural schemas. So whenever you see ‘Bartlett’, picture the ghost and your own memory twisting a story.
在那项研究中，不熟悉土著故事的英国被试每次复述时都会改变叙述，将其同化到自己的文化图式中。所以每当看到”巴特利特”，就在脑海中浮现一个幽灵在扭曲你的故事。
5. The Method of Loci for Research Methods Terms | 位置记忆法攻破研究方法术语
Place the following terms along a familiar route in your house: Front door = Independent Variable (IV, the ‘departure’ that sets the journey), hallway = Dependent Variable (DV, the measured outcome), living room = Hypothesis (the expectation), kitchen cabinet = Control (keeping things consistent), and so on. Walk this mental path twice daily.
将这些术语放在你熟悉的房屋路线上：大门 = 自变量（IV，”出发”开启旅程），走廊 = 因变量（DV，被测量的结果），客厅 = 假设（期望），厨房柜子 = 控制（保持一致），以此类推。每天在脑海中沿着这条路线走上两遍。
- IV: What the researcher changes or manipulates.
- DV: What is measured; the effect of the IV.
- Operationalisation: Defining variables clearly so they can be measured; imagine a dictionary on the bookshelf.
- 自变量：研究者改变或操纵的变量。
- 因变量：被测量的变量；由自变量带来的效果。
- 操作性定义：清晰定义变量以便测量；把书架上的字典想象成操作性定义。
For ethical guidelines, link each to a finger: thumb = Consent, index = Deception, middle = Confidentiality, ring = Debrief, pinky = Right to Withdraw. Say ‘CAN DO’ to cement them.
至于伦理准则，把每个准则对应到一根手指：拇指 = 知情同意，食指 = 欺骗，中指 = 保密，无名指 = 事后解释，小指 = 退出权。念出”CAN DO”来巩固（Consent, Avoid deception, aNonymity, Debrief, Opt-out right）。
6. Story-Linking Social Influence Key Terms | 故事链接法串联社会影响关键术语
Create a mini-story: “One day, a naive participant enters a room full of confederates. He feels normative social influence to conform (Asch), so he gives a wrong answer to fit in. Later, listening to an authority figure (Milgram), he obeys and administers shocks, his agentic state blocking personal responsibility. If he were in a uniformed crowd, deindividuation might make him act aggressively.”
编一个小故事：”一天，一名天真的被试走进一间满是助手的房间。他感受到想要合群的规范性社会影响（阿希），于是给出错误答案以融入群体。后来，听从权威人物（米尔格拉姆），他服从并电击他人，处于代理状态使他屏蔽了个人责任。如果他身处一群穿制服的人群中，去个性化可能让他做出攻击行为。”
This narrative ties together conformity, confederates, normative social influence, obedience, agentic state, and deindividuation. Read it aloud twice and you will find these terms flowing automatically during exam recall.
这个叙述将从众、助手、规范性社会影响、服从、代理状态和去个性化串联起来。大声朗读两遍，你会发现这些术语在考试回忆时自然而然地涌现出来。
7. Chunking Attachment Vocabulary | 组块化记忆依恋词汇
Break Ainsworth’s ‘Strange Situation’ terms into three chunks: Type A – Avoidant, Type B – Secure, Type C – Ambivalent/Resistant. Remember ‘A-B-C’ and attach a single key behaviour: Type A ignores caregiver, Type B uses caregiver as a safe base, Type C shows clingy resistance.
将安斯沃思”陌生情境法”的术语分成三个组块：A型——回避型依恋，B型——安全型依恋，C型——矛盾/抗拒型依恋。记住”A-B-C”，并给每个字母附加一个关键行为：A型忽视照料者，B型以照料者为安全基地，C型表现出粘人抗拒。
For Bowlby’s theory, chunk his ideas into the ‘Mothers’ Mnemonic’: Monotropy (one special bond), maternal deprivation hypothesis, internal working model, critical period, and social releasers. Think of a mother holding an infant clock, showing the critical period.
对于鲍尔比的理论，把他的观点组块化成”母亲记忆法”：Monotropy（单一依恋），母性剥夺假说，内部工作模式，关键期，社交信号释放器。想象一位母亲抱着一个婴儿形状的钟表，指示出关键期。
8. Psychopathology: Beck’s Cognitive Triad in One Image | 心理病理学：贝克认知三要素一图记牢
Depression’s cognitive triad consists of negative views of the self, the world, and the future. Draw a triangle. Label the three corners ‘Me’, ‘World’, ‘Future’. Inside the triangle, write ‘I am worthless, everything is useless, nothing will change’. This embodies Beck’s theory: negative schemas distort thinking.
抑郁症的认知三要素包括对自我、世界和未来的消极看法。画一个三角形。在三个角上标注”我”、”世界”、”未来”。在三角形内写上”我一文不值，一切皆无用，未来永不变”。这就体现了贝克的认知理论：消极图式扭曲了思维。
To recall the difference between unipolar depression and bipolar depression, visualise a unicycle (one pole/unipolar) stuck in a low ditch, versus a bicycle going from deep valley to high peak (two poles/bipolar). Mania is the dangerous ‘up’ phase.
要记住单相抑郁和双相障碍的区别，可以想象一辆独轮车（单相）陷在低洼的沟里无法动弹，对比一辆自行车（双相）从深谷冲上高峰。躁狂就是那个危险的”高涨”阶段。
9. Theories of Forgetting: Interference Made Simple | 遗忘理论：干扰的简单记忆
Proactive interference (PI) is when old learning messes up new learning: ‘Past Pokes In’. Retroactive interference (RI) is when new learning erases old: ‘Recently In’. Remember ‘PI = pass interferes, RI = recent intrudes’. To deepen the image, picture a dinosaur (old) blocking your new phone number (PI), then a new app deleting your old memory (RI).
前摄干扰（PI）是指旧的学习扰乱新学的信息：”过去的信息戳进来”。倒摄干扰（RI）是指新学的信息抹去旧的信息：”最近的信息擅自闯入”。记住”PI = 过去干扰，RI = 近来入侵”。为了加深印象，想象一只恐龙（旧的）挡住了你的新手机号（PI），然后一个新应用删除了你的旧记忆（RI）。
Retrieval failure is often due to context or state cues missing. Use the ‘Failure to Launch’ film poster: the rocket (memory) cannot lift off without the launch pad (cue).
提取失败常常是因为缺乏背景或状态线索。借用电影《Failure to Launch》（发射失败）的海报：没有发射台（线索），火箭（记忆）就无法升空。
10. Key Statistical and Experimental Design Terms | 关键统计与实验设计术语
Independent groups design means different participants in each condition. Repeated measures uses the same participants. Matched pairs pairs participants on similar traits. Memorise with: ‘Group Different, Same Repeated, Pair Matched’.
独立组设计是指每种条件下有不同的被试。重复测量设计使用相同的被试。匹配对设计根据相似特质将被试配对。用以下口诀记忆：”组不同，重复相同，成对匹配”。
For significance, the convention is usually p < 0.05. This means the probability of the result occurring by chance is less than 5%, so we reject the null hypothesis. In your notes, circle '0.05' and label it 'lucky number for psychology'.
对于显著性，惯例通常是 p < 0.05。这意味着结果由偶然因素出现的概率小于5%，因此我们拒绝零假设。在你的笔记中，圈出"0.05"并标注为"心理学的幸运数字"。
11. Active Recall Templates for Daily Revision | 每日主动回忆模板
Create a single-page ‘brain dump’ each morning. Write every term you can remember from the previous day’s topic without looking. Then check against the specification and fill gaps in red pen. This leverages the testing effect, strengthening retrieval pathways.
每天早上制作一页”大脑清空”笔记。在不看资料的情况下，写下你能记起的昨天学过的所有术语。然后对照考纲检查，用红笔补全。这利用了测试效应，强化提取通路。
Use the ‘Leitner System’ with flashcards: terms you know well go to Box 3 (review once a week), uncertain terms stay in Box 1 (review daily). Label the flashcards with the mnemonic cue on the front and the term plus definition on the back.
用抽认卡配合”莱特纳系统”：你熟悉的术语放入第3格（每周复习一次），感到生疏的术语留在第1格（每天复习）。抽认卡正面写上记忆术线索，背面写上术语及其定义。
12. Final Tips and Your Psychology Word Bank | 最后技巧与心理学词汇库
Build a personal glossary with these techniques already embedded. For instance, beside ‘anterograde amnesia’, draw an arrow pointing forward (‘antero’ = before in time, but actually means forward inability to form new memories). Always link the term to a concrete study, e.g., HM’s case study for amnesia, Peterson & Peterson for STM duration.
建立一个已经嵌入了这些记忆技巧的个人术语表。例如，在”顺行性遗忘”旁边画一个指向前方的箭头（antero-指向前方，表示无法形成新记忆）。始终将术语与具体研究挂钩，比如用HM的个案研究记遗忘，用Peterson & Peterson的实验记短时记忆持续时间。
Remember, understanding the story behind each term makes it stick. CAIE exam questions reward accurate application of terminology—so invest time in mastering this word bank, and you will turn psychological vocabulary into your strongest asset.
记住，理解每个术语背后的故事能使其粘在记忆中。CAIE考试题目看重术语的准确应用——因此投入时间掌握这个词汇库，你就会把心理学词汇变成你最强大的资本。
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