OCR Psychology Year 12: Key Terminology Memory Guide | OCR心理学 Year 12：关键术语速记指南

📚 OCR Psychology Year 12: Key Terminology Memory Guide | OCR心理学 Year 12：关键术语速记指南

Mastering psychological terminology is half the battle in OCR Year 12 Psychology. This guide breaks down essential terms from research methods, social, cognitive, developmental, biological psychology and individual differences into bite-sized chunks. Each term comes with a memorable hook or mnemonic so you can recall it quickly in the exam hall.

掌握心理学术语是OCR Year 12心理学的半壁江山。本指南将研究方法、社会、认知、发展、生物心理学以及个体差异中的关键术语拆分成易吸收的模块。每个术语都配有难忘的挂钩或助记符，让你在考场中迅速提取。

1. Research Methods Essentials | 研究方法必知术语

Independent variable (IV): The variable you deliberately change or manipulate. Think ‘I’ change the IV.

自变量(IV)：你故意改变或操纵的变量。记忆提示：’I’ 是我来改变的自变量。

Dependent variable (DV): The variable you measure; it is the outcome that depends on the IV. Remember: DV Depends on IV.

因变量(DV)：测量的变量；是取决于自变量的结果。记住：因变量依靠自变量。

Confounding variable: An unwanted variable that changes systematically with the IV, threatening internal validity. Visualise a confused snake tangling your experiment — you cannot tell what caused the effect.

混淆变量：与自变量系统性变化的无关变量，威胁内部效度。想象一条困惑的蛇缠住实验——你分不清是谁引起了效应。

Operationalisation: Defining variables clearly so they are measurable. E.g. ‘aggression’ becomes ‘number of punches on a Bobo doll’. Turn your variable into an OPERATION.

操作化：明确定义变量使其可测量。例如，“攻击性”变成“击打波波娃娃的次数”。把你的变量变成一个可操作的步骤。

Null hypothesis: A statement predicting no effect or no relationship. It begins with ‘There will be no difference…’ To remember, think ‘null’ = zero, nothing.

零假设：预测没有影响或没有关系的陈述。以“将没有差异……”开头。要记住，“零”就是零蛋，啥都没有。

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2. Experimental Design Demystified | 实验设计揭秘

Independent groups design: Different participants are placed in each condition. Mnemonic: Groups are independent — they never meet.

独立组设计：不同参与者被分配在不同条件中。助记：各组彼此独立——永不相见。

Repeated measures design: The same participants take part in all conditions. Think ‘repeat’ — SAME people return.

重复测量设计：同样的参与者参加所有条件。想到“重复”——同样的人再次出现。

Matched pairs design: Participants are paired on key traits (e.g. IQ) and then split. Remember: Match on a trait, like pre-matched socks, then separate.

配对设计：参与者在关键特质（如智商）上配对，然后分开。记住：像预先配对的袜子，然后拆开。

Order effects: In repeated measures, the order of conditions may fatigue or practise participants, distorting results. Counterbalancing (ABBA pattern) is the fix.

顺序效应：在重复测量中，条件的顺序可能使参与者疲劳或产生练习效应，歪曲结果。平衡法（ABBA模式）是矫正方法。

Participant variables: Individual differences between groups (e.g. age, memory span) that can act as extraneous variables. Independent groups are most prone to these.

参与者变量：组间的个体差异（如年龄、记忆广度）可能成为外源变量。独立组设计最容易受此影响。

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3. Ethics & Sampling Snapshots | 伦理与抽样要点

Informed consent: Participants must know the true aims and agree to take part. Link it to signing a consent form — ‘informed’ means they have the full picture.

知情同意：参与者必须了解真实目的并同意参加。联想签署同意书——“知情”意味着他们掌握了全貌。

Deception: Misleading or withholding information. Ethically, it must be followed by a thorough debrief. Think of a magic trick — the audience is deceived, then the secret is revealed.

欺骗：误导或隐瞒信息。伦理上，之后必须进行充分的事后解释。想象魔术——观众被骗，然后秘密揭晓。

Protection from harm: Participants should not experience physical or psychological distress greater than everyday life. Handle with care, like fragile glass.

保护免受伤害：参与者不应承受超过日常生活的身体或心理痛苦。宛如玻璃制品，小心轻放。

Random sampling: Every member of the target population has an equal chance. Draw names from a hat. Stratified sampling: Identify subgroups and sample proportionally. Think ‘strata’ = layers.

随机抽样：目标人群每个成员有均等机会。从帽子中抽名字。分层抽样：识别亚群并按比例取样。想想“地层”一词。

Volunteer sampling: Participants self-select, often through advertisements. Quick but may attract a certain profile. Remember: volunteers raise their hand.

志愿者抽样：参与者自我选择，常通过广告招募。快捷但可能吸引某类人。记忆：志愿者举手报名。

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4. Data & Descriptive Statistics | 数据与描述统计

Mean: The arithmetic average. Add up all scores and divide by the number of scores. Mnemonic: Mean is the ‘mean’ one — it shares everything equally.

平均数：算术平均值。将所有分数相加除以分数个数。助记：平均数很“平均”——公平分配一切。

Median: The middle value when scores are ordered. If the list is even, it is the average of the two middle numbers. Think ‘median’ strip on a road — it sits in the middle.

中位数：按顺序排列后中间的数值。若列表为偶数，则是中间两个数的均值。想想道路中央分隔带——它在中间。

Mode: The most frequently occurring value. To remember, ‘mode’ sounds like ‘most’.

众数：出现最频繁的值。助记：“mode”发音像“more”——最多的。

Range: The difference between the highest and lowest score. A very quick measure of spread. Range = max – min.

全距：最高分与最低分的差。一个极为快速的离散指标。全距 = 最大值减最小值。

Standard deviation (SD): A measure of how spread out scores are around the mean. A small SD means data is tightly clustered; a large SD means widely spread. Think of SD as the average distance from the mean.

标准差(SD)：衡量分数围绕平均数的分散程度。SD小表示数据紧密聚集；SD大表示分散。将SD视为与平均数的平均距离。

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5. Social Influence: Conformity Types & Explanations | 社会影响：从众类型与解释

Compliance: Publicly going along with the group while privately disagreeing. It is shallow and temporary. Pretend to agree just to fit in — like laughing at a joke you do not find funny.

顺从：公开跟随群体但私下不认同。肤浅且短暂。为了合群假装同意——比如对不好笑的笑话发笑。

Identification: Conforming because you value membership in a group, even if you privately accept only some norms. Wear the uniform, act the part, but inside you are still you.

认同：因重视群体成员身份而从众，即使私下只接受部分规范。穿上制服，演这个角色，但内心仍是自己。

Internalisation: Deepest form — you genuinely accept the group’s beliefs both publicly and privately. The belief becomes yours. It is like adopting a new favourite food.

内化：最深层次——你公开和私下均真正接受群体信念。信念成为你自己的。如同爱上一种新食物。

Normative social influence (NSI): Conforming to be liked or accepted by the group. NSI = Need to be Socially Included. Drives compliance.

规范社会影响(NSI)：为了被群体喜欢或接受而从众。NSI = 需要社交接纳。驱动顺从。

Informational social influence (ISI): Conforming because you believe the group knows better. ISI = I Seek Information. Leads to internalisation.

信息社会影响(ISI)：因认为群体更懂而从众。ISI = 我寻求信息。导致内化。

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6. Obedience to Authority | 对权威的服从

Agentic state: A mental state where a person believes they are acting as an agent for an authority figure and thus feel no personal responsibility. Remember: you switch to ‘agent mode’ — you are just carrying out orders.

代理状态：个体认为自己只是权威人物的代理，因而感到无需承担个人责任的心理状态。记住：你切换到“代理模式”——只是执行命令。

Authoritarian personality (Adorno et al.): A personality type characterised by rigid thinking, submission to authority, and hostility toward those of lower status. Measured by the F‑scale. Think ‘Adorno’ + ‘authority’ sounds like ‘authoritarian’.

权威人格（阿多诺等人）：一种以僵化思维、服从权威、对低地位者抱有敌意为特征的人格类型。用F量表测量。联想“阿多诺”＋“权威”，发音似“权威”。

Legitimacy of authority: The perceived right of an authority figure to give orders. Uniform and setting boost legitimacy. Milgram’s lab coat = instant legitimacy.

权威的正当性：权威人物被认为有权发号施令的程度。制服和环境增强正当性。米尔格拉姆实验中的白大褂=即刻正当性。

Proximity factors: In Milgram’s variations, obedience dropped when teacher and learner were in the same room, or when the experimenter gave orders by phone. Distance dulls moral strain — remember ‘When you are near, you feel the fear’.

接近性因素：在米尔格拉姆的变式中，当教师与学习者同处一室，或实验者通过电话下达命令时，服从下降。距离减弱道德压力——记住“靠近时，你会怕”。

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7. Memory: Multi‑Store Model Basics | 记忆：多贮存模型基础

Sensory register: The temporary store for sensory information. Iconic (visual) store lasts about 0.5 seconds; echoic (auditory) store lasts 2-3 seconds. Like a quick snapshot.

感觉寄存器：感觉信息的暂存库。图像（视觉）存储约0.5秒；声像（听觉）存储2-3秒。像快速快照。

Short‑term memory (STM): Limited capacity (7 ± 2 chunks) and brief duration (18-30 seconds). Rehearsal keeps it alive. Think of STM as a tiny sticky note on your forehead.

短时记忆(STM)：容量有限（7±2个组块）且持续时间短（18-30秒）。复述使其保持鲜活。把STM想象成额头上的一张迷你便利贴。

Long‑term memory (LTM): Potentially unlimited capacity and lifetime duration. Encoded mainly semantically (by meaning). It is your brain’s full library stacks.

长时记忆(LTM)：容量可能无限，持续时间可达一生。主要按语义（意义）编码。是你大脑的整个图书馆书架。

Chunking: Grouping individual bits of information into larger, meaningful units to expand STM capacity. E.g. remembering a phone number as 077-12-34-56 rather than 0-7-7-1-2-3-4-5-6.

组块化：将单个信息单位组合成更大、有意义单位以扩展STM容量。例如，将电话号码记为077-12-34-56而非单个数字。

Encoding: The transformation of information into a form that can be stored. STM favours acoustic encoding (sound), LTM prefers semantic (meaning). If you sound out the term, it goes to STM; if you make sense of it, it reaches LTM.

编码：将信息转变为可存储的形式。STM偏好听觉编码（声音），LTM偏好语义编码（意义）。读出声音进STM；理解意思进LTM。

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8. Forgetting & Working Memory | 遗忘与工作记忆

Proactive interference (PI): Old learning disrupts new learning. PI = Past Information blocks new. Think ‘pro‑’ = forward but old information proactively steps ahead.

前摄干扰(PI)：旧学习干扰新学习。PI=过去信息挡新。虽然“pro”有向前之意，但旧信息主动抢在前头。

Retroactive interference (RI): New learning disrupts recall of old information. RI = Recently learn, Interfere with old. Like a new song erasing yesterday’s melody.

倒摄干扰(RI)：新学习干扰旧信息回忆。RI=最近学的干扰旧的。就像新歌擦除昨天的旋律。

Retrieval failure (cue‑dependent forgetting): Information is available in LTM but not accessible without appropriate cues. Context and state cues act as keys. The information is on the tip of your tongue; you just need the key.

提取失败（线索依赖遗忘）：信息在LTM中存在，但少了适当线索就无法提取。情境和状态线索如同钥匙。信息就在舌尖，你只需那把钥匙。

Working memory model (Baddeley & Hitch): Replaces the idea of a unitary STM. Central executive (boss) oversees the phonological loop (inner ear), visuospatial sketchpad (inner eye) and episodic buffer (story linker). Each slave system handles a different format.

工作记忆模型（巴德利和希奇）：取代了单一STM的概念。中央执行器（老板）监控语音环路（内耳）、视空间画板（内眼）和情景缓冲器（故事链接器）。每个从属系统处理不同格式的信息。

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9. Attachment Foundations | 依恋基础

Reciprocity: Caregiver and infant respond to each other’s signals, like a turn‑taking dance. Each partner’s actions elicit a response from the other. Think of a conversation in facial expressions.

互惠：照料者与婴儿互相响应彼此的信号，如同轮流舞蹈。每一方的行为引发另一方的回应。想象一场面部表情的对话。

Interactional synchrony: Caregiver and infant mirror each other’s emotions and actions simultaneously. They move together in time. Remember, it’s a mirror — faces, tones, movements reflect each other.

交互同步：照料者与婴儿同时镜像彼此的情绪和动作。他们在时间上同步。记住，像镜子一样——表情、语调、动作互相映照。

Monotropy (Bowlby): The theory that infants form one primary attachment that is more important than others. This special bond acts as a secure base. Think ‘mono’ = one, like a monarch — one supreme ruler.

单亲依恋（鲍尔比）：认为婴儿会形成一个比其他依恋更重要的主要依恋。这一特殊纽带作为安全基地。想“mono”=一，像君主——一个最高统治者。

Internal working model (IWM): A mental schema of relationships formed from the first attachment. It serves as a template for future relationships. Your first love (primary attachment) writes the script for later ones.

内部工作模型(IWM)：从最初依恋中形成的关于关系的心理图式。作为未来关系的模板。你的第一份爱（主要依恋）为后来者编写剧本。

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10. Attachment Types & Cultural Variations | 依恋类型与文化差异

Strange Situation (Ainsworth): A controlled observation assessing attachment by exposing an infant to brief separations and reunions with the caregiver. Look for proximity seeking, exploration and reunion behaviour.

陌生情境（安斯沃思）：一种控制观察，通过让婴儿经历与照料者短暂分离和重聚来评估依恋。观察寻求接近、探索和重聚行为。

Secure attachment (Type B): Infant uses caregiver as a secure base, explores freely, is distressed by separation and easily soothed upon reunion. Balanced and healthy — the ‘B’ for brave little explorer.

安全型依恋（B型）：婴儿将照料者作为安全基地，自由探索，分离时痛苦，重聚时易被安抚。平衡健康——B代表勇敢的小探险家。

Insecure‑avoidant (Type A): Infant explores without relying on caregiver, shows little distress on separation and avoids contact on reunion. ‘A’ for aloof — the lone ranger.

不安全-回避型（A型）：婴儿探索时不依靠照料者，分离时痛苦少，重聚时回避接触。“A”代表冷淡——孤胆游侠。

Insecure‑resistant (Type C): Infant clings, explores little, is intensely distressed by separation, yet resists comfort on reunion. ‘C

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