Year 11 CAIE Geography: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memory Guide | CAIE 11年级地理：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 11 CAIE Geography: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memory Guide | CAIE 11年级地理：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering the essential terminology is one of the surest ways to boost your performance in Year 11 CAIE Geography. This guide breaks down key terms across the syllabus into manageable chunks and pairs them with simple memory aids so that you can recall definitions quickly and accurately in the exam room.

掌握核心术语是提升 CAIE 11 年级地理成绩的最可靠方法之一。本指南将大纲中的关键术语拆分成易于掌握的小组，并配上简单的记忆辅助，帮助你在考场上快速、准确地回忆定义。

1. Demographic Key Terms | 人口关键术语

Birth rate – the number of live births per 1 000 people in a year. Remember ‘B’ for ‘born’: where there are more babies, the birth rate climbs.

出生率 – 每年每千人口中的活产婴儿数。记忆法：’B‘ 代表 ’出生（Born）‘，有更多婴儿的地方出生率就高。

Death rate – the number of deaths per 1 000 people in a year. Link ‘D’ for ‘deceased’ to death; a rising death rate often signals an ageing population or poor healthcare.

死亡率 – 每年每千人口中的死亡人数。将 ’D‘ 与 ’死亡（Deceased）‘ 关联；死亡率上升通常暗示人口老龄化或医疗条件差。

Natural increase – the difference between birth rate and death rate (births minus deaths). Think of ‘NI’ as ‘New Individuals’ added naturally to a country’s population.

自然增长率 – 出生率与死亡率的差值（出生数减死亡数）。将 ’NI‘ 想象成自然增加到国家人口中的 ’新个体（New Individuals）‘。

Migration – the movement of people across a boundary, usually for at least a year. Use push factors (reasons to leave) and pull factors (reasons to arrive); imagine someone being ‘pushed’ out and ‘pulled’ in.

人口迁移 – 人们跨越边界的移动，通常至少持续一年。利用推力和拉力因素记忆：推力把你 ’推‘ 出去，拉力把你 ’拉‘ 进来。

Overpopulation – a situation where there are too many people for the available resources, leading to a lower standard of living. ‘Over’ means too many, like an overfilled suitcase.

人口过剩 – 人口数量超出可用资源承载能力、导致生活水平下降的状况。’过‘ 就是太多，像一个塞得过满的行李箱。

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2. Settlement Structures and Processes | 聚落结构与过程术语

Settlement hierarchy – the ranking of settlements from small hamlets to large conurbations. Memorise the pyramid: hamlet → village → town → city → conurbation, with fewer places but more services as you climb.

聚落等级 – 从小村庄到大型城市连绵区的排列。记忆金字塔：小村 → 村庄 → 镇 → 城市 → 城市连绵区，等级越高数量越少但服务功能越强。

Threshold population – the minimum number of people needed to support a service, e.g., a supermarket requires a higher threshold than a corner shop. ‘Threshold’ is the lowest limit – think of a doorstep you must step over before a shop can open.

门槛人口 – 维持一项服务所需的最低人口数量，例如超市的门槛人口高于小卖部。’门槛‘ 就是开店必须跨越的最低人口界限。

Sphere of influence – the area from which a settlement or service draws its customers. Visualise a bubble extending outward; larger settlements have much wider spheres.

影响范围 – 一个聚落或服务吸引顾客的区域。想象一个向外扩展的气泡，大聚落的范围要宽广得多。

Central Business District (CBD) – the heart of a city with the highest land values, tallest buildings and greatest accessibility. Rhyme it: ‘CBD, centre of the big city – the place to be’.

中央商务区 (CBD) – 城市的核心，地价最高、高楼最密集、可达性最强。顺口溜：’CBD，大城市的心脏——繁华之地‘。

Urbanisation – the increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities. ‘URB-anisation’ – spot ‘urb’ meaning city, so urbanisation is city growth.

城市化 – 城镇人口比例上升的过程。’Urbanisation‘ 里的 ’urb‘ 就是城市的意思，城市化即城市的扩张。

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3. Plate Tectonics Terminology | 板块构造术语

Constructive plate boundary – where plates move apart, magma rises and new crust is created, e.g. Mid-Atlantic Ridge. ‘Constructive’ builds new land – think of constructing a new floor of crust.

建设性板块边界 – 板块相互分离，岩浆上升，形成新地壳，如大西洋中脊。’建设性‘ 就是建造新的地壳层。

Destructive plate boundary – where an oceanic plate subducts under a continental plate, destroying crust and often creating volcanoes and deep trenches. ‘De-structive’ – de-stroys crust.

破坏性板块边界 – 大洋板块俯冲到大陆板块之下，地壳被破坏，常形成火山和海沟。’破坏性‘ 就是摧毁地壳。

Conservative plate boundary – where plates slide past each other without creating or destroying crust; earthquakes are common, e.g. San Andreas Fault. Think ‘conserve’ crust – crust is neither made nor lost.

守恒性板块边界 – 板块相互滑动，不产生也不破坏地壳；地震频繁，如圣安德烈亚斯断层。’守恒‘ 即地壳既不增加也不减少。

Focus (earthquake) – the point inside the Earth where an earthquake originates. Imagine the ‘focus’ as the starting point of a wave, deep underground.

震源 – 地震发生在地下深处的起始点。脑海中想象震源是波开始扩散的地心点。

Epicentre – the point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus. ‘Epi-‘ means above, so epicentre sits above the focus. The damage is usually greatest here.

震中 – 震源正上方的地表点。’Epicentre‘ 中 ’epi-‘ 意为上方，所以震中就在震源之上，通常这里破坏最严重。

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4. River Dynamics and Landforms | 河流动力学与地形术语

Hydraulic action – the force of moving water that dislodges material from the bed and banks. ‘Hydro’ = water, ‘action’ = force – water smashing against rock.

水力作用 – 流水冲击河床和河岸，松动物质的力量。’水‘ = 水，’力‘ = 作用，水流如同重锤敲打岩石。

Abrasion (corrasion) – material carried by the river scrapes the bed and banks like sandpaper. Remember ‘abrasion’ is abrasive, wearing surfaces away.

磨蚀作用 – 河流搬运的物质像砂纸一样刮擦河床和河岸。’磨蚀‘ 就是通过摩擦把表面磨掉。

Attrition – rocks and pebbles bump into each other, becoming smaller and rounder. Think ‘attrition’ = a tricycle of stones hitting together.

磨圆作用 – 石块和卵石互相碰撞，变得又小又圆。’attrition‘ 可联想为石子们互相撞击的三轮车（tricycle）。

Solution (erosion) – minerals in rocks are dissolved by weak acids in the water. Like sugar dissolving in tea, limestone dissolves in acidic river water.

溶蚀作用 – 岩石中的矿物被水中弱酸溶解。就像糖溶于茶一样，石灰岩在酸性河水里被溶解。

Meander – a bend in a river. Picture a river ‘meandering’ slowly like a lazy hiker – the water flows faster on the outside of the bend, causing erosion.

曲流 – 河流的弯曲段。想象河流像懒散的徒步者一样蜿蜒前行，水流在弯道外侧流速快，产生侵蚀。

Oxbow lake – a crescent-shaped lake formed when a meander is cut off. The shape looks like an oxbow (the U-shaped collar for oxen) – hence the name.

牛轭湖 – 曲流被截断后形成的月牙形湖泊。形状像牛轭（牛脖子上U型木轭），因此得名。

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5. Coastal Geography Terms | 海岸地理术语

Constructive waves – low-frequency, low-energy waves that deposit material, building up beaches. ‘Construct’ a wide beach; swash is stronger than backwash.

建设性海浪 – 频率低、能量小的海浪，通过堆积物质建造沙滩。’建设‘ 出宽阔海滩；上冲流强于回流。

Destructive waves – high-frequency, high-energy waves that erode the coast, removing beach material. Backwash is stronger than swash, so they ‘destroy’ the beach.

破坏性海浪 – 频率高、能量大的海浪，侵蚀海岸，带走沙滩物质。回流强于上冲流，因此它们 ’破坏‘ 海滩。

Longshore drift – the zigzag movement of sediment along the coast caused by waves hitting the shore at an angle. Whisper ‘long shore – drift along the beach’; particles move in a saw-tooth pattern.

沿岸物质搬运 – 海浪斜向冲击海岸造成的沉积物沿锯齿形路径移动。默念 ’沿岸——物质沿滩漂移‘，像锯条一样前进。

Spit – a long, narrow ridge of sand or shingle extending from the coast into the sea, formed by longshore drift. It ‘spits’ out from the land but is still attached at one end.

沙嘴 – 由沿岸物质搬运形成的从海岸伸入海中的狭长沙脊或碎石脊。它从陆地 ’吐出‘，但一端仍连着海岸。

Bar – a spit that has grown across a bay, connecting two headlands. A bar ‘bars’ the way, cutting off the bay from the open sea, sometimes forming a lagoon.

滨外坝 – 沙嘴延伸横跨海湾，连接两个岬角。坝像栏杆一样拦住去路，将海湾与外海隔开，常形成潟湖。

Stack and stump sequence – when a headland is eroded: crack → cave → arch → stack → stump. The sequence shortens from ‘C-C-A-S-S’ – remember ‘Crabs Can Avoid Sandy Shorelines’ (just a mnemonic).

海蚀柱与海蚀残丘序列 – 岬角被侵蚀的过程：裂隙 → 洞穴 → 海蚀拱 → 海蚀柱 → 海蚀残丘。顺序简称 C-C-A-S-S，用中文联想 ’穿（裂）洞供柱残‘ 快速记忆。

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6. Weather, Climate and Ecosystems | 天气气候与生态系统术语

Stevenson screen – a white, louvered box housing weather instruments to protect them from direct sun and rain. Think ‘Stevenson’s screen shields sensors’ – S.S.S.S.

百叶箱 – 一个白色、有百叶窗的箱子，用来放置气象仪器，保护它们免受阳光直射和雨淋。’百叶‘ 提供遮蔽。

Rain gauge – an instrument that collects and measures rainfall in millimetres. The gauge ‘gauges’ how much rain falls; picture a measuring cylinder collecting drops.

雨量计 – 收集并测量降雨量的仪器，单位毫米。’量计‘ 即衡量尺度，想象量筒承接雨滴。

Barometer – measures atmospheric pressure. ‘Baro’ means weight – a barometer weighs the air. High pressure usually brings settled weather.

气压计 – 测量大气压力的仪器。’Baro‘ 是重量的意思，气压计称量空气的重量。高压通常带来稳定天气。

Relief rainfall – rain caused when moist air is forced to rise over high ground, cools and condenses. ‘Relief’ refers to the shape of the land; hills squeeze rain out.

地形雨 – 潮湿空气被迫抬升越过高地，冷却凝结形成的降雨。’地形‘ 就是山丘挤压出雨来。

Convectional rainfall – rain formed when the sun heats the ground, warm air rises rapidly, cools and condenses into towering cumulonimbus clouds. Like a ‘convection’ oven heating from the bottom.

对流雨 – 太阳加热地面，暖空气迅速上升、冷却凝结成高大的积雨云后形成的降雨。像对流烤箱从底部加热一样。

Frontal rainfall – rain occurring where warm and cold air masses meet; warm air is forced up over colder air, cooling and condensing. Imagine two armies (‘fronts’) colliding and warm air rising above.

锋面雨 – 冷暖空气相遇时，暖空气被迫爬升到冷空气上方，冷却凝结形成的降雨。像两支军队（’锋面‘）遭遇，暖空气被抬升。

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7. Development Indicators and Models | 发展指标与模型术语

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – the total value of all goods and services produced within a country in one year. ‘Domestic’ = inside the country; gdp is a nation’s economic pulse.

国内生产总值 (GDP) – 一个国家一年内生产的所有商品和服务的总值。’国内‘ 即国境之内；GDP 是国民经济的脉搏

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