📚 Year 11 Cambridge IGCSE Chinese: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | 剑桥IGCSE中文：句型公式与语法定理速查手册
This quick-reference handbook compiles the most important sentence patterns, grammatical structures and functional ‘formulas’ tested in the Cambridge IGCSE Chinese (Mandarin) examination. Treat each pattern as a theorem that, once memorised and applied, will help you construct accurate, idiomatic sentences. Use this guide for last-minute revision or systematic practice to boost your writing and speaking scores.
本速查手册汇集了剑桥国际IGCSE中文（普通话）考试中最重要的句型、语法结构及功能性‘公式’。请将每个句型视作一条定理，牢记并灵活运用后，你就能造出准确、地道的中文句子。可用本手册进行考前冲刺复习或系统训练，助你提升写作与口语成绩。
1. The Basic S-V-O Formula | 基本主谓宾公式
Subject + Verb + Object
The most fundamental Chinese sentence structure follows the Subject–Verb–Object (SVO) order, identical to English. Mastering this formula allows you to form simple declarative sentences immediately. Time expressions and adverbs usually appear before the verb or at the beginning of the sentence.
最基本的中文句子遵循主语—动词—宾语（SVO）的语序，与英语完全相同。掌握这一公式后，你就能立即造出简单的陈述句。时间词和副词通常出现在动词前或句首。
Example: 我 (Subject) 吃 (Verb) 苹果 (Object)。
Example: 她 (Subject) 看 (Verb) 书 (Object)。
When adding a time word, place it before the verb: 我每天早上喝咖啡 (I drink coffee every morning). The formula becomes Subject + Time + Verb + Object. Remember that Chinese does not conjugate verbs, so the verb form remains unchanged regardless of tense.
添加时间词时，将它放在动词前：我每天早上喝咖啡。公式变为主语 + 时间 + 动词 + 宾语。请记住中文动词没有时态变化，无论什么时态动词形式都保持不变。
2. Adjectival Predicate Formula (No Verb ‘to be’) | 形容词谓语句公式（不用‘是’）
Subject + (很) + Adjective
In Chinese, adjectives can function as predicates without a linking verb such as ‘is’ or ‘are’. The adverb 很 (hěn, very) is often used as a default modifier, even when the meaning is not emphatic. Omitting 很 can make the sentence sound incomplete or comparative.
在中文里，形容词可以直接作谓语，不需要‘是’等系动词。副词‘很’常用作默认修饰语，即便没有强调意味。省略‘很’会使句子听起来不完整或带有比较义。
Example: 她很高 (She is tall)。
Example: 这本书很有意思 (This book is interesting)。
If you want to form a negative, use 不 before the adjective: 他不忙 (He is not busy). For the past or future, add time words; the adjective still requires 很 unless you use 了 for change of state: 他高了 (He has become taller).
否定形式在形容词前加‘不’：他不忙。表示过去或未来时只需添加时间词，形容词前通常仍需加‘很’，只有状态变化时才用‘了’：他高了。
3. The ‘是’ (Shì) Identification Formula | ‘是’字判断句公式
Subject + 是 + Noun / Noun Phrase
是 is used to link two noun phrases, identifying or defining the subject. It is not used with adjectives unless the adjective is followed by 的 to form a nominal expression. Common mistakes include using 是 before a simple adjective; always check whether the complement is a noun.
‘是’用来连接两个名词性成分，表示判断或定义。它不能直接用在形容词前，除非形容词后加‘的’构成名词性结构。常见错误是在形容词前误用‘是’，请先检查补语是否为名词。
Example: 我是学生 (I am a student)。
Example: 他是老师 (He is a teacher)。
Negative: 不是。Question: 你是学生吗？ (Are you a student?). For emphasis in a past or future context, keep 是: 昨天是我的生日 (Yesterday was my birthday).
否定用‘不是’。疑问用‘吗’：你是学生吗？即使在表示过去或将来时，仍使用‘是’：昨天是我的生日。
4. The ‘有’ (Yǒu) Existence & Possession Formula | ‘有’字存在与领有公式
Place / Person + 有 + Object
有 indicates possession or existence. For possession, the structure is Person + 有 + Thing. For existence, it is Place + 有 + Thing. Unlike English ‘have’, 有 cannot be used to form perfect tenses; instead, aspect particles like 了 or 过 are used.
‘有’表示领有或存在。表领有时，结构为‘人 + 有 + 物’。表存在时，为‘处所 + 有 + 物’。与英语‘have’不同，‘有’不能用于构成完成时，需借助动态助词‘了’或‘过’。
Example (possession): 我有一本词典 (I have a dictionary)。
Example (existence): 桌子上有一本书 (There is a book on the table)。
Negative: 没有 (do not have / there is not). In the negative, 没 is used, not 不: 我没有时间 (I don’t have time).
表示领有：我有一本词典。表示存在：桌子上有一本书。否定形式一律用‘没有’而不用‘不’：我没有时间。
5. The 把 (Bǎ) Disposal Formula | ‘把’字处置式公式
Subject + 把 + Object + Verb + Complement / 了
The 把 construction is used to emphasise the disposal or result of an action upon a definite object. The object must be specific and the verb must be followed by a resultative complement, a directional complement, or at least 了. This formula is indispensable for expressing actions like ‘put’, ‘move’, ‘finish’ or ‘transform’.
‘把’字句用来强调对某个确定对象的处置及其结果。宾语必须是确指的，动词后必须带有结果补语、趋向补语或至少加‘了’。在表达‘放’、‘搬’、‘完成’、‘变成’等动作时，该句式不可或缺。
Example: 请把书放在桌子上 (Please put the book on the table)。
Example: 他把作业做完了 (He finished the homework)。
Without 把, the focus may shift: 他做完了作业 (He finished the homework – neutral). Use 把 when the outcome or location change matters.
例句：请把书放在桌子上。他把作业做完了。若不用‘把’，句子的焦点可能改变：他做完了作业（中性叙述）。当强调结果或位置变化时，须使用‘把’字句。
6. The 被 (Bèi) Passive Formula | ‘被’字被动式公式
Receiver + 被 (+ Agent) + Verb + Complement / 了
The 被 structure forms the Chinese passive voice, often carrying a sense of adversity or something undesirable, though neutral usage is increasingly common. The agent can be omitted if unknown, but the verb still requires a complement or 了. Avoid using 被 with intransitive verbs or adjectives.
‘被’字句构成中文的被动语态，常带有不如意或遭受的意味，不过中性用法也越来越普遍。施事者在不知道时可以省略，但动词后仍需有补语或‘了’。注意不及物动词和形容词不能用于‘被’字句。
Example: 我的手机被偷了 (My mobile phone was stolen)。
Example: 窗户被(风)吹开了 (The window was blown open by the wind)。
In spoken Chinese, 让 or 叫 can replace 被, but the agent must then be stated: 我让他骗了 (I was cheated by him).
例句：我的手机被偷了。窗户被（风）吹开了。口语中‘让’或‘叫’可替换‘被’，但必须引出施事者：我让他骗了。
7. The 比 (Bǐ) Comparative Formula | ‘比’字比较句公式
A + 比 + B + Adjective (+ 一点儿 / 多了)
比 is the primary structure for expressing comparison. It places the adjective directly after the standard of comparison. Adverbs of degree (很, 非常) cannot be used before the adjective, but complements of degree like 得多 or 一点儿 are added after the adjective to indicate the extent of difference.
‘比’是表达比较的主要句式。形容词直接放在比较基准之后。程度副词（很、非常）不可用在形容词前，但可在形容词后添加程度补语‘得多’、‘一点儿’等，以表示差异程度。
Example: 他比我高 (He is taller than me)。
Example: 今天比昨天冷多了 (Today is much colder than yesterday)。
Negative: A 没有 B + Adjective: 我没有你聪明 (I am not as clever as you). Avoid saying ‘A 比 B 不高’, which is incorrect.
例句：他比我高。今天比昨天冷多了。否定形式用‘A 没有 B + 形容词’：我没有你聪明。切勿说‘A 比 B 不高’。
8. The 是…的 (Shì…de) Emphasis Formula | ‘是……的’强调句式
是 + Detail to Emphasise + Verb + 的
This structure is used to highlight the time, place, manner or agent of a past completed action. It does not merely state what happened; it stresses a specific circumstance. In spoken and written Chinese, 是 can sometimes be omitted, but 的 remains essential at the end.
此句式用于强调过去已完成的动作的时间、地点、方式或施事者。它不仅陈述事件，更突出某一具体细节。口语和书面语中‘是’有时可省略，但句末的‘的’必须保留。
Example: 我是昨天到北京的 (It was yesterday that I arrived in Beijing / I arrived in Beijing yesterday – emphasis on time)。
Example: 他是在图书馆找到这本书的 (It was in the library that he found this book)。
Do not use this pattern to simply describe a past event without an emphatic focus; use 了 instead.
例句：我是昨天到北京的（强调时间）。他是在图书馆找到这本书的。如无强调焦点，不要使用此句式，改用‘了’描述一般过去事件。
9. The Serial Verb Construction Formula | 连动句公式
Subject + Verb1 (+ Object1) + Verb2 (+ Object2)
Chinese allows two or more verbs to be strung together in one clause, expressing consecutive actions, purpose, or manner. The verbs share the same subject and appear in chronological or logical order. No conjunctions like ‘and’ are needed between them.
中文允许在一个单句中连用两个或多个动词，表达连续动作、目的或方式。动词共享同一主语，并按时间或逻辑顺序排列，中间无需加‘和’等连词。
Example (purpose): 我去图书馆看书 (I go to the library to read books)。
Example (manner): 他坐着听课 (He attends class sitting down).
Example (consecutive): 他放下书包出去了 (He put down his schoolbag and went out). The second verb often indicates the goal or the means by which the first action is carried out.
目的关系：我去图书馆看书。方式关系：他坐着听课。先后连续：他放下书包出去了。第二个动词常表示目的或第一个动作进行的方式。
10. The Pivotal Sentence Formula (兼语句) | 兼语句公式
Subject + Causative Verb + Object/Subject + Predicate
In a pivotal sentence, the object of the first verb serves simultaneously as the subject of the second verb. Common causative verbs include 让 (ràng, let), 叫 (jiào, ask/tell), 请 (qǐng, invite), 使 (shǐ, make). This pattern is essential for expressing requests, commands and indirect influence.
在兼语句中，第一个动词的宾语同时兼任第二个动词的主语。常用使令动词有‘让’、‘叫’、‘请’、‘使’等。该句式对表达请求、命令和间接影响至关重要。
Example: 妈妈让我早点儿回家 (Mum asked me to come home earlier)。
Example: 老师请我们回答问题 (The teacher invited us to answer questions)。
Notice that the second verb can be followed by its own object or complement. The 让/叫/请 element cannot be omitted if the causative meaning is intended.
例句：妈妈让我早点儿回家。老师请我们回答问题。注意第二个动词后可带自己的宾语或补语。如欲表达使令义，‘让/叫/请’等词不可省略。
11. The Directional Complement Formula | 趋向补语公式
Verb + 来/去 (Simple Direction) or Verb + 上/下/进/出/回/过 + 来/去 (Compound Direction)
Directional complements indicate the direction of an action in relation to the speaker. Simple complements like 来 (towards the speaker) and 去 (away from the speaker) attach directly to the verb. Compound complements combine a directional verb with 来 or 去 to express more complex movement.
趋向补语表示动作相对于说话者的方向。简单趋向补语‘来’（向说话者）和‘去’（离说话者）直接加在动词后。复合趋向补语则由趋向动词与‘来/去’组合，表达更复杂的位移。
Example: 他跑进来了 (He ran in towards the speaker)。
Example: 请把椅子搬出去 (Please move the chair out away from the speaker)。
When there is a location object, it must be placed between the directional verb and 来/去: 他上楼去了 (He went upstairs); do not say 他去上楼了.
例句：他跑进来了。请把椅子搬出去。若宾语为处所词，需放在趋向动词和‘来/去’之间：他上楼去了。切勿说‘他去上楼了’。
12. The Potential Complement Formula | 可能补语公式
Verb + 得 / 不 + Result / Direction
Potential complements indicate whether an action can or cannot achieve a result or be carried out in a certain direction. Insert 得 between the verb and the complement to express possibility, and 不 to express impossibility. This structure is highly productive and tested frequently in IGCSE reading and writing.
可能补语表示动作能否达到某种结果或能否朝某方向进行。在动词和补语间插入‘得’表可能，插入‘不’表不可能。该结构能产性极强，在IGCSE阅读和写作中频繁考查。
Example: 我听得懂中文 (I can understand Chinese – listening)。
Example: 他看不见黑板上的字 (He cannot see the characters on the blackboard)。
For directional potentials: 门打不开 (The door can’t be opened) vs 门打得开 (The door can be opened). The 得/不 potential form often replaces the 能/不能 auxiliary when focusing on the inherent possibility of the action.
例句：我听得懂中文。他看不见黑板上的字。表方向可能：门打不开 vs 门打得开。当强调动作本身的内在可能性时，常用‘得/不’可能补语替代‘能/不能’。
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