📚 Year 11 CCEA Statistics: Glossary Quick Memorisation Guide | CCEA Year 11 统计词汇术语速记指南
Statistics succeeds on a precise vocabulary. Whether you are describing data types, calculating averages, or interpreting probability, the correct terms open the marks. This guide groups essential CCEA Year 11 statistical terms into logical categories, with memory hooks for fast revision.
统计学的成功在于精准的词汇。无论你是在描述数据类型、计算平均值还是解释概率，正确的术语能打开得分之门。本指南将 CCEA Year 11 必备统计术语按逻辑分类，并附上记忆钩子，助你快速复习。
1. Types of Data | 数据类型
-
Qualitative data (categorical data) describe qualities or attributes that cannot be measured numerically, such as eye colour or favourite sport. Think ‘Quali’ = Quality.
定性数据（分类数据）描述无法用数字测量的性质或属性，例如眼睛颜色或最喜欢的运动。联想“Quali” = 品质。
-
Quantitative data are numerical measurements that can be discrete or continuous. Think ‘Quanti’ = Quantity.
定量数据是可以离散或连续的数字测量值。联想“Quanti” = 数量。
-
Discrete data can only take certain values, usually counted in whole numbers (e.g. number of students). Remember ‘discrete’ steps like stairs.
离散数据只能取特定值，通常以整数计数（例如学生人数）。像楼梯一样有“离散”的台阶。
-
Continuous data can take any value within a range and are measured (e.g. height, time). Picture a continuous scale.
连续数据可以在一个范围内取任何值，通过测量得到（例如身高、时间）。想象一把连续的刻度尺。
-
Primary data are collected firsthand by the researcher for a specific purpose. Secondary data are obtained from existing sources collected by others.
原始数据由研究者为特定目的亲自收集。二手数据是从他人已收集的现有来源获得的。
2. Data Collection and Sampling Methods | 数据收集与抽样方法
-
Census: a survey that collects data from every member of the population. Sample: a subset of the population selected for study. Remember: Census = Complete.
普查：从总体每个成员收集数据的调查。样本：从总体中选择用于研究的一个子集。联想：Census = Complete（完全）。
-
Sampling frame: a list of all members of the population from which a sample is drawn. A pilot survey is a small trial run to test questionnaire design.
抽样框：列出总体所有成员的清单，从中抽取样本。试点调查是测试问卷设计的小规模试运行。
-
Random sampling: every member has an equal chance of being selected. Systematic sampling: select every k-th member from an ordered list. Simple mnemonic: RANdom = no pattern; SYStematic = follow a system.
随机抽样：每个成员被选中的机会均等。系统抽样：从有序列表中每隔 k 个选一个。简单记忆：RANdom = 无模式；SYStematic = 遵循系统。
-
Stratified sampling: divide the population into distinct subgroups (strata) and take a random sample from each in proportion to its size. Formula: number from stratum = (stratum size / population size) × sample size. ‘Strata’ = layers.
分层抽样：将总体分成不同的子组（层），并按比例从每层随机抽样。公式：层抽样数 = （层大小 / 总体大小）× 样本大小。“Strata” = 层次。
-
Cluster sampling: randomly select entire groups (clusters). Quota sampling: interviewers fill fixed quotas without random selection. Convenience sampling: choose the easiest-to-reach individuals.
整群抽样：随机选择完整群组。配额抽样：调查员按固定配额非随机选取。便利抽样：选择最容易接触到的个体。
3. Measures of Central Tendency | 集中趋势度量
-
Mean (arithmetic average): sum of all values divided by the number of values. Symbol: x̄ (x-bar). Formula: x̄ = Σx / n. It is affected by extreme values.
平均数（算术平均值）：所有值之和除以数值个数。符号：x̄（x-bar）。公式：x̄ = Σx / n。它受极端值影响。
-
Median: the middle value when data are arranged in order. If n is odd, it is the central value; if n is even, it is the mean of the two middle values. It is resistant to outliers. Think ‘Median = Middle’.
中位数：数据按顺序排列后的中间值。若 n 为奇数，即为中间那个值；若 n 为偶数，则为中间两个值的平均数。它不易受异常值影响。联想“Median = Middle”。
-
Mode: the value that appears most frequently. There can be one mode, more than one (bimodal/multimodal), or none. Think ‘Mode = Most’.
众数：出现频率最高的值。可有一个、多于一个（双峰/多峰）或无。联想“Mode = Most”。
4. Measures of Spread | 离散程度度量
-
Range = maximum value – minimum value. It is simple but affected by outliers. R = Max − Min.
极差 = 最大值 − 最小值。简单但受异常值影响。R = Max − Min。
-
Interquartile range (IQR) = Q₃ − Q₁, where Q₁ is the lower quartile (25th percentile) and Q₃ is the upper quartile (75th percentile). IQR measures the spread of the middle 50% and is resistant to outliers.
四分位距 (IQR) = Q₃ − Q₁，其中 Q₁ 是下四分位数（第25百分位数），Q₃ 是上四分位数（第75百分位数）。IQR 测量中间50%的分散程度，且不受异常值影响。
-
Standard deviation (σ for population, s for sample) measures the average distance of data points from the mean. Population formula: σ = √( Σ(x − μ)² / N ). Sample formula: s = √( Σ(x − x̄)² / (n − 1) ). A larger value indicates greater spread.
标准差（总体 σ，样本 s）衡量数据点与平均值之间的平均距离。总体公式：σ = √( Σ(x − μ)² / N )。样本公式：s = √( Σ(x − x̄)² / (n − 1) )。值越大表示越分散。
-
Variance is the square of the standard deviation (σ² or s²). It is less intuitive to interpret but useful in further calculations.
方差是标准差的平方（σ² 或 s²）。它不太直观，但在进一步计算中有用。
5. Graphical Representations | 图表表示
-
Bar chart: used for categorical data; bars have equal gaps, height shows frequency.
条形图：用于分类数据；条形之间有等宽的间隙，高度表示频数。
-
Histogram: used for continuous data; bars touch, and area is proportional to frequency (frequency density = frequency / class width). Crucial for unequal class widths.
直方图：用于连续数据；条形紧挨，面积与频数成比例（频率密度 = 频数 / 组距）。在组距不等时至关重要。
-
Cumulative frequency curve (ogive): a running total of frequencies. Used to estimate median, quartiles and interpercentile ranges. A steep rise indicates a large frequency in that interval.
累积频率曲线（形图）：频数的累计。用于估算中位数、四分位数和百分位距。曲线陡峭上升表明该区间频数大。
-
Box plot (box-and-whisker plot): displays the five-number summary: minimum, Q₁, median, Q₃, maximum. Outliers may be plotted as individual points. Good for comparing distributions.
箱线图（箱须图）：展示五数概括：最小值、Q₁、中位数、Q₃、最大值。异常值可单点绘出。适合比较分布。
-
Scatter diagram: plots bivariate data (pairs of values) to show the relationship between two variables. Best-fit line can be added.
散点图：绘制双变量数据（成对值），显示两变量之间的关系。可添加最佳拟合线。
6. Probability Terminology | 概率术语
-
Experiment: a repeatable process with more than one possible outcome. Outcome: a single result of the experiment. Event: a set of one or more outcomes. Sample space: the set of all possible outcomes.
试验：具有多个可能结果的可重复过程。结果：试验的单个结果。事件：一个或多个结果的集合。样本空间：所有可能结果的集合。
-
Probability of an event A = number of favourable outcomes / total number of outcomes in the sample space, denoted P(A). It lies between 0 (impossible) and 1 (certain).
事件 A 的概率 = 有利结果数 / 样本空间中总结果数，记为 P(A)。取值范围在 0（不可能）到 1（必然）之间。
-
Mutually exclusive events: cannot happen at the same time. For mutually exclusive A and B, P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B). Think ‘Mutually Exclusive’ = ‘Mutually Excluding’.
互斥事件：不能同时发生的事件。对于互斥的 A 和 B，P(A 或 B) = P(A) + P(B
Published by TutorHao | Year 11 统计 Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导