Year 11 Eduqas Music: Formulae & Rules Quick Reference | Eduqas 音乐：公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 11 Eduqas Music: Formulae & Rules Quick Reference | Eduqas 音乐：公式定理速查手册

In music theory, certain ‘formulae’ and rules underpin the construction of rhythms, scales, chords, and harmonic progressions. This quick reference handbook compiles the essential principles needed for Year 11 Eduqas Music, from note values and key signatures to cadence formulas and transposition rules. Use it as a study aid to reinforce your understanding and application of musical grammar.

在音乐理论中，某些“公式”和规则支撑着节奏、音阶、和弦与和声进行的构建。本速查手册汇编了 Year 11 Eduqas 音乐所需的核心原理，从音符时值与调号到终止式公式和移调规则。请将其用作学习辅助工具，加深对音乐语法的理解与运用。

1. Note Durations & Rests – Proportional Formulae | 音符时值与休止符 – 比例公式

Western notation divides musical time using a binary subdivision system. The fundamental proportional relationships are: one semibreve equals two minims, four crotchets, eight quavers, sixteen semiquavers, and thirty-two demisemiquavers. Rests follow exactly the same durational ratios. A dot placed after a note or rest adds half of its original value; for example, a dotted minim lasts three crotchets (2 + 1). A double dot further adds a quarter of the original value, making the total 1 + ½ + ¼, or 1¾ times the basic duration.

西方记谱法以二进制分割系统组织时间。基本比例关系为：一个全音符等于两个二分音符、四个四分音符、八个八分音符、十六个十六分音符、三十二个三十二分音符。休止符遵循完全相同的时值比。音符或休止符后的附点增加原时值的一半；例如附点二分音符持续三个四分音符（2 + 1）。复附点再增加原值的四分之一，总时值为原值的 1 + ½ + ¼，即 1¾ 倍。

2. Time Signatures & Beat Grouping | 拍号与节拍分组

A time signature consists of two numbers. The upper number indicates how many beats are in each bar; the lower number specifies the type of note that receives one beat (4 = crotchet, 8 = quaver). In simple time signatures (e.g., 2/4, 3/4, 4/4), each beat naturally divides into two equal subdivisions. In compound time signatures (e.g., 6/8, 9/8, 12/8), the beat divides into three equal subdivisions, and the main pulse is a dotted note. To find the number of beats in compound time, divide the upper number by three: 6/8 has two dotted-crotchet beats per bar. Irregular time signatures such as 5/4 or 7/8 contain a mixture of simple and compound beat groupings.

拍号由两个数字组成。上方数字表示每小节的拍数；下方数字指明以何种音符为一拍（4 = 四分音符，8 = 八分音符）。在单拍子（如 2/4, 3/4, 4/4）中，每一拍自然分为两个均等的部分。在复拍子（如 6/8, 9/8, 12/8）中，每一拍分为三个均等部分，且基本脉动是附点音符。要得出复拍子的拍数，可将上方数字除以三：6/8 拍每小节有二个附点四分音符拍。不规则拍子如 5/4 或 7/8 含有单拍子与复拍子分组的混合形式。

• Simple duple: 2/4, 2/2 | 单二拍子: 2/4, 2/2
• Simple triple: 3/4, 3/2 | 单三拍子: 3/4, 3/2
• Simple quadruple: 4/4, 4/2 | 单四拍子: 4/4, 4/2
• Compound duple: 6/8 (beat = dotted crotchet) | 复二拍子: 6/8（每拍为附点四分音符）
• Compound triple: 9/8 | 复三拍子: 9/8
• Compound quadruple: 12/8 | 复四拍子: 12/8

3. Interval Calculation Formulae | 音程计算公式

An interval is named by its number (distance counted by letter names) and its quality, which depends on the number of semitones. First count the letter names from the lower note to the higher note, including both ends, to obtain the interval number (2nd, 3rd, 4th, etc.). Then count the semitones to determine the quality. The table below gives the standard semitone counts for perfect, major, and minor intervals within one octave. Augmented intervals are one semitone larger than perfect or major; diminished intervals are one semitone smaller than perfect or minor.

音程由其度数（按字母名计算的距离）和性质决定，性质取决于所含半音数量。先从较低音至较高音数算字母名（包含首尾）得出度数（二度、三度、四度等）。再计算半音数以确定性质。下表列出一个八度内纯、大、小音程的标准半音数。增音程比纯或大音程大一个半音；减音程比纯或小音程小一个半音。