📚 Year 11 OCR Biology: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 11 OCR 生物：词汇术语速记指南
The OCR Year 11 Biology curriculum demands a strong command of scientific terminology. Mastering vocabulary is not just about memorising definitions; it involves understanding root words, making connections between concepts, and applying terms accurately in exam questions. This guide will equip you with effective techniques to speed up your memorisation of crucial biological terms while reinforcing your conceptual understanding.
OCR Year 11 生物课程要求学生掌握大量的科学术语。记忆单词不仅仅是背诵定义，更包括理解词根、建立概念之间的联系以及在考试题目中准确应用术语。本指南将为你提供高效记忆重要生物术语的技巧，同时巩固你的概念理解。
1. Mastering Cell Biology Terms | 掌握细胞生物学术语
Begin by distinguishing prokaryotic from eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes, such as bacteria, lack a membrane-bound nucleus and have a single circular chromosome. Eukaryotes, including plant and animal cells, possess a true nucleus and multiple linear chromosomes.
首先区分原核细胞和真核细胞。原核生物（如细菌）没有膜包被的细胞核，只有一条环状染色体。真核生物（包括植物和动物细胞）拥有真正的细胞核和多条线性染色体。
A typical animal cell contains a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes. Plant cells additionally feature a rigid cell wall, a large central vacuole and chloroplasts.
典型的动物细胞包含细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜、线粒体和核糖体。植物细胞还额外具有刚性的细胞壁、一个大中央液泡和叶绿体。
Key organelles and their functions are summarised below:
关键细胞器及其功能总结如下：
| Organelle | Function |
| Nucleus | Stores DNA; controls cell activities |
| Mitochondria | Site of aerobic respiration; releases energy |
| Ribosomes | Protein synthesis |
| 细胞器 | 功能 |
| 细胞核 | 储存DNA；控制细胞活动 |
| 线粒体 | 有氧呼吸场所；释放能量 |
| 核糖体 | 蛋白质合成 |
Remember that the cell membrane is selectively permeable, allowing some substances to pass while restricting others.
记住细胞膜是选择透过性膜，允许某些物质通过而限制其他物质。
Active transport is the movement of molecules against a concentration gradient, requiring energy from ATP.
主动运输是分子逆浓度梯度的运动，需要ATP提供的能量。
2. Transport and Exchange Surfaces | 运输和交换表面
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. It is a passive process requiring no energy.
扩散是微粒从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动，是一种不需要能量的被动过程。
Osmosis specifically refers to the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of high water potential to a region of low water potential.
渗透作用特指水分子通过部分通透膜，从高水势区域向低水势区域的移动。
Exchange surfaces in organisms, such as alveoli in the lungs and villi in the small intestine, have adaptations like a large surface area, thin walls and a rich blood supply to maximise diffusion.
生物体中的交换表面，如肺部的肺泡和小肠的绒毛，具有大面积、薄壁和丰富的血液供应等适应特征，以最大限度地提高扩散效率。
The surface area to volume ratio (SA:V) dictates the need for specialised exchange systems. As an organism grows larger, its SA:V decreases, making diffusion alone insufficient.
表面积与体积之比（SA:V）决定了是否需要专门的交换系统。随着生物体增大，其SA:V比值下降，仅靠扩散无法满足需求。
3. Photosynthesis and Respiration Terminology | 光合作用和呼吸术语
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants produce glucose using light energy. The word equation: carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen. The balanced symbol equation is:
光合作用是植物利用光能产生葡萄糖的过程。文字方程式：二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气。配平的化学符号方程式如下：
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
Chlorophyll, the green pigment in chloroplasts, absorbs light energy needed for photosynthesis. The stomata allow carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to exit.
叶绿素是叶绿体中的绿色色素，吸收光合作用所需的光能。气孔允许二氧化碳进入和氧气逸出。
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to fully break down glucose, releasing a large amount of energy. The symbol equation is the reverse of photosynthesis:
有氧呼吸利用氧气完全分解葡萄糖，释放大量能量。符号方程式是光合作用的逆过程：
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy
Anaerobic respiration in animals produces lactic acid and a small amount of energy, while in yeast it produces ethanol and carbon dioxide (fermentation).
动物体内的无氧呼吸产生乳酸和少量能量，而在酵母中则产生乙醇和二氧化碳（发酵）。
4. Genetics Vocabulary: DNA to Inheritance | 遗传词汇：从DNA到遗传
A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a specific protein. Alleles are different versions of the same gene. Dominant alleles mask the effect of recessive alleles when present.
基因是DNA上编码特定蛋白质的片段。等位基因是同一基因的不同版本。显性等位基因存在时会掩盖隐性等位基因的效应。
Genotype describes the combination of alleles an organism has (e.g., homozygous dominant, heterozygous), while phenotype is the observable characteristic.
基因型描述生物体所拥有的等位基因组合（如纯合显性、杂合），而表型是可观察到的特征。
Mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid daughter cells for growth and repair. Meiosis produces four genetically different haploid gametes for sexual reproduction.
有丝分裂产生两个遗传上相同的二倍体子细胞，用于生长和修复。减数分裂产生四个遗传上不同的单倍体配子，用于有性生殖。
Remember that chromosomes are made of DNA coiled around histone proteins. Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).
记住染色体由DNA缠绕组蛋白构成。人类有46条染色体（23对）。
5. Evolution and Natural Selection Lexicon | 进化与自然选择术语
Natural selection is the mechanism by which individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits to the next generation. This leads to evolution.
自然选择是一种机制，拥有有利特征的个体更可能生存和繁殖，并将这些特征传递给下一代，从而导致进化。
Genetic variation within a population arises from mutations and sexual reproduction. Adaptations are inherited traits that improve an organism’s chances
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