📚 Year 11 OCR Politics: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick-Reference Guide | Year 11 OCR 政治：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your essential fast-track glossary for the OCR Year 11 Politics specification. This guide breaks down the key terms you need to memorise for your exam, organised into clear topic-based sections. Each entry gives you the core meaning in plain English, immediately followed by a mirrored explanation in Chinese. Use this alongside your revision notes to test yourself and lock in the terminology.
欢迎使用这本针对 OCR Year 11 政治课程的核心词汇速记手册。本指南将你需要记忆的关键术语按主题分段拆解，每个词条先用简明英文解释核心含义，紧接着配以对应的中文阐释。你可以配合复习笔记使用，自我测验，牢牢掌握这些专业术语。
1. Parliamentary Democracy | 议会民主制
Parliamentary democracy is a system in which the executive (the government) derives its legitimacy from, and is accountable to, the legislature (Parliament). In the UK, the government is formed from the party with the most seats in the House of Commons, and it must maintain the confidence of that house to remain in power.
议会民主制是指行政机构（政府）的合法性来源于立法机构（议会），并对其负责的制度。在英国，政府由在下议院拥有最多席位的政党组建，并且必须保留下议院的信任才能继续执政。
Sovereignty in this context refers to supreme legal authority within a territory. Parliamentary sovereignty means that Parliament has the right to make or unmake any law, and no other body can override that law.
在此语境下，主权指一领土内的最高法律权威。议会主权意味着议会有权制定或废除任何法律，其他任何机构都不能推翻这种法律。
Representative democracy is where citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf, rather than voting on every issue directly.
代议制民主是公民选举代表来替他们做决策，而无需每项议题都直接投票。
2. The Monarchy and Crown | 君主与王权
The monarch (king or queen) is the head of state in the UK. However, their role is largely ceremonial in a constitutional monarchy, meaning they reign but do not rule. The real political power lies with the elected Parliament and government.
君主（国王或女王）是英国的国家元首。然而，在君主立宪制下，其角色主要是礼仪性的，即君主统而不治。真正的政治权力掌握在由选举产生的议会和政府手中。
The Crown is a broader concept than the individual monarch; it represents the legal embodiment of the state itself. Many functions, such as the prosecution of criminals or the ownership of certain lands, are done in the name of the Crown.
王权 (Crown) 是一个比君主个人更广泛的概念，它代表着国家的法律化身。许多职能，如刑事起诉或某些土地的所有权，都是以王权的名义进行的。
The monarch retains royal prerogative powers, such as appointing the Prime Minister and giving royal assent to legislation (the final stage in turning a bill into an Act of Parliament), though these are exercised by convention on the advice of ministers.
君主保留着皇家特权，如任命首相和对立法给予御准（法案成为议会立法的最后阶段），不过这些权力依宪政惯例是在大臣建议下行使的。
3. The House of Commons and the House of Lords | 下议院与上议院
The House of Commons is the lower chamber of the UK Parliament. Its 650 Members of Parliament (MPs) are elected by the public in general elections, each representing a geographical constituency. The Commons is the dominant chamber, holding the power to propose and amend legislation, levy taxes, and scrutinise the government.
下议院是英国议会的下院。其 650 名国会议员 (MP) 由公众在大选中选出，每人代表一个地理选区。下议院是主导性议院，拥有提出与修改立法、征税以及监督政府的权力。
The House of Lords is the upper chamber, composed mainly of appointed life peers, along with some hereditary peers and bishops. It acts as a revising and scrutinising chamber, but it cannot permanently block legislation passed by the Commons – the Parliament Acts limit its power.
上议院是上院，主要由任命的终身贵族组成，外加少数世袭贵族和主教。它起着审查和修订立法的作用，但不能永久性地阻止下议院通过的法案——《议会法案》限制了其权力。
The Speaker of the House of Commons is an MP chosen to chair debates impartially, maintain order, and represent the House.
下议院议长是由议员选出来公正主持辩论、维持秩序并代表下议院的议员。
4. General Elections and Voting Systems | 大选与选举制度
A general election is a UK-wide vote to elect MPs to the House of Commons. Under the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 (now changed), elections were held every five years, but the Prime Minister can now call a snap election with parliamentary consent.
大选是全英国范围的投票，用于选举下议院议员。根据 2011 年的《固定任期议会法案》（现已变更），选举每五年举行一次，但首相如今可在议会同意下发起临时大选 (snap election)。
The voting system used for UK general elections is First Past the Post (FPTP): in each constituency, the candidate with the most votes wins a seat, even if they do not have a majority (over 50%) of the votes. This system tends to produce strong, single-party governments but can distort the share of seats compared to votes.
英国大选所使用的投票制度是简单多数制 (FPTP)：在每个选区，得票最多的候选人赢得席位，即使并未获得过半数（50%以上）的选票。这种制度往往会产生强势单一政党政府，但可能在席位占比与得票占比之间出现扭曲。
Alternative voting systems, such as the Single Transferable Vote (STV) or Additional Member System (AMS), are used in devolved elections to make results more proportional.
替代性投票制度，如单一可转移投票制 (STV) 或附带席位制 (AMS)，在权力下放地区的选举中有所使用，以使结果更具比例代表性。
5. Political Parties and Ideologies | 政党与意识形态
A political party is an organised group of people who share similar political ideas and seek to gain political power by putting forward candidates for election. The UK has a multi-party system, dominated nationally by the Conservative Party and the Labour Party.
政党是由具有相似政治理念的人组成的组织化团体，通过推举候选人参加选举来争取政治权力。英国是一个多党制国家，在全国层面由保守党和工党主导。
Ideology refers to a coherent set of beliefs about how society should work. Right-wing ideology (e.g. conservatism) generally favours lower taxes, free markets, and traditional values, while left-wing ideology (e.g. socialism) tends to support greater state intervention, welfare, and redistribution of wealth.
意识形态是指关于社会应如何运行的一整套连贯信念。右翼意识形态（如保守主义）通常主张低税收、自由市场和传统价值观，而左翼意识形态（如社会主义）倾向于支持更多国家干预、福利和财富再分配。
The manifesto is a public declaration of a party’s policies and intentions, published before an election. When a party wins an election, it claims a mandate – the authority to implement its manifesto, granted by the voters.
竞选宣言是政党在选举前发布的对政策和意图的公开声明。当政党赢得选举时，它就宣称获得了授权 (mandate)——由选民授予的、实施其竞选宣言的权力。
6. The Prime Minister and Cabinet | 首相与内阁
The Prime Minister (PM) is the head of the UK government. The PM is usually the leader of the party with the most seats in the Commons, appointed by the monarch. The PM’s roles include chairing the Cabinet, directing government policy, representing the nation, and appointing ministers.
首相 (PM) 是英国政府首脑。首相通常是下议院最大政党的领袖，由君主任命。其职责包括主持内阁、指导政府政策、代表国家以及任命大臣。
The Cabinet is a committee of the most senior government ministers (usually about 20–25) chosen by the PM. It is the central decision-making body of the government, and its key principles are those of collective responsibility: all Cabinet members must publicly support government decisions or resign.
内阁是首相挑选的最资深政府大臣（通常 20-25 人）组成的委员会。它是政府的核心决策机构，其关键原则是集体负责制：所有内阁成员必须公开支持政府决策，否则必须辞职。
Individual ministerial responsibility means that ministers are personally accountable for their own conduct and for the work of their department; serious failings should lead to resignation.
个人大臣负责制是指大臣们要为自己的行为及所在部门的工作个人负责；重大失职应会导致辞职。
7. The Constitution and the Rule of Law | 宪法与法治
The UK has an uncodified constitution, meaning its constitutional rules are not written down in a single document but are found in various sources: statute law, common law, conventions, and authoritative works. This makes it flexible and easy to change by Parliament.
英国拥有一个不成文宪法，即宪法规则并非写在单一文件中，而是存在于多种来源：成文法、普通法、宪政惯例和权威著作中。这使得它易于由议会灵活改变。
The rule of law is a fundamental constitutional principle stating that everyone – including the government – is subject to the law. It prevents arbitrary use of power and ensures fairness and equality before the law.
法治是一项根本的宪法原则，规定包括政府在内的所有人都在法律之下。它防止权力的任意行使，确保法律面前人人公平与平等。
Constitutional conventions are non-legal rules that are followed almost as if they were law, such as the monarch giving royal assent automatically and the PM being an MP. Although not enforceable in court, they are central to how the political system works.
宪政惯例是几乎如同法律般被遵守的非法律规则，比如君主会当然给予御准，首相必须是议员。虽然法庭上不可强制执行，但它们对政治体系的运行至关重要。
8. Devolution and Local Government | 权力下放与地方政府
Devolution is the statutory transfer of certain powers from central government in Westminster to regional governments in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. These bodies have varying degrees of legislative and tax-raising powers over areas like health and education.
权力下放是把某些权力从威斯敏斯特的中央政府依法转移给苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰的地区政府。这些机构在卫生和教育等领域拥有不同程度的立法和增税权。
Local government refers to councils at county, district, or unitary level that provide services such as social care, waste collection, and planning. They are funded partly by central grants and partly by council tax.
地方政府指郡、区或单一管理层级的议会，提供社会关怀、垃圾收集和规划等服务。它们部分由中央政府拨款资助，部分依靠市政税。
The ‘West Lothian Question’ asks why MPs from devolved nations can vote on English-only matters at Westminster, while English MPs have no say on devolved matters. This remains a point of constitutional debate.
“西洛锡安问题”问的是，为何来自已权力下放地区的议员能在威斯敏斯特就纯属英格兰的事务投票，而英格兰议员却无权干涉已下放的事务。这仍是宪政辩论的一个焦点。
9. The Judiciary and Judicial Independence | 司法机构与司法独立
The judiciary is the branch of the state responsible for interpreting and applying the law through courts and tribunals. Judges must be independent from the government and Parliament to ensure that cases are decided fairly and without political interference.
司法机构是负责通过法院和审裁处解释与适用法律的国家分支。法官必须独立于政府和议会，以确保案件得到公正裁决，不受政治干涉。
Judicial review is a process by which the courts examine the lawfulness of actions taken by public bodies, including government ministers. A judge can quash a decision that is irrational, illegal, or procedurally improper.
司法审查是法院审查包括政府大臣在内的公共机构行为是否合法的程序。法官可以撤销不合理、不合法或程序不当的决定。
The Supreme Court is the highest court of appeal in the UK, established in 2009 to separate the judicial function from the House of Lords. It hears cases of great constitutional or public importance.
最高法院是英国的最高上诉法院，于 2009 年成立，旨在将司法职能从上议院分离出来。它审理具有重大宪法或公共意义的案件。
10. The Civil Service | 公务员体系
The civil service is the politically neutral body of permanent officials who support the government of the day in developing and implementing policy. Civil servants are not political appointees and serve ministers from any party with equal impartiality.
公务员体系是政治中立的常任官员群体，他们支持当届政府制定和实施政策。公务员不是政治任命者，以同等公正的态度服务于来自任何政党的大臣。
The key values of the civil service are integrity, honesty, objectivity, and impartiality, as set out in the Civil Service Code. Civil servants operate under the principle of ministerial accountability, meaning that the minister takes responsibility for departmental actions.
公务员的核心价值是廉洁、诚实、客观和公正，这在《公务员守则》中有明确规定。公务员在大臣负责制原则下工作，即由大臣对部门行动承担责任。
In contrast, special advisers (SpAds) are temporary political appointees who provide a party-political perspective that a neutral civil servant cannot.
相比之下，特别顾问 (SpAd)是临时的政治任命人员，他们提供具有政党政治色彩的视角，这是中立公务员做不到的。
11. Pressure Groups and Referendums | 压力集团与全民公投
A pressure group (or interest group) is an organised body that seeks to influence government policy without seeking election. They differ from parties in that they do not put up candidates. Examples include Greenpeace (a cause group) and the British Medical Association (a sectional group protecting members’ interests).
压力集团（或称利益集团）是旨在影响政府政策而不争取当选的有组织团体。它们与政党的区别在于不推举候选人。例如绿色和平组织（事业型集团）和英国医学会（维护会员利益的界别型集团）。
A referendum is a direct vote by the electorate on a single political question, usually of constitutional significance. The UK has held referendums on EU membership (2016), Scottish independence (2014), and electoral reform (2011). Referendums reflect direct democracy, but they are rare in the representative system.
全民公投是选民就某一个通常具有宪法意义的政治问题进行的直接投票。英国就欧盟成员身份（2016）、苏格兰独立（2014）和选举改革（2011）举行过公投。公投体现了直接民主，但在代议制下较为少见。
Pressure groups can use methods like lobbying (meeting decision-makers), direct action (e.g. protests, strikes), or public campaigns to influence policy. Their success often depends on insider status with government and public support.
压力集团可以通过游说（与决策者会面）、直接行动（如抗议、罢工）或公众运动来影响政策。它们的成功常取决于与政府间的“圈内”地位以及公众支持度。
12. Quick-Reference Abbreviation Table | 速查缩写对照表
| Abbreviation | Stands for | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| MP | Member of Parliament | 国会议员 |
| PM | Prime Minister | 首相 |
| FPTP | First Past the Post | 简单多数制 |
| AMS | Additional Member System | 附带席位制 |
| STV | Single Transferable Vote | 单一可转移投票制 |
| Hol. | House of Lords | 上议院 |
| H.C. | House of Commons | 下议院 |
| SC | Supreme Court | 最高法院 |
| SpAd | Special Adviser | 特别顾问 |
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