📚 Year 11 SQA Drama: Quick Guide to Key Terminology | SQA Year 11 戏剧：核心术语速记指南
Mastering drama terminology is essential for success in Year 11 SQA Drama. Whether you are analysing a script, devising a piece, or evaluating a live performance, the right vocabulary allows you to communicate your ideas with precision and depth. This quick guide breaks down the most important terms into bite-sized bilingual explanations, helping you memorise and apply them in both written exam responses and practical work.
掌握戏剧术语对于 SQA Year 11 戏剧课程的成功至关重要。无论你是在分析剧本、创作小品还是评价现场演出，恰当的词汇都能让你精准而有深度地表达想法。本速记指南将最重要的术语拆解为小块的中英双语解释，帮助你在笔试答题和实践操作中记住并自如运用它们。
1. Performance Styles | 表演风格
Naturalism: A style that aims to create a completely realistic illusion of life, with authentic dialogue, settings and behaviour, as if the audience were observing through a fourth wall.
自然主义：一种力求创造完全逼真生活幻觉的风格，包含真实的对话、布景和行为，仿佛观众正透过“第四面墙”进行观察。
Realism: Similar to naturalism, but often selects and heightens aspects of real life to make a social or political point while still appearing believable.
现实主义：与自然主义相似，但往往会选取并强化现实生活的某些方面，以传达社会或政治观点，同时保持可信度。
Expressionism: A style that distorts reality through non-naturalistic movement, lighting and design to express inner emotional or psychological states.
表现主义：一种通过非自然的动作、灯光和设计扭曲现实，以表达内心情感或心理状态的风格。
Epic Theatre: Developed by Brecht, this style deliberately breaks the illusion of reality, using techniques like direct address, narration and placards to make the audience think critically rather than become emotionally absorbed.
史诗剧：由布莱希特发展而来，这种风格刻意打破现实幻觉，运用直接对观众说话、叙述和标语牌等手法，让观众进行理性批判而非情感沦陷。
Physical Theatre: A style where movement and the body are the primary storytelling tools, often involving ensemble work, mime and highly stylised gesture.
形体剧场：以动作和身体为主要叙事工具的风格，常包含集体创作、哑剧和高度风格化的手势。
2. Stage Spaces and Positions | 舞台空间与位置
Proscenium Arch: A traditional stage where the audience faces one side, framed by an arch, creating a picture-frame effect.
镜框式舞台：一种传统舞台，观众面向一侧，由拱形框架环绕，产生画框般的效果。
Thrust Stage: A stage that extends into the audience on three sides, allowing for a more intimate connection.
伸出式舞台：舞台延伸到观众席中，三面被观众包围，使互动更加亲密。
In-the-Round: A stage completely surrounded by the audience, demanding that actors be aware of all sightlines.
圆形舞台：完全被观众环绕的舞台，演员必须注意四面八方观众的视线。
Upstage / Downstage: Downstage is the area nearest the audience; upstage is towards the back wall. The terms originate from raked stages that sloped upwards away from the audience.
前舞台 / 后舞台：前舞台离观众最近；后舞台靠近后墙。这两个词源于向观众方向倾斜的坡面舞台。
Stage Left / Stage Right: Directions given from the actor’s perspective facing the audience. Stage left is the actor’s left, which is the audience’s right.
舞台左 / 舞台右：从演员面对观众的视角确定方向。舞台左即演员的左侧，也就是观众的右侧。
Blocking: The planned movement and positioning of actors on stage, often recorded by the director and stage manager.
走位：舞台上演贝有计划的动作和站位，通常由导演和舞台监督记录。
3. Vocal Techniques | 声乐技巧
Pitch: How high or low the voice sounds. Actors vary pitch to show emotion, age or status.
音高：声音听起来的高低。演员通过改变音高来表现情绪、年龄或地位。
Pace: The speed at which lines are delivered. Rapid pace can indicate urgency, while slow pace might suggest thoughtfulness or tension.
语速：说出台词的速度。快速可以表示急迫，慢速则可能暗示沉思或紧张。
Pause: A deliberate break in speech used to create tension, highlight a moment, or allow the audience to absorb information.
停顿：说话中有意的间断，用来制造张力、突出某个瞬间或让观众消化信息。
Volume: The loudness or quietness of the voice, used to convey power, intimacy or emotional intensity.
音量：声音的大小，用来传达力量、私密感或情感强度。
Tone: The emotional quality of the voice, such as warm, harsh, sarcastic or fearful.
语气：声音的情感特质，例如温暖、严厉、讽刺或恐惧。
Projection: Using the breath and diaphragm to make the voice carry to the entire audience without shouting.
声音投射：运用呼吸和横膈膜使嗓音传达到全场观众，而不必大喊大叫。
4. Movement and Physicality | 动作与形体
Posture: The way an actor holds their body. It instantly communicates age, health, mood and social class.
体态：演员保持身体的姿态。它能瞬间传递年龄、健康状况、情绪和社会阶层。
Gesture: A movement of the hands, arms or head to express meaning or emotion. Gestures can be realistic or stylised.
手势：手、手臂或头部的动作，用以表达含义或情感。手势可以是写实的，也可以是风格化的。
Gait: A character’s manner of walking, which can reveal personality, physical condition or intention.
步态：角色行走的方式，能够揭示其性格、身体状况或意图。
Facial Expression: How an actor uses their face to show feelings; must be controlled and consistent with the character’s inner life.
面部表情：演员如何运用脸庞展现感受，必须得到控制并与角色的内心世界保持一致。
Levels: Using different heights (standing, sitting, lying down) to create visual interest and indicate status relationships.
高度层次：运用不同的高度（站立、坐着、躺下）来创造视觉趣味并暗示地位关系。
Proxemics: The physical distance between characters. Close proximity can suggest intimacy or confrontation; distance can signal alienation or fear.
空间关系：角色之间的身体距离。近距离可能暗示亲密或对抗；远距离则可能代表疏离或恐惧。
5. Character Development | 角色发展
Given Circumstances: All the details provided by the script about a character’s situation: time, place, relationships, and past events.
规定情境：剧本提供的关于角色处境的所有细节：时间、地点、关系和过去发生的事件。
Objective: What a character wants in a scene or throughout the play. The ‘super-objective’ spans the entire story.
任务：角色在一场戏或整部剧中所想要得到的东西。贯穿全剧的称为“最高任务”。
Subtext: The unspoken thoughts and feelings beneath the actual lines. Actors must play the subtext to bring depth.
潜台词：实际台词底下未说出的思想和感情。演员必须把潜台词演出来才能展现深度。
Hot Seating: A rehearsal technique where the actor answers questions in character to explore deeper motivations.
坐针毡：一种排练方法，演员以角色的身份回答问题，从而挖掘更深层的动机。
Role on the Wall: An exercise where the outline of a character is drawn and filled with internal and external traits.
墙上角色：画出角色的轮廓，并在其中填入内在与外在性格特征的练习。
6. Lighting Design | 灯光设计
Blackout: A sudden complete cut of all stage lights, often used for dramatic effect or scene transitions.
切光：所有舞台灯光的突然完全熄灭，常用于戏剧效果或场景转换。
Fade: A gradual increase (fade in) or decrease (fade out) of light intensity to create a smooth transition.
渐亮/渐暗：灯光强度逐渐增强（渐亮）或减弱（渐暗）以营造平滑过渡。
Spotlight: A tightly focused beam that highlights a specific actor or area, isolating it from the rest of the stage.
追光/聚光：高度集中的光束，突显特定演员或区域，将其与舞台其他部分隔离开来。
Gel: A coloured filter placed in front of a light to change its colour. Different colours evoke different moods.
色片：置于灯前的彩色滤光片，用以改变光色。不同颜色唤起不同情绪。
Backlight: Light coming from behind the actor, creating silhouettes and adding depth.
背光：来自演员背后的光，可制造剪影效果并增加立体感。
Cross-fade: One lighting state gradually replaces another, blending two different looks seamlessly.
交叉渐变：一种灯光状态逐渐取代另一种，无缝地融合两种不同的视觉效果。
7. Sound Design | 音效设计
Diegetic Sound: Sound that comes from within the world of the play, like a doorbell or radio, which the characters can hear.
剧情内音效：来自剧中世界的声音，例如门铃或收音机，角色能够听到的声音。
Non-diegetic Sound: Sound added for the audience’s benefit, such as background music or a narrator’s voice, which the characters cannot hear.
剧情外音效：为观众添加的声音，如背景音乐或叙述者的声音，角色听不到。
Ambience: Continuous background sound that sets the atmosphere, like wind, rain or distant traffic.
环境音：持续的背号声音，营造氛围，例如风声、雨声或远处车流声。
Soundscape: A layered composition of natural, mechanical and musical sounds that creates an immersive environment.
声音景观：由自然声、机械声和乐器声叠加而成的作品，营造沉浸式环境。
Cue: A signal, often a line or action, that triggers a sound effect or lighting change.
提示：一个信号，通常是一句台词或一个动作，触发音效或灯光变化。
Live Foley: Creating sound effects live during the performance, such as footsteps or breaking glass.
现场拟音：在演出过程中实时制造音效，如脚步声或打碎玻璃声。
8. Set Design | 布景设计
Bare Stage: A completely empty playing area where all focus remains on the actor’s body and voice.
空台：完全空白的表演区域，所有焦点都集中在演员的身体和声音上。
Box Set: A realistic interior set with three walls and a ceiling, creating the illusion of a real room.
盒式布景：一个具有三面墙和天花板的逼真室内布景，营造真实房间的幻觉。
Flat: A lightweight timber frame covered with canvas or board, used to construct walls on stage.
景片：一个覆盖帆布或板材的轻质木架，用于构建舞台上的墙壁。
Revolve: A turntable built into the stage floor that can rotate to reveal different scenes or locations.
转台：建在舞台地板上的转盘，可以旋转以展示不同场景或地点。
Masking: Curtains or flats used to hide backstage areas and lighting equipment from the audience’s view.
遮挡：用来隐藏后台区域和灯光设备的幕布或景片，避免观众看到。
9. Costume, Make-up and Props | 服装、化妆与道具
Period Costume: Clothing that accurately reflects a specific historical era, helping to establish the play’s time frame.
时代服装：准确反映某一特定历史时期的衣物，帮助建立剧作的时间框架。
Colour Symbolism: Using specific costume colours to represent a character’s personality or emotional journey (e.g. red for danger, white for purity).
色彩象征：利用特定服装颜色来代表角色的性格或情感经历（例如红色代表危险，白色代表纯洁）。
Stage Make-up: Make-up designed to highlight facial features under strong lights and ensure expressions are visible from a distance.
舞台化妆：专为在强光下突出面部特征、确保远处也能看清表情而设计的妆容。
Wigs and Hairpieces: Used to rapidly change an actor’s appearance, signalling age, status or period.
假发与发件：用来快速改变演员的外貌，标示年龄、地位或时代。
Personal Prop: An item carried or handled by a specific actor, such as a sword, fan, letter or umbrella.
个人道具：由特定演员携带或操作的物品，例如剑、扇子、信件或雨伞。
Prop Table: A designated table in the wings where props are organised and checked by the stage management team.
道具桌：翼幕内指定的桌子，道具在这里由舞台管理团队整理和检查。
10. Directing and Rehearsal Process | 导演与排练过程
Read-through: The first rehearsal where the cast reads the entire script aloud to understand the story and characters.
通读剧本：第一次排练时，全体演员一起大声朗读整个剧本，以了解故事和角色。
Polish Rehearsal: A late-stage rehearsal focused on refining details like timing, expression and seamless transitions.
打磨排练：后期排练阶段，专注于打磨时机、表达和无缝衔接等细节。
Tech Rehearsal: A rehearsal dedicated to integrating all technical elements—lights, sound, set changes—with the actors’ performances.
技术彩排：专门用于将灯光、音效、布景变换等技术元素与演员表演整合在一起的排练。
Dress Rehearsal: A full run-through with costumes, make-up and all technical elements, treated as if it were a real performance.
带妆彩排：穿着全套服装、化妆并包含所有技术元素的完整跑排，如同正式演出。
Blocking Script: A copy of the script used by the director and stage manager to record all stage movements and technical cues.
走位剧本：导演和舞台监督使用的剧本副本，会记录下所有舞台动作和技术提示。
11. Dramatic Structure and Elements | 戏剧结构与元素
Exposition: The opening section that introduces the characters, setting and background information needed to understand the story.
开端：介绍角色、背景和理解故事所需信息的开场部分。
Climax: The moment of highest tension or most significant conflict, after which the outcome becomes inevitable.
高潮：张力最高或冲突最为重大的时刻，之后结局便不可避免。
Denouement: The final resolution where loose ends are tied up and the lives of characters return to a new normal.
结尾：最终解决部分，所有线索得到收束，角色生活回到新的常态。
Tension: A feeling of anticipation, anxiety or excitement created through conflict, pacing or the unknown.
张力：通过冲突、节奏或未知因素营造的期待、焦虑或兴奋感。
Contrast: The deliberate juxtaposition of opposites—loud/quiet, light/dark, fast/slow—to create dramatic effect.
对比：有意识地将对立面并置——响亮与安静、光亮与黑暗、快速与缓慢——以营造戏剧效果。
Symbolism: The use of an object, action or design element to represent a larger, abstract idea or theme.
象征：用一个物件、动作或设计元素来代表更大的抽象概念或主题。
12. Production Roles and Responsibilities | 制作角色与职责
Director: Responsible for the overall artistic vision, guiding actors and collaborating with designers to unify the production.
导演：负责整体艺术构想，指导演员并与设计师合作，统一整个制作的风格。
Stage Manager: The organisational hub; runs rehearsals and performances, calls cues and ensures everything runs smoothly.
舞台监督：组织的核心；负责排练和演出，给出技术提示并确保一切顺利进行。
Stage Crew: The team that handles set changes, operates fly systems and moves props during a performance.
舞台工作人员：在演出中负责换景、操作吊杆系统和移动道具的团队。
Lighting Designer: Creates the lighting plan, choosing colours, angles and intensities to support mood and focus.
灯光设计：制定灯光方案，选择色彩、角度和强度来烘托氛围和引导焦点。
Sound Designer: Designs and sources all audio elements, from sound effects to atmospheric soundscapes, ensuring clarity and balance.
音效设计：设计并收集所有音频元素，从音效到氛围音景，保证清晰度和均衡。
Costume Designer: Conceives the visual appearance of characters through clothing, accessories and textiles, reflecting period, personality and theme.
服装设计：通过衣物、配饰和纺织品来构想角色的视觉形象，反映时代、性格和主题。
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