📚 Year 11 SQA Spanish: Quick Reference Formulas and Rules | SQA 西班牙语：公式定理速查手册
This quick-reference guide compiles the essential ‘formulas’ of Spanish grammar and syntax required for the Year 11 SQA Spanish exam. Think of each rule as a reliable equation: given a subject, tense, or structure, the correct output follows a predictable pattern. By internalising these patterns, you will be able to construct accurate sentences under exam pressure, just as you would apply a formula in mathematics or science.
本速查手册汇集了 SQA 西班牙语 Year 11 考试所需的核心语法“公式”与句法规则。你可以将每一条规则视为一个可靠的方程：给定主语、时态或结构，正确的输出就会遵循可预测的模式。熟记这些模式后，您就能像在数学或科学考试中套用公式一样，在时间压力下准确造句。
1. Present Tense Regular Verbs | 现在时规则动词变位
Regular verbs follow fixed endings based on their infinitive type (-ar, -er, -ir). Remove the infinitive ending and add the following:
规则动词按照不定式类型（-ar、-er、-ir）遵循固定的词尾。去掉不定式词尾，加上以下部分：
-AR: -o, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an
-ER: -o, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en
-IR: -o, -es, -e, -imos, -ís, -en
Example (hablar): yo hablo, tú hablas, él/ella/usted habla, nosotros hablamos, vosotros habláis, ellos/ellas/ustedes hablan.
例（hablar）：我说话、你说话、他/她/您说话、我们说话、你们说话、他们/她们/诸位说话。
2. Stem-Changing Verbs | 词干变化动词
Many -ar and -er verbs undergo a vowel change in the stem when the stress falls on it. The typical patterns are e → ie, o → ue, e → i. This change occurs in all singular forms and the third person plural but not in nosotros and vosotros.
许多 -ar 和 -er 动词在重音落在词干上时发生元音变化。常见模式有 e → ie、o → ue、e → i。这种变化发生在所有单数人称及第三人称复数中，但不涉及 nosotros 和 vosotros。
e→ie: pensar → pienso, piensas, piensa, pensamos, pensáis, piensan
o→ue: poder → puedo, puedes, puede, podemos, podéis, pueden
e→i: pedir → pido, pides, pide, pedimos, pedís, piden
Treat these as formulaic transformations: check the stem vowel map before applying regular endings.
将这些视作公式化的转换：在添加常规词尾前，先检查词干元音对应关系。
3. Irregular Verbs (Essential) | 关键不规则动词
Some high-frequency verbs must be memorised as they do not follow patterns. Key present-tense irregulars include ser, estar, ir, tener, hacer, decir, venir.
一些高频动词不遵循规律，必须熟记。现在时的关键不规则动词包括 ser、estar、ir、tener、hacer、decir、venir。
| Verb | yo | tú | él/ella/usted | nosotros | vosotros | ellos/ellas/ustedes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ser | soy | eres | es | somos | sois | son |
| estar | estoy | estás | está | estamos | estáis | están |
| ir | voy | vas | va | vamos | vais | van |
| tener | tengo | tienes | tiene | tenemos | tenéis | tienen |
| hacer | hago | haces | hace | hacemos | hacéis | hacen |
| decir | digo | dices | dice | decimos | decís | dicen |
| venir | vengo | vienes | viene | venimos | venís | vienen |
Tener and venir also show stem change e→ie in singular and third plural. Treat these as essential “constants” in your mental formula sheet.
tener 和 venir 在单数和第三人称复数中也显示 e→ie 的词干变化。请将这些视作你大脑公式表里的基本“常数”。
4. Preterite vs Imperfect | 过去时：简单过去与过去未完成
Choose between preterite (completed, sequenced actions) and imperfect (ongoing, descriptive, habitual past). Their formation formulas differ significantly.
选择简单过去时（完成、有先后顺序的动作）或过去未完成时（持续、描写、习惯性的过去）。两者的构成公式差异很大。
Preterite regular endings:
-AR: -é, -aste, -ó, -amos, -asteis, -aron
-ER/-IR: -í, -iste, -ió, -imos, -isteis, -ieron
Imperfect regular endings:
-AR: -aba, -abas, -aba, -ábamos, -abais, -aban
-ER/-IR: -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían
Example (preterite): Ayer hablé por teléfono. (Yesterday I spoke on the phone — completed action.)
例（简单过去）：昨天我打了电话。（完成的动作。）
Example (imperfect): Cuando era niño, hablaba mucho. (When I was a child, I used to talk a lot — habitual.)
例（过去未完成）：我小时候话很多。（习惯性的。）
Key irregular preterite stems: tener (tuv-), estar (estuv-), poder (pud-), poner (pus-), saber (sup-), hacer (hic-), querer (quis-), venir (vin-), decir (dij-), with endings -e, -iste, -o, -imos, -isteis, -ieron (no accent on -o).
关键不规则简单过去时词干：tener (tuv-)、estar (estuv-)、poder (pud-)、poner (pus-)、saber (sup-)、hacer (hic-)、querer (quis-)、venir (vin-)、decir (dij-)，词尾为 -e、-iste、-o、-imos、-isteis、-ieron（-o 不带重音）。
5. Future Tense Formations | 将来时构成
There are two main ways to express the future: the ‘going to’ future (ir + a + infinitive) and the simple future tense (infinitive + endings).
表达将来主要有两种方式：“将要做某事”（ir + a + 不定式）和简单将来时（不定式 + 词尾）。
Formula: ir (present) + a + infinitive — Voy a estudiar. (I am going to study.)
公式：ir（现在时）+ a + 不定式 — 我将要学习。
Simple future endings (attached to the whole infinitive): -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án. The stem is the full infinitive, but several verbs have irregular stems: tener → tendr-, salir → saldr-, decir → dir-, hacer → har-, poder → podr-, etc. The endings remain the same.
简单将来时词尾（加在整个不定式后）：-é、-ás、-á、-emos、-éis、-án。 词干为完整的不定式，但有几个动词有不规则词干：tener → tendr-、salir → saldr-、decir → dir-、hacer → har-、poder → podr- 等。词尾保持不变。
Example: Mañana haré los deberes. (Tomorrow I will do my homework.)
例：明天我将做作业。
6. Conditional Tense | 条件式
The conditional is formed by adding the same set of endings as the future tense, but to the same irregular stems used for the future. It is the “would” formula.
条件式的词尾与将来时相同，但加在与将来时不规则词干相同的词干上。这是表达“会、将会”的公式。
Endings: -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían
Example (hacer): haría, harías, haría, haríamos, haríais, harían. (I would do, you would do, etc.)
例（hacer）：我会做、你会做等。
This formula is extremely reliable: identify the future stem, then apply the conditional endings.
该公式极为可靠：先确定将来时词干，再加上条件式词尾。
7. Subjunctive Mood Triggers | 虚拟式触发条件
The subjunctive is not a tense but a mood used in subordinate clauses after certain expressions that convey doubt, desire, emotion, or uncertainty. The present subjunctive formula for regular verbs swaps the vowel of the ending.
虚拟式不是时态，而是一种语式，用于表达怀疑、愿望、情感或不确定性的主句之后的从句中。现在时虚拟式的规则动词公式将词尾的元音互换。
-AR: -e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en
-ER/-IR: -a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an
Triggers include: Quiero que… (I want that…), Es importante que… (It’s important that…), Dudo que… (I doubt that…), Ojalá que… (Hopefully…).
触发词包括：Quiero que…（我希望……）、Es importante que…（……很重要）、Dudo que…（我怀疑……）、Ojalá que…（但愿……）。
Example: Quiero que tú hables español. (I want you to speak Spanish.) — hables is subjunctive of hablar.
例：我希望你说西班牙语。—— hables 是 hablar 的虚拟式。
8. Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns | 直接与间接宾语代词
Placement and combination of object pronouns follow strict sequences. The direct object (lo, la, los, las) and indirect object (me, te, le, nos, os, les) can appear before a conjugated verb or attached to an infinitive or gerund.
宾语代词的放置与组合遵循严格的顺序。直接宾语（lo、la、los、las）和间接宾语（me、te、le、nos、os、les）可以放在变位动词之前，或附于不定式或副动词之后。
Formula when both are present: Indirect + Direct + verb, e.g., Te lo doy. (I give it to you.)
当两者同时出现时的公式：间接 + 直接 + 动词，例如：Te lo doy。（我把它给你。）
If both pronouns begin with ‘l’, change the indirect object ‘le’ or ‘les’ to ‘se’: Le lo digo → Se lo digo. (I tell it to him/her.)
如果两个代词都以 ‘l’ 开头，则将间接宾语 ‘le’ 或 ‘les’ 改为 ‘se’：Le lo digo → Se lo digo。（我告诉他/她这件事。）
With imperative affirmative, attach pronouns to the end: Dámelo. (Give it to me.) Remember to add an accent to preserve stress.
在肯定命令式中，代词附着在动词末尾：Dámelo。（把它给我。）记得添加重音符号以保持重音位置。
9. Reflexive Verbs | 反身动词
Reflexive verbs indicate the subject acts on itself. The formula includes the appropriate reflexive pronoun before the conjugated verb or attached to the infinitive/gerund.
反身动词表示主语作用于自身。公式包含在变位动词前或附于不定式/副动词后的相应反身代词。
Pronouns: me, te, se, nos, os, se
Example: levantarse (to get up). Me levanto a las siete. (I get up at seven.) – Me is the reflexive pronoun.
例：levantarse（起床）。我七点起床。—— Me 是反身代词。
In the infinitive, the pronoun is attached: Voy a levantarme temprano. (I am going to get up early.)
在不定式中，代词附着：我打算早起。
10. Commands (Imperative) | 命令式
Affirmative commands follow specific formulas for tú and vosotros forms, while negative commands use the present subjunctive forms.
肯定命令式中 tú 和 vosotros 的人称有特定公式，而否定命令式则使用现在时虚拟式的形式。
Tú affirmative: Use the third-person singular (él/ella/usted) of the present indicative. Regular -ar: habla; -er: come; -ir: vive. Some irregulars: decir→di, hacer→haz, ir→ve, poner→pon, salir→sal, ser→sé, tener→ten, venir→ven.
Tú 肯定：使用现在时陈述式的第三人称单数。规则 -ar：habla；-er：come；-ir：vive。一些不规则：decir→di、hacer→haz、ir→ve、poner→pon、salir→sal、ser→sé、tener→ten、venir→ven。
Vosotros affirmative: Replace the final ‘r’ of the infinitive with ‘d’ (hablad, comed, vivid).
Vosotros 肯定：将不定式末尾的 ‘r’ 替换为 ‘d’（hablad、comed、vivid）。
All negative commands use the present subjunctive: no hables, no comáis, etc. The pronouns precede the verb: No me lo digas. (Don’t tell me it.)
所有否定命令式使用现在时虚拟式：no hables、no comáis 等。代词置于动词之前：No me lo digas。（别告诉我这件事。）
11. Key Connectors and Structures | 关键连接词与句式
Complex sentences rely on logical connectors. Here are high-scoring formulas that add depth to your writing and speaking.
复杂句依赖于逻辑连接词。以下是可以为你的写作和口语增色的高分公式。
- Aunque + indicative/subjunctive: Aunque hace frío, salgo. (Although it is cold, I go out — factual, indicative.) / Aunque haga frío, saldré. (Even if it is cold, I will go out — hypothetical, subjunctive.)
- Cuando + subjunctive for future: Cuando tenga dinero, viajaré. (When I have money, I will travel.)
- Por lo tanto / Por eso: therefore, so
- Sin embargo / No obstante: however
- Además: furthermore
- En mi opinión: in my opinion
- Si + present, future: Si estudias, aprobarás. (If you study, you will pass.)
- Si + imperfect subjunctive, conditional: Si tuviera dinero, viajaría. (If I had money, I would travel.)
Memorise these as plug-and-play structures to impress examiners.
请将这些作为即插即用的结构熟记，以打动考官。
12. Common Mistakes and Tips | 常见错误与提示
Avoid these frequent errors by applying the correct formula.
通过应用正确的公式来避免这些常见错误。
- Ser vs Estar: Remember the formula: Ser for permanent characteristics, origin, time, and identity; Estar for temporary states, locations, conditions, and progressive actions. Estoy cansado (I am tired) vs Soy cansado (I am a boring person).
- Agreement: Adjectives must agree in gender and number with the noun: chico alto / chica alta / chicos altos / chicas altas.
- Double negatives: Spanish often requires double negatives: No veo nada (I don’t see anything), not No veo algo.
- Gustar structure: Think of it as ‘to be pleasing to’. Formula: Indirect object pronoun + gusta/gustan + subject. Me gustan los libros. (Books are pleasing to me → I like books.)
- Accents: They change meaning: hablo (I speak) vs habló (he spoke); si (if) vs sí (yes).
Reviewing these pitfalls regularly will reinforce your mental formula sheet.
定期复习这些陷阱将强化你的大脑公式表。
Published by TutorHao | Spanish Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导