📚 Year 11 WJEC Science: Essential Vocabulary Fast-Track Guide | WJEC 科学核心术语速记指南
Mastering scientific vocabulary is a major part of Year 11 WJEC Science. This guide gives you quick memory aids for the most important terms in Biology, Chemistry and Physics, helping you recall definitions, spellings and contexts with confidence. Use these memory hacks to save revision time and boost your exam performance.
掌握科学词汇是十一年级 WJEC 科学考试的重要一环。本指南为生物、化学和物理中最关键的术语提供了快速记忆方法，帮助你自信地回忆起定义、拼写和应用情境。用这些记忆技巧来节省复习时间，提升考试表现。
1. Root Words & Speed Tricks | 词根与速记技巧
Photo- means light. Whenever you see this root, think of light-related processes. For example, photosynthesis means ‘putting together with light’.
Photo- 表示光。看到这个词根时，就想与光有关的过程。例如 photosynthesis（光合作用）意为“用光来合成”。
Therm- means heat. Endothermic reactions ‘enter’ heat, so they absorb energy and feel cold. Exothermic reactions ‘exit’ heat, releasing energy and feeling warm. Link ‘exo’ to exit, ‘endo’ to enter.
Therm- 表示热。Endothermic（吸热）反应“进入”热量，吸收能量并变冷；Exothermic（放热）反应“退出”热量，释放能量并变热。将 exo 与 exit（出口）、endo 与 enter（进入）联系起来记忆。
-lysis means splitting or breaking down. Hydrolysis is splitting with water, and electrolysis is splitting using electricity. Imagine a ‘li’ght saber splitting things.
-lysis 表示分解或裂解。Hydrolysis（水解）是用水分裂，electrolysis（电解）是用电分裂。想象一把激光剑（light saber）在劈开东西。
Hyper- means above or excessive; hypo- means below or low. Hypertonic solutions have a higher solute concentration, while hypotonic have a lower one. Think ‘hyper’ as hyperactive child running high on sugar.
Hyper- 意为高于或过多；hypo- 意为低于或不足。Hypertonic（高渗）溶液溶质浓度更高，hypotonic（低渗）溶质浓度更低。把 hyper 想象成吃糖后过度活跃的孩子。
2. Cell Biology & Transport | 细胞生物学与运输
Nucleus – the control centre of the cell that contains genetic material (DNA). Remember: nuclear is like the nucleus of a city controlling everything.
细胞核 (Nucleus) – 细胞的控制中心，含有遗传物质 (DNA)。记住：细胞核就像一个城市的管理中心，控制一切。
Mitochondria – the site of aerobic respiration, releasing energy. Mnemonic: Mito-Mighty-powerhouse. They are the ‘powerhouses’ of the cell.
线粒体 (Mitochondria) – 有氧呼吸的场所，释放能量。助记：Mito-Mighty（强大的）-发电站。它们是细胞的“动力工厂”。
Ribosome – where protein synthesis occurs. It reads RNA to build proteins. Small but mighty like a ribosome = rib-smart factory.
核糖体 (Ribosome) – 蛋白质合成的场所，读取 RNA 来构建蛋白质。虽小但强大，就像 rib-smart（聪明的）工厂。
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, down a concentration gradient, passive. Think of perfume spreading or tea diffusing in water.
扩散 (Diffusion) 是粒子从高浓度区域到低浓度区域的净移动，沿浓度梯度被动进行。想象一下香水散发或茶在水中扩散。
Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from a dilute solution to a concentrated one. Key: Osmosis is exclusively for water, and requires a membrane.
渗透 (Osmosis) 是水分子通过部分透膜从稀溶液向浓溶液扩散的过程。关键：渗透仅针对水，且需要膜。
Active transport moves substances against the concentration gradient, using energy from ATP. Remember: Active = ATP needed, like swimming against the current.
主动运输 (Active transport) 利用 ATP 能量使物质逆浓度梯度移动。记住：Active 需要 ATP，就像逆流游泳。
3. Biochemical Processes | 生化过程
Enzyme – a biological catalyst that speeds up reactions without being used up. Its shape is specific to a substrate, like a lock and key.
酶 (Enzyme) – 生物催化剂，能加速反应而自身不被消耗。其形状与底物特异性匹配，就像锁和钥匙。
Active site – the region on an enzyme where the substrate binds. If the shape changes (denaturation), the substrate no longer fits. Think of a damaged keyhole.
活性位点 (Active site) – 酶上底物结合的区域。如果形状改变（变性），底物就不再适配。想象一个损坏的钥匙孔。
Denaturation occurs when high temperature or extreme pH permanently changes the shape of an enzyme’s active site, stopping its function. Not all change is reversible; once denatured, it’s like a melted plastic key.
变性 (Denaturation) 发生在高温或极端 pH 值永久改变酶活性位点形状，导致其功能丧失时。并非所有变化都可逆；一旦变性，就像融化的塑料钥匙。
Photosynthesis – the process by which plants use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. Equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂. Remember: Photo (light) + synthesis (making). Plants make food using light.
光合作用 (Photosynthesis) – 植物利用光能将二氧化碳和水转化为葡萄糖和氧气的过程。方程式：6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂。记住：Photo（光）+ synthesis（合成）。植物用光制造食物。
Aerobic respiration releases energy from glucose using oxygen: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O (+ energy). Aerobic means ‘with air’. Contrast with anaerobic respiration, which occurs without oxygen and produces lactic acid in animals.
有氧呼吸 (Aerobic respiration) 使用氧气从葡萄糖释放能量：C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O (+ 能量)。Aerobic 意为“有空气的”。与无氧呼吸对比，无氧呼吸发生在无氧条件下，在动物体内产生乳酸。
4. Genetics & Inheritance | 遗传与继承
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) – a double helix molecule that carries genetic instructions. It is made of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate and base (A,T,C,G). Think of a twisted ladder – the ‘D’ for Double.
DNA（脱氧核糖核酸） – 携带遗传指令的双螺旋分子。由含糖、磷酸和碱基 (A,T,C,G) 的核苷酸组成。想象成扭曲的梯子──D 代表 Double（双）。
Gene – a section of DNA that codes for a specific protein. Allele – different version of a gene. Like a gene for eye colour, alleles could be blue or brown.
基因 (Gene) – 编码特定蛋白质的 DNA 片段。等位基因 (Allele) – 基因的不同版本。如控制眼色的基因，等位基因可能是蓝色或棕色。
Dominant allele is always expressed if present; recessive allele only expressed when two copies are present. Dominant dominates, it’s bossy. Use D for dominant, r for recessive.
显性 (Dominant) 等位基因一旦存在就会表达；隐性 (Recessive) 等位基因仅在有两个拷贝时表达。显性就像霸道的老板。用大写 D 代表显性，小写 r 代表隐性。
Homozygous means having two identical alleles (e.g. BB or bb); heterozygous means two different alleles (e.g. Bb). Homo = same, hetero = different.
纯合 (Homozygous) 指拥有两个相同等位基因（如 BB 或 bb）；杂合 (Heterozygous) 指两个不同等位基因（如 Bb）。Homo 意为相同，hetero 意为不同。
Mitosis produces two genetically identical daughter cells for growth and repair. ‘Mi’ for Mitosis makes ‘Mi’rror copies. Meiosis produces four genetically different gametes (sperm/egg) with half the chromosome number. ‘Me’ for Meiosis makes ‘Me’ unique.
有丝分裂 (Mitosis) 产生两个遗传相同的子细胞，用于生长和修复。“Mi”代表 Mitosis 制造镜像副本。减数分裂 (Meiosis) 产生四个遗传不同的配子（精子/卵子），染色体数减半。“Me”代表 Meiosis 让我与众不同。
5. Atomic Structure & Bonding | 原子结构与键合
Atom – smallest particle of an element, consisting of protons, neutrons and electrons. Proton number = atomic number. Remember: Protons Positive, Neutrons Neutral.
原子 (Atom) – 元素的最小粒子，由质子、中子和电子组成。质子数 = 原子序数。记住：Proton Positive（质子带正电），Neutron Neutral（中子不带电）。
Ion – a charged particle formed when an atom gains or loses electrons. Cation is positive (cat-ions have paws, so positive pets), anion is negative (a-negative).
离子 (Ion) – 原子获得或失去电子形成的带电粒子。阳离子（Cation）带正电（cat 有爪子，积极的宠物），阴离子（Anion）带负电（a-negative）。
Ionic bonding occurs between a metal and a non-metal, where electrons are transferred, forming oppositely charged ions that attract. ‘Ionic = I own electrons? No, transfer.’ Think of NaCl: sodium gives one electron, chlorine takes it.
离子键 (Ionic bonding) 发生在金属与非金属之间，电子转移形成带相反电荷的离子而相互吸引。“Ionic”并非我拥有电子，而是转移。想象 NaCl：钠给出一个电子，氯接受它。
Covalent bonding happens between non-metal atoms sharing electrons to achieve a full outer shell. ‘Co’ means together, ‘valent’ refers to valence electrons. Share a pair feels like co-operation.
共价键 (Covalent bonding) 发生在非金属原子之间共享电子以达到满壳层结构。“Co”表示共同，“valent”指价电子。共享电子对如同合作。
Metallic bonding – a lattice of positive metal ions in a sea of delocalised electrons. This explains conductivity and malleability. Imagine a crowd of positive ions swimming in a sea of electrons.
金属键 (Metallic bonding) – 正金属离子沉浸在离域电子海中的晶格结构。这解释了导电性和延展性。想象一群正离子在电子海中游泳。
6. Rates of Reaction & Energy Changes | 反应速率与能量变化
Collision theory states that for a reaction to occur, particles must collide with sufficient energy (activation energy) and correct orientation. More collisions = faster rate.
碰撞理论 (Collision theory) 指出反应发生需要粒子以足够的能量（活化能）和正确的取向碰撞。碰撞越多，速率越快。
Activation energy – minimum energy required for a reaction to start. Think of it as the push needed to roll a boulder down a hill.
活化能 (Activation energy) – 反应开始所需的最小能量。想象为推动巨石滚下山坡所需要的初始推力。
Catalyst – a substance that increases the rate of reaction without being used up, by providing an alternative pathway with lower activation energy. Not consumed; it’s like a matchmaker.
催化剂 (Catalyst) – 通过提供较低活化能的替代途径来提高反应速率，自身不被消耗。它没有被消耗，就像红娘牵线。
Exothermic reactions release heat energy to the surroundings, temperature rises. Burnt fuel, respiration are exothermic. Exo = exit. Endothermic reactions absorb heat energy, temperature drops. Endo = enter.
放热反应 (Exothermic) 向环境释放热能，温度升高。燃烧燃料、呼吸作用均为放热。Exo = 出去。吸热反应 (Endothermic) 吸收热能，温度下降。Endo = 进入。
You can remember with an exothermic graph: products have less energy than reactants, energy released. For endothermic, products have more energy, energy absorbed.
记忆放热图：生成物能量低于反应物，能量向外释放。吸热图：生成物能量高于反应物，能量被吸收。
7. Quantitative Chemistry | 定量化学
Relative atomic mass (Ar) – the average mass of an atom compared to 1/12th of carbon-12. Found on the periodic table. For quick calculations, round to whole number.
相对原子质量 (Ar) – 一个原子的平均质量与碳-12的1/12相比。可在周期表中找到，快速计算时可取整数。
Relative formula mass (Mr) – sum of the relative atomic masses of all atoms in a formula. E.g. H₂O = (2×1) + 16 = 18. Add them up.
相对分子质量 (Mr) – 化学式中所有原子的相对原子质量之和。如 H₂O = (2×1) + 16 = 18。把它们加总。
Mole – the unit for amount of substance. One mole contains 6.02 × 10²³ particles (Avogadro’s number). Think of a mole as a very big packet, like a dozen but for atoms. Mass of one mole = formula mass in grams.
摩尔 (Mole) – 物质的量的单位。1摩尔含有6.02 × 10²³个粒子（阿伏伽德罗常数）。把摩尔想象成非常大的包裹，就像“一打”对于原子。一摩尔的质量 = 以克为单位的式量。
Concentration (mol/dm³) = number of moles ÷ volume (dm³). Often given as g/dm³ too. Remember triangle: N on top, C and V bottom. N = C × V.
浓度 (Concentration)（mol/dm³）= 摩尔数 ÷ 体积(dm³)。也常用g/dm³表示。记住公式三角：N 在上，C 和 V 在下。N = C × V。
Titration – a method to find an unknown concentration by neutralising it with a standard solution, using an indicator. The end point is when the indicator changes colour. Think ‘titrate to tell concentration’.
滴定 (Titration) – 用标准溶液中和未知浓度溶液并借助指示剂来确定浓度的方法。终点是指示剂变色的瞬间。联想：滴定 (titrate) 是为了说出浓度 (tell concentration)。
8. Electricity & Magnetism | 电与磁
Current (I) – the rate of flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). In a single closed loop, current is the same everywhere. Think of it as the number of cars passing a point per second.
电流 (Current) – 电荷流动的速率，单位安培 (A)。在单一闭合回路中电流处处相等。想象成每秒通过某点的汽车数量。
Potential difference (V) – the energy transferred per unit charge, measured in volts (V). It pushes the current. Like pressure in a water pipe.
电势差 (Potential difference) – 每单位电荷转移的能量，单位伏特 (V)。它推动电流，就像水管中的压力。
Resistance (R) – opposes the flow of current, measured in ohms (Ω). Ohm’s law: V = I × R. High resistance means less current for the same voltage.
电阻 (Resistance) – 阻碍电流流动，单位欧姆 (Ω)。欧姆定律：V = I × R。高电阻意味着在相同电压下电流更小。
Series circuits have one path; current same, voltage splits. Parallel circuits have multiple branches; current splits, voltage same across branches. Remember: series = share the voltage, parallel = split the current (parallel splits path).
串联电路 (Series circuits) 只有一条路径，电流相同、电压分配。并联电路 (Parallel circuits) 有多条支路，电流分配、各支路电压相同。记忆：串联分压，并联分流。
Electromagnet – a coil of wire (solenoid) with an iron core that becomes magnetic when current flows. Increase current or coil turns to strengthen. It’s a temporary magnet; no current, no magnetism.
电磁铁 (Electromagnet) – 由线圈（螺线管）和铁芯组成，通电后产生磁性。增大电流或增加线圈匝数可增强磁场。它是暂时磁铁，断电无磁。
9. Forces & Motion | 力与运动
Velocity is speed in a given direction. It is a vector quantity. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. Deceleration is negative acceleration. a = (v-u)/t.
速度 (Velocity) 是给定方向上的速率，是矢量。加速度 (Acceleration) 是速度变化的速率。减速为负加速度。a = (v-u)/t。
Newton’s First Law: an object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by a resultant force. Inertia is the tendency to resist change. Seatbelt stops you during sudden brake.
牛顿第一定律：物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动，除非受到净外力作用。惯性是抵抗变化倾向。突然刹车时安全带阻止你前倾。
Newton’s Second Law: F = ma (resultant force = mass × acceleration). More mass needs more force for same acceleration.
牛顿第二定律：F = ma（净力 = 质量 × 加速度）。相同加速度下，质量越大所需力越大。
Momentum = mass × velocity, conserved in a closed system when no external forces. It explains collisions. Think of momentum as ‘mass in motion’.
动量 (Momentum) = 质量 × 速度，在没有外力作用的封闭系统中守恒。这解释了碰撞现象。想象动量即“运动中的质量”。
Work done (J) = force (N) × distance moved in direction of force (m). Power (W) = work done ÷ time taken. Power is rate of doing work.
做功 (Work done) (J) = 力 (N) × 沿力方向移动的距离 (m)。功率 (Power) (W) = 做功 ÷ 时间。功率是做功的速率。
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