📚 Year 12 AQA Physics: Rapid Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | AQA物理词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to a fast-track vocabulary toolkit for Year 12 AQA Physics. This guide pairs essential terms with memory hooks, visual snapshots and simple wordplay so you can recall definitions confidently in exams. Each section covers a topic cluster, with English explanations immediately followed by Chinese equivalents – no flipping back and forth.
欢迎使用这份为Year 12 AQA物理量身打造的快速词汇工具包。每个关键术语都搭配了记忆钩子、形象联想和简单文字游戏，帮助你在考试中自信地复述定义。每一小节覆盖一个主题群，英文解释后紧跟中文配对，无需来回翻找。
1. Mechanics and Motion | 力学与运动
Displacement is a vector measuring the shortest straight-line distance from start to finish. Think: “Displacement points directly, distance just adds up along the path.”
位移是矢量，测量从起点到终点的最短直线距离。记忆：‘位移直指，距离只累加路径。’
Velocity is the rate of change of displacement, v = Δs / Δt. Imagine a speedometer with a built-in compass – it gives direction too.
速度是位移的变化率，v = Δs / Δt。想象一个带指南针的速度表，它会告诉你方向。
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity, a = Δv / Δt. A positive value can mean speeding up in one direction; negative means slowing down or speeding up opposite. Use the phrase “A cheetah accelerates, a car decelerates.”
加速度是速度的变化率，a = Δv / Δt。正值可能表示朝一个方向加速；负值表示减速或朝相反方向加速。用‘猎豹加速，汽车减速’来记。
Scalar quantities have magnitude only, like mass or speed. Vector quantities have both magnitude and direction, like velocity or force. Mnemonic: “SCALar has no Arrow; VECtor has an Arrow.”
标量只有大小，如质量或速率。矢量既有大小又有方向，如速度或力。速记：‘SCALar没有箭头；VECtor有箭头。’
SUVAT equations link s (displacement), u (initial velocity), v (final velocity), a (acceleration) and t (time). Recall them with the sentence “Silly Unicorns Vanish After Tea.” One key equation:
SUVAT 方程将位移 s、初速度 u、末速度 v、加速度 a 和时间 t 联系起来。用句子‘Silly Unicorns Vanish After Tea’回忆变量。一个关键方程：
v = u + a t
Free-body diagrams isolate a single object and show all forces acting on it as arrows. Remember: “Draw the object as a dot, then draw every force touching it.”
受力分析图隔离单个物体并用箭头标出所有作用力。记住：‘将物体画成一个点，然后画出所有接触它的力。’
2. Materials | 材料
Density ρ is mass per unit volume, ρ = m / V. A block of lead feels heavier than a same-sized block of wood because of higher density.
密度 ρ 是单位体积的质量，ρ = m / V。同样大小的铅块比木块重就是因为密度更大。
Hooke’s Law states that extension is proportional to applied force up to the limit of proportionality: F = k Δx. “Hooke the spring stretches” – easy to picture.
胡克定律指出在比例极限内伸长与外力成正比：F = k Δx。‘胡克的弹簧被拉伸’——画面感十足。
Stress σ is force applied per cross-sectional area, σ = F / A. Strain ε is the fractional extension, ε = ΔL / L. Young Modulus Y links them: Y = σ / ε. Think: “Stress causes strain; Young tells how stiff the material is.”
应力 σ 是单位截面积的力，σ = F / A。应变 ε 是长度的相对变化，ε = ΔL / L。杨氏模量 Y 将它们联系起来：Y = σ / ε。思考：‘应力导致应变；杨氏模量表示材料有多硬。’
Elastic deformation means the material returns to its original shape when the load is removed. Plastic deformation leaves a permanent change. To separate them, imagine an elastic band snapping back, while plasticine stays squashed.
弹性形变指卸去载荷后材料恢复原状。塑性形变留下永久改变。区分它们：想象橡皮筋弹回，而橡皮泥保持压扁。
Ductile materials (like copper) can be drawn into wires. Brittle materials (like glass) snap without much plastic flow. Ultimate tensile strength is the maximum stress before fracture. Link “ductile” to “duct” – a pipe or wire path.
延性材料（如铜）能被拉成丝。脆性材料（如玻璃）在几乎没有塑性流动时就断裂。极限抗拉强度是断裂前的最大应力。把‘ductile’和‘duct (管道)’联系起来——可以拉伸成通道。
3. Electricity | 电学
Current I is the rate of flow of charge, I = ΔQ / Δt. Imagine charge carriers marching through a wire: more per second means higher current.
电流 I 是电荷流动的速率，I = ΔQ / Δt。想象电荷载体在线中前进：每秒通过越多电流越大。
Potential difference V is energy transferred per unit charge, V = W / Q. It pushes charges around. “PD provides the push.”
电势差 V 是单位电荷转移的能量，V = W / Q。它推动电荷移动。‘PD提供推力。’
Resistance R opposes current, R = V / I. Ohm’s Law for ohmic conductors: V = I R at constant temperature. “Resistance resists, Ohm’s neat.”
电阻 R 阻碍电流，R = V / I。欧姆定律（针对欧姆导体）在恒温下：V = I R。‘电阻阻碍，欧姆简洁。’
Resistivity ρ tells you how much a specific material resists conduction: R = ρ L / A. Longer wire (L) and thinner area (A) increase resistance. Say: “R looks like a rho-mula.”
电阻率 ρ 表明特定材料对导电的阻碍程度：R = ρ L / A。导线越长（L），截面积越小（A），电阻越大。口诀：‘R看着像ρ式。’
EMF ε is the total energy supplied per unit charge by a source. Internal resistance r reduces the terminal pd: V = ε − I r. Remember: “EMF is the battery’s full oomph; internal resistance robs a little.”
电动势 ε 是电源提供单位电荷的总能量。内阻 r 会降低端电压：V = ε − I r。记住：‘电动势是电池的满能量；内阻偷走一点。’
4. Waves | 波
Amplitude A is maximum displacement from equilibrium. Wavelength λ is the distance between two identical points on consecutive waves. Frequency f is number of complete cycles per second (hertz). Period T = 1 / f.
振幅 A 是离开平衡位置的最大位移。波长 λ 是相邻波上两个相同点间的距离。频率 f 是每秒完整周期数（赫兹）。周期 T = 1 / f。
The wave speed equation: v = f λ. Think: “Frequency folds into wavelength to give speed.” Use it for all travelling waves.
波速方程：v = f λ。思考：‘频率折叠进波长得到速度。’所有行波都适用。
Transverse waves oscillate perpendicular to energy transfer (e.g., light). Longitudinal waves oscillate parallel (e.g., sound). A quick distinction: “T-wave travels like a snake, L-wave travels like a spring.”
横波振动方向垂直于能量传递（如光）。纵波振动方向平行于能量传递（如声音）。快速区分：‘横波像蛇行进，纵波像弹簧伸缩。’
Phase difference measures how much one wave lags behind another, often in radians or degrees. Coherence means the two sources maintain a constant phase difference and have the same frequency. “Coherent friends stay in step.”
相位差衡量一个波落后另一个波的程度，常用弧度或角度表示。相干性指两个波源保持恒定的相位差且频率相同。‘相干的朋友步调一致。’
Diffraction is the spreading of waves when they pass through a gap or around an obstacle. The effect is greatest when the gap is roughly equal to the wavelength. Refraction is bending due to speed change. Polarisation only happens for transverse waves – it filters one plane of oscillation.
衍射是波穿过缝隙或绕过障碍物时扩散的现象。当缝隙与波长大致相等时衍射最显著。折射是由波速变化引起的弯曲。偏振只发生在横波中——它滤除某一平面的振动。
5. Particles and Radiation | 粒子与辐射
An atom consists of a nucleus containing protons (Z) and neutrons (N), surrounded by electrons. Isotopes share the same proton number but have different neutron numbers. Specific charge is the charge-to-mass ratio Q/m. “Specific charge tells you how charge-packed a particle is.”
原子由包含质子（Z）和中子（N）的原子核，以及绕核的电子组成。同位素质子数相同，中子数不同。比荷是荷质比 Q/m。‘比荷告诉你粒子有多带电。’
The strong nuclear force holds nucleons together over very short ranges, overcoming electrostatic repulsion between protons. Alpha decay emits a helium nucleus (²⁴He). Beta-minus decay converts a neutron into a proton, emitting an electron and an antineutrino. Gamma decay emits electromagnetic radiation from an excited nucleus.
强核力在极短范围内将核子束缚在一起，克服质子间的静电排斥。α 衰变发射一个氦核（²⁴He）。β⁻ 衰变将中子转为质子，放出一个电子和一个反中微子。γ 衰变从激发态核发射电磁辐射。
A photon is a packet of electromagnetic energy: E = h f. Use the equation to link photon energy to frequency. “Higher frequency packs more punch.”
光子是电磁能的一个份额：E = h f。用该方程联系光子能量与频率。‘频率越高能量越大。’
Every particle has an antiparticle with the same mass but opposite charge (and other quantum numbers). Annihilation occurs when a particle meets its antiparticle – mass converts to photons. Pair production is the reverse: energy becomes a particle-antiparticle pair.
每个粒子都有反粒子，质量相同但电荷相反（以及其他量子数）。当粒子遇到它的反粒子时发生湮灭——质量转化为光子。对产生则相反：能量变为粒子–反粒子对。
6. Measurements and Errors | 测量与误差
Precision describes how close repeated readings are to each other. Accuracy describes how close a reading is to the true value. Use the dartboard analogy: a tight cluster far from the bullseye is precise but not accurate.
精密度描述重复读数彼此之间的接近程度。准确度描述读数与真值的接近程度。用飞镖靶打比方：离中心远但集中一簇是精密但不准确。
Uncertainty is the interval within which the true value is expected to lie. For a single measurement, it is often ± half the smallest scale division. For multiple repeats, use ±(range/2).
不确定度是预期真值所在区间。单次测量常取 ± 最小刻度的一半。多次重复采用 ±(极差/2)。
Percentage uncertainty = (absolute uncertainty / measured value) × 100%. It helps compare the quality of different measurements. “Percentage uncertainty shrinks when you measure bigger quantities with the same instrument.”
百分不确定度 = (绝对不确定度 / 测量值) × 100%。有助于比较不同测量的质量。‘用同一仪器测量较大数量时，百分不确定度会减小。’
Random errors cause readings to scatter symmetrically; averaging reduces their effect. Systematic errors shift all readings by a constant amount, often due to zero error or calibration issues. Remember: “Random – repeats vary; Systematic – same shift every time.”
随机误差导致读数对称分散；取平均值可减小影响。系统误差使所有读数偏移固定量，常由零误差或校准问题引起。记住：‘随机——每遍不同；系统——每遍同偏。’
7. Energy and Work | 能量与功
Work done W is the product of force and displacement in the direction of the force: W = F s cos θ. “Only the pushing-along part counts.”
做功 W 是力与沿力方向的位移乘积：W = F s cos θ。‘只有顺着力推的那部分算数。’
Kinetic energy KE = ½ m v². Gravitational potential energy ΔEₚ = m g Δh (near Earth’s surface). Energy is conserved: total energy in an isolated system remains constant.
动能 KE = ½ m v²。重力势能（近地表）ΔEₚ = m g Δh。能量守恒：孤立系统总能量保持不变。
Power P is the rate of doing work or transferring energy: P = W / t or P = F v. A more powerful engine transfers energy faster. Efficiency = (useful output energy / total input energy) × 100%.
功率 P 是做功或传递能量的速率：P = W / t 或 P = F v。更强劲的引擎传递能量更快。效率 = (有用输出能量 / 总输入能量) × 100%。
8. Momentum and Collisions | 动量与碰撞
Momentum p is the product of mass and velocity: p = m v. It is a vector. “More mass and more speed give more momentum – a heavy lorry is hard to stop.”
动量 p 是质量与速度的乘积：p = m v。它是矢量。‘质量越大、速度越快，动量越大——重型卡车很难停下。’
Impulse is the change in momentum: J = F Δt = Δp. The same impulse can be delivered by a large force over a short time or a small force over a longer time. Crumple zones increase time to reduce force.
冲量是动量的变化：J = F Δt = Δp。同样的冲量可以由短时间内的大力或较长时间的小力提供。溃缩区延长作用时间以减小力。
In a closed system, total momentum before a collision equals total momentum after. This conservation law underpins all collision analysis. Elastic collisions conserve kinetic energy; inelastic collisions do not (energy dissipates as heat or sound).
在封闭系统中，碰撞前总动量等于碰撞后总动量。这条守恒定律是所有碰撞分析的基础。弹性碰撞动能守恒；非弹性碰撞动能不守恒（能量转化为热或声）。
9. Current and Circuits in Depth | 电流与电路深入
Drift velocity v is the average speed of charge carriers along a conductor. The transport equation I = n A v e links current to number density n, cross-sectional area A, drift velocity v and elementary charge e. “I equals nAve – say ‘I nave’.”
漂移速度 v 是载流子沿导体的平均速度。输运方程 I = n A v e 将电流与数密度 n、截面积 A、漂移速度 v 和元电荷 e 联系起来。记法：‘I equals nAve，念成 I nave。’
Kirchhoff’s first law: total current entering a junction equals total current leaving it – conservation of charge. Kirchhoff’s second law: sum of EMFs equals sum of pd in any closed loop – conservation of energy.
基尔霍夫第一定律：进入节点的总电流等于离开的总电流——电荷守恒。基尔霍夫第二定律：任一闭合回路中电动势之和等于电位差之和——能量守恒。
A potential divider splits input voltage using two resistors: Vₒᵤₜ = [R₂ / (R₁ + R₂)] Vᵢₙ. Use the ratio trick: “Output grabs the fraction of total resistance it sits across.”
分压器用两个电阻分割输入电压：Vₒᵤₜ = [R₂ / (R₁ + R₂)] Vᵢₙ。比例诀窍：‘输出取得它所占电阻比例的电压。’
10. Interference and Diffraction | 干涉与衍射
Path difference determines whether waves meet in phase (constructive) or out of phase (destructive). Constructive: path difference = n λ. Destructive: path difference = (n + ½) λ.
波程差决定波是同相相遇（相长）还是反相相遇（相消）。相长：波程差 = n λ。相消：波程差 = (n + ½) λ。
Young’s double-slit experiment demonstrates interference. Fringe spacing w = λ D / s, where D is distance to screen and s is slit separation. “Wavelength multiplies distance, divide by slit gap.”
杨氏双缝实验演示干涉。条纹间距 w = λ D / s，D 是到屏幕距离，s 是缝间距。‘波长乘以距离，除以缝间距。’
A diffraction grating produces sharp maxima at angles given by n λ = d sin θ. Here d is the grating spacing (1 / lines per metre). Count bright orders from zero: “First order is n=1.”
衍射光栅在满足 n λ = d sin θ 的角度产生锐利极大。这里 d 是光栅常数（每米线数的倒数）。从零级数起亮纹级数：‘第一级是 n=1。’
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