📚 Year 12 CCEA PE: Glossary & Terminology Quick Revision Guide | CCEA 体育词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the key terminology in CCEA Year 12 Physical Education is essential for success in exams and coursework. This guide breaks down the most important terms across the main topic areas, providing clear definitions in both English and Chinese to support your revision. Use it to test yourself, build your subject vocabulary and improve your ability to answer questions precisely.
掌握 CCEA 12 年级体育学科的关键术语是考试和课程作业成功的基础。本指南将主要专题领域的重要词汇进行拆解，提供清晰的中英双语定义，帮助你高效复习。你可以用它进行自测、构建学科词汇，并提升准确作答的能力。
1. Skeletal System Terminology | 骨骼系统术语
Axial skeleton: The central structure of the skeleton, including the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum. It protects vital organs and provides the main axis of the body.
中轴骨：骨骼的中央结构，包括颅骨、脊柱、肋骨和胸骨。它保护重要器官，并构成身体的主轴。
Appendicular skeleton: Consists of the bones of the limbs and the pectoral and pelvic girdles. It is primarily involved in movement and attachment of muscles.
附肢骨：由四肢骨以及肩带骨和骨盆带骨组成。主要参与运动并为肌肉提供附着点。
Synovial joint: A freely movable joint containing synovial fluid, articular cartilage and a joint capsule. Examples include the knee, hip and shoulder.
滑膜关节：一种可自由活动的关节，内含滑液、关节软骨和关节囊。例如膝关节、髋关节和肩关节。
Ossification: The process of bone formation, where cartilage is gradually replaced by bone tissue from childhood through adolescence.
骨化：骨骼形成的过程，从儿童期到青春期软骨逐渐被骨组织替代。
2. Muscular System Terminology | 肌肉系统术语
Agonist (prime mover): The muscle primarily responsible for producing a specific movement. For elbow flexion, the biceps brachii is the agonist.
主动肌：主要负责产生特定动作的肌肉。例如肘关节屈曲时，肱二头肌是主动肌。
Antagonist: The muscle that opposes the action of the agonist, relaxing and lengthening to allow controlled movement. During elbow flexion, the triceps brachii acts as antagonist.
拮抗肌：对抗主动肌动作的肌肉，通过放松和伸长来使动作受控。肘关节屈曲时，肱三头肌为拮抗肌。
Isotonic contraction: A muscle contraction where the muscle changes length while producing tension. It includes concentric (shortening) and eccentric (lengthening) phases.
等张收缩：肌肉在产生张力时长度发生变化的收缩类型，包括向心收缩（缩短）和离心收缩（伸长）阶段。
Isometric contraction: A contraction where the muscle length remains constant while tension is developed, such as holding a plank position.
等长收缩：肌肉长度保持不变而张力增加的收缩，例如平板支撑动作。
3. Cardiovascular System Terminology | 心血管系统术语
Stroke volume (SV): The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat. It increases during exercise due to increased venous return and stronger contractions.
每搏输出量：左心室每次搏动泵出的血液量。运动期间因静脉回流量增加和心肌收缩力增强而升高。
Cardiac output (Q): The total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute. It is calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate (Q = SV x HR).
心输出量：心脏每分钟泵出的血液总量。计算公式为每搏输出量乘以心率（Q = SV × HR）。
Venous return: The flow of blood back to the heart. Mechanisms that assist venous return include the skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump and valves in veins.
静脉回流量：血液流回心脏的量。辅助静脉回流的机制包括骨骼肌泵、呼吸泵和静脉瓣。
Vasodilation: The widening of blood vessels, particularly arterioles, to increase blood flow to active muscles during exercise.
血管舒张：血管（尤其是小动脉）管径扩大，以增加运动时流向活动肌肉的血流量。
4. Respiratory System Terminology | 呼吸系统术语
Tidal volume (TV): The amount of air breathed in or out in one normal breath at rest. It increases significantly during exercise to meet oxygen demand.
潮气量：安静状态下一次正常吸气或呼气的气体量。运动期间为满足氧气需求而显著增加。
Minute ventilation (VE): The total volume of air moved into and out of the lungs per minute. It is the product of tidal volume and breathing frequency (VE = TV x f).
每分通气量：每分钟进出肺部的气体总量，等于潮气量乘以呼吸频率（VE = TV × f）。
Vital capacity: The maximum amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a maximum inhalation. It is used as an indicator of lung function.
肺活量：最大吸气后能尽力呼出的最大气体量，用作肺功能的指标。
Gaseous exchange: The diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood into the alveoli, occurring at the respiratory membrane.
气体交换：氧气从肺泡扩散入血液、二氧化碳从血液扩散入肺泡的过程，发生在呼吸膜上。
5. Health-Related Fitness Components | 健康相关体能要素
Aerobic endurance: The ability of the cardiorespiratory system to supply oxygen to working muscles during sustained physical activity. It is crucial for long-distance running and cycling.
有氧耐力：心肺系统在持续体力活动中为工作肌肉供应氧气的能力，对长跑和自行车运动至关重要。
Muscular strength: The maximum force a muscle or muscle group can exert in a single contraction. It is essential for weightlifting and tackling in rugby.
肌肉力量：一块肌肉或肌群单次收缩时所能产生的最大力，对举重和橄榄球擒抱动作很重要。
Flexibility: The range of motion available at a joint. Good flexibility helps prevent injury and improves performance in activities like gymnastics and dance.
柔韧性：关节可达到的活动范围。良好的柔韧性有助于预防损伤，并提升体操、舞蹈等项目的表现。
Body composition: The proportion of fat mass to fat-free mass (muscle, bone, water) in the body. A healthy body composition supports overall health and athletic performance.
身体成分：身体内脂肪质量与去脂质量（肌肉、骨骼、水分）的比例。健康的身体成分有利于整体健康和运动表现。
6. Skill-Related Fitness Components | 技能相关体能要素
Agility: The ability to change direction quickly and control the body’s position while moving. It is vital for dodging in netball or football.
灵敏性：快速改变方向并在移动中控制身体姿势的能力，对无挡板篮球或足球中的闪躲动作至关重要。
Coordination: The smooth integration of sensory information with muscle actions to produce accurate, efficient movements. Hand-eye coordination is key in batting sports.
协调性：感觉信息与肌肉动作顺畅整合以产生准确有效动作的能力，手眼协调性在击球类运动中极为重要。
Power: The ability to combine strength and speed to produce an explosive movement. It is the product of force and velocity, critical for sprint starts and jumping.
爆发力：结合力量和速度产生爆发性动作的能力，是力与速度的乘积，对短跑起跑和跳跃至关重要。
Balance: The ability to maintain the body’s centre of mass over its base of support, either statically or dynamically. Essential for gymnastics and surfing.
平衡能力：在静止或运动中将身体重心保持在支撑面内的能力，对体操和冲浪等运动不可或缺。
7. Principles of Training | 训练原则
Specificity: Training must be relevant to the sport, energy system and muscle groups used in performance. A sprinter’s programme will differ greatly from a marathon runner’s.
专项性：训练必须与运动项目、供能系统及所涉及的肌群相关。短跑运动员的训练计划与马拉松运动员的会有显著不同。
Progressive overload: To improve fitness, the body must be stressed beyond its current level of adaptation by gradually increasing frequency, intensity or duration.
渐进超负荷：要提高体能，必须通过逐步增加频率、强度或时间，让身体承受超过当前适应水平的负荷。
Reversibility: Fitness gains are lost when training stops or is significantly reduced. This is often summarised as ‘use it or lose it’.
可逆性：一旦停止或明显减少训练，体能的提升效果将消退。常被概括为“用进废退”。
FITT principle: A framework for applying overload: Frequency (how often), Intensity (how hard), Time (duration) and Type (mode of exercise). It helps design effective training plans.
FITT 原则：实施超负荷的框架：频率（多久一次）、强度（多困难）、时间（持续时间）和类型（运动方式）。有助于设计有效的训练计划。
8. Methods of Training | 训练方法
Continuous training: Aerobic exercise performed at a steady, moderate intensity for an extended period without rest, such as jogging for 30 minutes. It develops aerobic endurance.
持续训练法：在较长时间内以稳定的中等强度进行有氧运动且无间歇，例如慢跑 30 分钟。用于发展有氧耐力。
Interval training: Alternating periods of high-intensity work with lower-intensity recovery intervals. This can target both aerobic and anaerobic systems depending on work-rest ratios.
间歇训练法：高强度运动期与较低强度恢复期交替进行。根据运动-休息比例，可同时发展有氧和无氧供能系统。
Circuit training: A series of exercises performed at different stations with minimal rest in between. It can improve multiple components of fitness including strength and muscular endurance.
循环训练法：在一系列不同的练习站依次完成动作，站间休息极短。可同时提升力量、肌肉耐力等多种体适能要素。
Plyometric training: Explosive movements involving rapid stretching and contracting of muscles, such as bounding and depth jumps, designed to improve power.
增强式训练：涉及肌肉快速拉伸与收缩的爆发性动作，如跨步跳和跳深，旨在提升爆发力。
9. Sports Psychology Basics | 运动心理学基础
Intrinsic motivation: The drive to participate in an activity for personal enjoyment, satisfaction or the challenge itself, rather than for external rewards.
内在动机：因个人享受、满足感或挑战本身而参与活动的驱动力，不依赖外部奖励。
Extrinsic motivation: The drive to engage in activity to earn external rewards or avoid punishment, such as medals, praise or selection.
外在动机：为获取外部奖励或避免惩罚而参与活动的驱动力，例如奖牌、表扬或入选机会。
Arousal: A state of mental and physical readiness for activity. Optimal arousal improves performance, but too much or too little can impair it (inverted-U theory).
唤醒水平：身心活动的准备状态。最佳唤醒水平能提升表现，过高或过低都会削弱表现（倒 U 型理论）。
Goal setting (SMART): Setting targets that are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Time-bound to enhance motivation and performance.
目标设定（SMART 原则）：设定明确、可测量、可实现、相关且有时限的目标，以增强动机和提升表现。
10. Nutrition and Hydration | 营养与水分补充
Macronutrients: Nutrients required in large amounts, including carbohydrates (main energy source), proteins (growth and repair) and fats (slow-release energy and insulation).
宏量营养素：需要量较大的营养素，包括碳水化合物（主要能量来源）、蛋白质（生长与修复）和脂肪（缓慢释放能量及隔热）。
Glycogen loading: A strategy used by endurance athletes to maximise muscle glycogen stores before a long event, involving tapering training and increasing carbohydrate intake.
糖原负荷法：耐力运动员在长距离赛事前最大化肌肉糖原储备的策略，包括减少训练量和增加碳水化合物摄入。
Dehydration: A state of excessive fluid loss that impairs thermoregulation, increases heart rate and reduces performance. Even 2% body mass loss can have noticeable effects.
脱水：体液过度流失的状态，会损害体温调节、升高心率、降低运动表现。即使体重减轻 2% 也会产生明显影响。
Hypotonic drinks: Beverages with a lower concentration of particles than body fluids, designed for rapid rehydration without energy supply. Suitable for events where fluid loss is the main concern.
低渗饮料：颗粒浓度低于体液的饮品，用于快速补充水分而不提供能量。适合以体液流失为主要担心的项目。
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