📚 Year 12 CCEA Sociology: Key Vocabulary and Concepts Quick Revision Guide | Year 12 CCEA 社会学：核心词汇速记指南
Understanding and using precise sociological terminology is vital for high marks in Year 12 CCEA Sociology. This guide breaks down key concepts across culture, identity, social control, inequality and research methods, providing clear definitions and memory hooks to help you master the terms required for AS Units 1 and 2.
理解并准确运用社会学专业术语对于在 Year 12 CCEA 社会学考试中获得高分至关重要。本指南拆解了文化、身份认同、社会控制、不平等和研究方法等关键概念，提供清晰的定义和记忆窍门，帮助你掌握 AS 单元 1 和 2 所需的术语。
1. Culture, Norms and Values | 文化、规范与价值观
Culture refers to the whole way of life of a particular society, including its language, beliefs, customs and material objects. Norms are the unwritten rules of behaviour, while values are the shared principles that underpin a culture.
文化指的是一个特定社会的整个生活方式，包括它的语言、信仰、习俗和物质对象。规范是未成文的行为准则，而价值观是支撑该文化的共享原则。
Norms – specific expectations about how people should behave in given situations. Tip: Think ‘Norms = Normal in context’.
规范——指在特定情境下人们应当如何行为的具体期望。记忆技巧：想想“规范 = 在情境中视为正常”。
Values – broad, abstract standards that define what is desirable, good and important, e.g. freedom, honesty. Mnemonic: ‘Values are what you value.’
价值观——规定什么才是可取、善良和重要之事的广泛而抽象的标准，例如自由、诚实。助记：“价值观就是你珍视的东西”。
Subculture – a group within a larger culture that has its own distinctive norms and values, e.g. goth subculture. Remember: ‘Sub means under or within.’
亚文化——一个更大文化中具有自身独特规范和价值观的小群体，如哥特亚文化。记忆：“亚”意味着从属或内部。
Cultural diversity – the range of different cultures and subcultures within a society. Connect: ‘Diversity = variety.’
文化多样性——一个社会中存在的不同文化和亚文化范围。关联：“多样性 = 多种多样”。
2. Socialisation: Primary and Secondary | 社会化：初级与次级
Socialisation is the lifelong process of learning the culture of a society. It is divided into primary socialisation (early childhood) and secondary socialisation (later experiences).
社会化是学习某个社会文化的终生过程。它分为初级社会化（幼儿期）和次级社会化（后来的经历）。
Primary socialisation – takes place in the family, where children learn basic norms, values and language. Key agents: parents, siblings. Tip: ‘Primary = first
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