📚 Year 12 Edexcel Biology: Vocabulary Terminology Quick Guide | Year 12 Edexcel 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Excelling in Year 12 Edexcel Biology begins with decoding the language of the subject. Terminology is often built from Greek and Latin roots that hint at structure, function, or process. This guide provides a systematic breakdown of key terms across the syllabus, with memory aids, word roots, and clever associations designed to make revision efficient and enjoyable. By mastering these terms now, you will sharpen your exam answers and build a solid foundation for Year 13.
要在12年级爱德思生物中脱颖而出，首先要破解学科的语言密码。术语多由希腊语和拉丁语词根构成，暗示着结构、功能或过程。本指南系统梳理了考纲中的关键词汇，提供记忆辅助、词根拆解和巧妙联想，旨在让复习高效而有趣。现在就掌握这些术语，不仅能提升你的答题精准度，还能为13年级打下坚实的基础。
1. Biological Molecules | 生物分子
The vocabulary of biological molecules is built on prefixes that indicate size and structure. Mono- = one, di- = two, poly- = many, and saccharide = sugar. Recognising these prefixes turns intimidating words like ‘monosaccharide’, ‘disaccharide’, and ‘polysaccharide’ into transparent labels. Condensation reactions link monomers by removing water; hydrolysis breaks polymers by adding water. Think of condensation as ‘condensing out’ water to build, and hydrolysis as ‘water splitting’.
生物分子的词汇建立在表明大小和结构的前缀之上。Mono- 表示一，di- 表示二，poly- 表示多，而 saccharide 意为糖。识别这些前缀后，诸如 monosaccharide（单糖）、disaccharide（二糖）和 polysaccharide（多糖）这样的长词便一目了然。缩合反应通过脱去水分子连接单体；水解反应则通过加水将多聚体分解。可以把缩合想象为“缩出水”来构建，水解则是“水裂解”。
Tests for specific molecules follow predictable colour changes: Benedict’s test for reducing sugars turns from blue to brick red upon heating; iodine solution turns starch blue-black; the biuret test gives a violet colour for proteins; and the ethanol emulsion test yields a cloudy white layer for lipids. Create short mnemonics such as ‘B for Brick-red, B for Benedict’ to anchor these in memory.
针对特定分子的检测均有可循的颜色变化：本尼迪克特试验检测还原糖，加热后由蓝色变为砖红色；碘液使淀粉呈蓝黑色；双缩脲试验使蛋白质呈紫色；乙醇乳浊液试验出现浑浊白色层。自创简短助记符，例如“B for 砖红, B for 本尼迪克特”，能助你牢牢记住。
| English Term | 中文术语 | Memory Aid | 助记 |
|---|---|---|
| Monomer | 单体 | Mono- = one + -mer = part; 单一部件 |
| Polymer | 多聚体 | Poly- = many; 多单元链接 |
| Condensation | 缩合反应 | ‘Con-dens-ation’ = making denser, releases H₂O |
| Hydrolysis | 水解 | Hydro- = water, -lysis = breaking |
| Glycosidic bond | 糖苷键 | Glyco- = sugar; links sugars together |
| Peptide bond | 肽键 | Between amino acids; ‘peptide’ like digestion |
| Saturated fatty acid | 饱和脂肪酸 | Saturated = full of H, no double bonds |
| Unsaturated fatty acid | 不饱和脂肪酸 | Double bonds cause kinks; ‘not saturated’ |
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