📚 Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook for Year 13 AQA Spanish | Year 13 AQA 西班牙语：公式定理速查手册
In mathematics, a formula gives you the exact pattern to solve a problem. AQA Year 13 Spanish works in the same way: once you internalise the structural formulas behind verb conjugations, subjunctive triggers and pronoun placement, you can generate accurate, sophisticated language with confidence. This handbook distils the essential grammar into quick-reference ‘formulas’ and ‘theorems’, designed for last-minute revision and consolidation before your A-Level exam.
数学中，公式为你提供解决问题的精确模式。AQA Year 13 西班牙语也是如此：一旦你内化了动词变位、虚拟式触发词和代词位置背后的结构公式，你就能自信地生成准确而复杂的语言。这本手册把核心语法提炼成速查“公式”与“定理”，专为A-Level考前冲刺复习和巩固设计。
1. Present Tense Regular Verb Conjugation Formulas | 现在时规则动词变位公式
The present tense is the engine of communication. The formula is deceptively simple: stem + ending, but each infinitive class (-ar, -er, -ir) has a unique set of endings. Treat these as your first essential formulas and memorise them unthinkingly.
现在时是交流的引擎。公式看似简单：词干 + 词尾，但每类不定式（-ar、-er、-ir）都有一套独特的词尾。把这些当作你的第一组必备公式，无意识地牢记它们。
| Subject | -ar (hablar) | -er (comer) | -ir (vivir) |
|---|---|---|---|
| yo | hablo | como | vivo |
| tú | hablas | comes | vives |
| él/ella/usted | habla | come | vive |
| nosotros/as | hablamos | comemos | vivimos |
| vosotros/as | habláis | coméis | vivís |
| ellos/ellas/ustedes | hablan | comen | viven |
Formula rule: -ar verbs adopt the vowel a throughout, except in ‘yo’ and ‘nosotros’. -er and -ir share the endings except for ‘nosotros’ and ‘vosotros’ forms. Use this table as your equation sheet for the present indicative.
公式规则： -ar动词除了“yo”和“nosotros”外，全场保留元音a。-er和-ir动词除了“nosotros”和“vosotros”外，共用词尾。将这张表当作你陈述式现在时的速查公式卡。
2. Key Irregular Verbs: Ser, Estar, Tener, Haber | 关键不规则动词：Ser, Estar, Tener, Haber
Irregular verbs are the building blocks of complex sentences. Their forms must be memorised as fixed entities, much like constants in physics. Below are the four non-negotiable power verbs your exam writing demands.
不规则动词是构建复杂句子的基石。它们的变位必须像物理常数一样被当作固定实体记牢。下面是你的考试写作绝对需要的四大核心动词。
| Subject | ser | estar | tener | haber |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| yo | soy | estoy | tengo | he |
| tú | eres | estás | tienes | has |
| él/ella/usted | es | está | tiene | ha |
| nosotros/as | somos | estamos | tenemos | hemos |
| vosotros/as | sois | estáis | tenéis | habéis |
| ellos/ellas/ustedes | son | están | tienen | han |
Ser vs Estar Theorem: Ser identifies essence, origin, time, possession, and permanent characteristics. Estar signals location, condition, progressive actions, and temporary states. The acronyms DOCTOR (ser) and PLACE (estar) are your quick-decision tools.
Ser与Estar定理： Ser用于本质、来源、时间、归属和永久特性。Estar表示位置、状况、进行中动作和暂时状态。缩写词DOCTOR（ser）和PLACE（estar）是你的快速决策工具。
3. Preterite vs. Imperfect: The Core Distinction Rules | 简单过去时与未完成过去时的核心区别
Mastering past narration in Spanish requires you to apply a precise theorem: the preterite frames completed, bounded events, while the imperfect paints descriptive background, habitual actions, and ongoing processes. Think of the preterite as the camera’s snapshot and the imperfect as the video panning over a scene.
掌握西班牙语叙事过去时，需要你运用一个精确的定理：简单过去时定格完成的有界事件，而未完成过去时描绘描述性背景、习惯性动作和持续过程。把简单过去时想象为相机的快照，未完成过去时则为摄像机扫过场景的镜头。
Preterite formation formula: -ar verbs use endings -é, -aste, -ó, -amos, -asteis, -aron. -er/-ir verbs use -í, -iste, -ió, -imos, -isteis, -ieron. Be aware of stem-changing sandal verbs like ‘dormir’ (durmio) which change only in the third persons.
简单过去时构成公式： -ar动词词尾：-é, -aste, -ó, -amos, -asteis, -aron。-er/-ir动词词尾：-í, -iste, -ió, -imos, -isteis, -ieron。注意鞋型变位动词如“dormir”（durmio）仅在三单三复处变化。
Imperfect formation formula: -ar: -aba, -abas, -aba, -ábamos, -abais, -aban. -er/-ir: -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían. Only three verbs are irregular: ser (era), ir (iba), ver (veía).
未完成过去时构成公式： -ar：-aba, -abas, -aba, -ábamos, -abais, -aban。-er/-ir：-ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían。仅三个动词不规则：ser (era), ir (iba), ver (veía)。
4. Present Subjunctive Formation and Triggers | 现在虚拟式的构成与触发词
The subjunctive is not a tense but a mood – and it behaves according to a reliable input-output formula. You take the first-person singular (yo) of the present indicative, drop the -o, and switch the thematic vowel: -ar verbs take -e endings, while -er/-ir verbs take -a endings.
虚拟式不是时态而是语气——它遵循一套可靠的输入—输出公式。你取陈述式现在时第一人称单数（yo），去掉词尾的-o，再切换主题元音：-ar动词加-e系列词尾，-er/-ir动词加-a系列词尾。
| Subject | -ar (hable) | -er/-ir (coma/viva) |
|---|---|---|
| yo | hable | coma / viva |
| tú | hables | comas / vivas |
| él/ella/ud. | hable | coma / viva |
| nosotros/as | hablemos | comamos / vivamos |
| vosotros/as | habléis | comáis / viváis |
| ellos/ellas/uds. | hablen | coman / vivan |
Trigger theorem (WEIRDO): The subjunctive appears after expressions of Wishes, Emotion, Impersonal expressions, Recommendations, Doubt/Denial, and Ojalá. A change of subject (+ que) is usually required. Example: ‘Quiero que tú vengas’ follows the formula principal clause + que + subjunctive.
触发词定理（WEIRDO）： 虚拟式出现在愿望（Wishes）、情感（Emotion）、无人称表达（Impersonal）、建议（Recommendations）、怀疑/否定（Doubt/Denial）和Ojalá之后。通常需要主语变化（+ que）。例子：“Quiero que tú vengas”遵循主句 + que + 虚拟式的公式。
5. Imperfect Subjunctive and Sequence of Tenses | 过去虚拟式与时态序列
The imperfect subjunctive is generated by a clear algorithmic step: take the third-person plural preterite form (ellos/ellas/ustedes) of any verb, remove the -ron, and add the endings -ra, -ras, -ra, -ramos, -rais, -ran. The alternative -se series (-se, -ses, -se, -semos, -seis, -sen) is equally valid and often appears in formal writing.
过去虚拟式由一个清晰的算法步骤生成：取任何动词的第三人称复数简单过去时形式（ellos/ellas/ustedes），去掉-ron，然后加上词尾-ra, -ras, -ra, -ramos, -rais, -ran。备选的-se系列（-se, -ses, -se, -semos, -seis, -sen）同样有效且常出现在正式书面语中。
Sequence of tenses formula: When the main clause is in the past (preterite, imperfect, conditional), the dependent clause MUST use the imperfect subjunctive. Key structure: Main past clause + que + imperfect subjunctive. Example: ‘Era necesario que hicieras los deberes’. This coordination is fundamental in reported speech and hypothetical past narratives.
时态序列公式： 当主句为过去时（简单过去时、未完成过去时、条件式），从句必须使用过去虚拟式。核心结构：过去主句 + que + 过去虚拟式。示例：“Era necesario que hicieras los deberes”。这组搭配在间接引语和过去假设叙事中至关重要。
6. Conditional Structures and If-Clauses | 条件结构及Si从句
Conditional sentences in Spanish obey three rigid formulas that mirror logical implications. They are high-yield for both essay writing and oral examination, allowing you to express hypotheses, regrets, and speculation.
西班牙语中的条件句遵循三个严格的公式，对应于逻辑蕴含关系。它们在写作和口试中都极具价值，使你能够表达假设、遗憾和推测。
- Type 1 – Real conditions: Si + present indicative → future simple. Formula: Si + presente indicativo → futuro simple. Example: ‘Si estudias, aprobarás’.
- 第一类——真实条件：Si + 陈述式现在时 → 简单将来时。公式：Si + presente indicativo → futuro simple。示例：’Si estudias, aprobarás’。
- Type 2 – Hypothetical conditions: Si + imperfect subjunctive → conditional simple. Formula: Si + imperfecto de subjuntivo → condicional simple. Example: ‘Si tuviera dinero, viajaría’.
- 第二类——假设条件：Si + 过去虚拟式 → 简单条件式。公式：Si + imperfecto de subjuntivo → condicional simple。示例：’Si tuviera dinero, viajaría’。
- Type 3 – Impossible past conditions: Si + pluperfect subjunctive → conditional perfect. Formula: Si + hubiera + past participle → habría + past participle. Example: ‘Si hubieras llegado antes, habrías visto el espectáculo’.
- 第三类——过去的非真实条件：Si + 过去完成虚拟式 → 条件完成式。公式：Si + hubiera + 过去分词 → habría + 过去分词。示例：’Si hubieras llegado antes, habrías visto el espectáculo’。
Notice that ‘si’ never takes the present subjunctive in these core A-level formulas. This is a classic error to eliminate.
注意在这些核心A-Level公式中，“si”之后从不使用现在虚拟式。这是必须杜绝的典型错误。
7. Passive Voice and Impersonal Se | 被动语态与无人称Se
Formal academic and journalistic Spanish leans heavily on the passive and impersonal constructions. The standard formula for the true passive is: ser + past participle (+ por + agent). The participle must agree in gender and number with the subject.
正式学术及新闻西班牙语大量依赖被动和无人称结构。真正被动式的标准公式为：ser + 过去分词（+ por + 施动者）。过去分词必须与主语在性和数上保持一致。
Example: ‘Las cartas fueron escritas por la autora.’ However, the reflexive passive (se-passive) is far more frequent. Its formula is: se + verb (3rd person singular/plural) + subject. This construction is used when the agent is irrelevant or unknown. Compare: ‘Se venden coches’ (Cars are sold) vs. impersonal ‘Se vive bien aquí’ (One lives well here).
示例：“Las cartas fueron escritas por la autora”。然而，自复被动（se-passive）更为常见。其公式为：se + 动词（第三人称单/复数）+ 主语。该结构用于施动者无关紧要或未知的情况。对比：“Se venden coches”（汽车出售）与无人称“Se vive bien aquí”（这里生活得很好）。
8. Object Pronoun Placement and Order Rules | 宾格代词位置与顺序规则
The positioning of direct (lo, la, los, las) and indirect (le, les) object pronouns follows a strict syntactical order that can be memorised as a formula: RID – Reflexive, Indirect, Direct. When both an indirect and a direct object pronoun appear together, the indirect always precedes the direct. Furthermore, when two third-person pronouns combine (le/les + lo/la/los/las), the indirect ‘le’ or ‘les’ mutates into ‘se’ to avoid cacophony.
直接宾格代词（lo, la, los, las）和间接宾格代词（le, les）的位置遵循严格的语序，可以作为一个公式记忆：RID——自反（Reflexive）、间接（Indirect）、直接（Direct）。当间接和直接宾格代词同时出现时，间接总是位于直接之前。此外，当两个第三人称代词组合时（le/les + lo/la/los/las），间接宾格“le”或“les”会变成“se”以避免语音拗口。
Placement formulas:
1) Before a conjugated verb: ‘Te lo doy’.
2) Attached to an infinitive: ‘Voy a dártelo’.
3) Attached to a gerund: ‘Estoy dándotelo’.
4) Attached to an affirmative command: ‘Dámelo’.
位置公式：
1) 置于变位动词之前：“Te lo doy”。
2) 附在不定式之后：“Voy a dártelo”。
3) 附在副动词之后：“Estoy dándotelo”。
4) 附在肯定命令式之后：“Dámelo”。
9. Relative Pronouns: Que, Quien, El Que | 关系代词：Que, Quien, El Que
Precision in linking ideas is achieved through relative pronouns. The most versatile formula is ‘que’, which can refer to people or things and functions as both subject and object: ‘El libro que leí’.
通过关系代词实现思想衔接的精确性。最万能的公式是“que”，既可指人也可指物，可充当主语或宾语：“El libro que leí”。
‘Quien/quienes’ refers exclusively to people and is used after prepositions or when set off by commas: ‘La chica, con quien hablé, es inteligente’. ‘El que/la que/los que/las que’ agrees in gender and number with its antecedent and often follows prepositions or clarifies a selection: ‘La razón por la que vine’. The neuter ‘lo que’ means ‘what’ or ‘the thing that’: ‘No entiendo lo que dices’.
“Quien/quienes” 专指人，用于前置词之后或逗号隔开时：“La chica, con quien hablé, es inteligente”。“El que/la que/los que/las que” 与先行词保持性和数一致，常位于前置词之后或表示选择：“La razón por la que vine”。中性形式“lo que”意为“what”或“the thing that”：“No entiendo lo que dices”。
10. Prepositions: Por, Para, and Others | 前置词：Por, Para 及其他
Prepositions are the small gears of Spanish syntax, and the por/para distinction is a perennial AQA favourite. Apply the following theorems to choose correctly.
前置词是西班牙语句法的小齿轮，而por/para的区分是AQA常年考点。运用以下定理正确选择。
Para theorem – destination and purpose: Para + infinitive expresses ‘in order to’. Other uses: recipient, deadline, point of view, employment. Por theorem – cause and means: Por + infinitive = cause, reason, or ‘because of’. Uses: exchange, duration, movement through a place, agent in passive (por + agent). A simple mnemonic: Para looks forward to destination and purpose; Por looks backward at cause and motivation.
Para定理——目的地和目的： Para + 不定式表示“为了”。其他用法：接收者、截止日期、观点、受雇于。 Por定理——原因和手段： Por + 不定式 = 原因、理由或“因为”。用法：交换、持续时间、穿过空间、被动中的施事者（por + 施动者）。简单记忆法：Para 展望前方目的地和目的；Por 回溯背后的原因和动机。
Other essential prepositions follow collocational formulas: soñar con (dream of), pensar en (think about), casarse con (marry), depender de (depend on), insistir en (insist on). These must be learned as fixed units to avoid anglicisms.
其他重要前置词遵循固定搭配公式：soñar con（梦见），pensar en（思念/考虑），casarse con（与…结婚），depender de（取决于），insistir en（坚持）。这些必须作为固定单位学习，避免英式表达。
11. Comparative and Superlative Formulas | 比较级与最高级公式
Comparisons and superlatives are ready-made templates for analytical writing. The formulas are straightforward but require strict agreement and attention to irregular forms.
比较级和最高级是分析性写作的现成模板。公式简单直接，但需要严格保持一致并注意不规则形式。
Comparative formula: más/menos + adjective/adverb/noun + que (to compare different entities) or más/menos + adjective + de (before a number or clause). Equality comparative: tan + adjective/adverb + como, or tanto/a/os/as + noun + como. Example: ‘Ella es tan inteligente como su
Published by TutorHao | Year 13 西班牙语 Revision Series | aleveler.com
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