Year 11 CAIE Art Vocabulary Quick Memorisation Guide | CAIE 艺术词汇速记指南

📚 Year 11 CAIE Art Vocabulary Quick Memorisation Guide | CAIE 艺术词汇速记指南

Mastering the language of art is half the battle in your CAIE IGCSE Art & Design course. Whether you are annotating your sketchbook, analysing an artist’s work, or preparing for the written examination, a solid command of art vocabulary allows you to express your ideas with precision and sophistication. This guide is designed to help you memorise key terms efficiently by grouping them into logical categories and linking each word to a memorable visual clue or simple association. Read each English definition and its Chinese counterpart as a pair – this dual-language approach strengthens neural connections and makes recall faster during exams.

掌握艺术语言是 CAIE IGCSE 艺术与设计课程成功的一半。无论你是在速写本上做注、分析艺术家作品，还是准备笔试，扎实的艺术词汇基础能让你精准而老练地表达自己的想法。本指南旨在通过将关键词汇归类并连接到难忘的视觉线索或简单联想，帮助你高效记忆。请将每一个英文定义与对应的中文解释成对阅读——这种双语学习方法能强化神经连接，使考试时的回忆更加迅速。

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1. The Seven Elements of Art | 艺术七要素

Think of these as the basic building blocks of any artwork – the “seven notes” you must be able to identify in any visual composition.

将这些视为任何艺术作品的基石——你必须在任何视觉构图中都能识别出的“七个音符”。

Line is a continuous mark made on a surface. In Chinese, we say 线条. Remember “line leads the eye” – it creates movement and can be thick, thin, curved, or zigzag. / 线条是表面上的连续标记。记住“线条引导视线”——它可以粗可细、可弯可折，创造动感。

Shape is a two-dimensional enclosed area, like a circle or triangle. In Chinese, 形状. Key association: flat and geometric. / 形状是二维封闭区域，如圆形或三角形。关键联想：平面的、几何的。

Form is a three-dimensional object with volume and depth, such as a cube or a sphere. In Chinese, 形体. Link it to sculpture – form has weight and mass. / 形体是具有体积和深度的三维物体，如立方体或球体。关联雕塑——形体有重量和质量。

Space refers to the area around, between, or within objects. In Chinese, 空间. It can be positive (the object) or negative (the background). Remember the Japanese concept of “ma” – the meaningful void. / 空间指物体周围、之间或内部的区域。可以是正空间（物体）或负空间（背景）。记住日本“间”的概念——有意义的虚空。

Texture is the surface quality that can be felt (actual texture) or seen (implied texture). In Chinese, 质感. Link to touch: rough like tree bark, smooth like polished marble. / 质感是可以通过触摸感受（实际质感）或观察感知（模拟质感）的表面特质。关联触觉：粗糙如树皮，光滑如抛光大理石。

Value describes the lightness or darkness of a tone. In Chinese, 明度. Think of a value scale from white (high value) to black (low value). It creates contrast and depth. / 明度描述色调的明暗程度。想象从白（高明度）到黑（低明度）的明度尺，它创造对比与深度。

Colour is produced when light reflects off a surface. In Chinese, 色彩. It has three properties: hue (色相), intensity (纯度/饱和度), and value (明度). We will explore colour in detail later. / 色彩是光线从表面反射产生的。它有三个属性：色相、纯度（饱和度）和明度。将在后面详细探讨色彩。

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2. Principles of Design | 设计原理

While the elements are the ingredients, the principles are the recipe – how you arrange those elements to create a successful composition.

如果说艺术要素是食材，那么设计原理就是食谱——你如何安排这些要素以创作出成功的构图。

Balance is the distribution of visual weight in a composition. 中文: 平衡. Symmetrical balance is like a mirror image; asymmetrical balance uses different objects that feel equally weighted. Remember a seesaw – two different children can still balance the plank. / 平衡是构图中视觉重量的分布。对称平衡如镜像；不对称平衡用不同物体获得同等重量感。想象跷跷板——两个体重不同的孩子仍能平衡木板。

Contrast refers to the arrangement of opposite elements to create visual interest. 中文: 对比. Light vs dark, rough vs smooth, large vs small. Think of a spotlight on a dark stage – that extreme difference grabs your attention. / 对比指将相反元素并置以创造视觉趣味，如明与暗、粗糙与光滑、大与小。想象黑暗舞台上的一束追光——那种极端差异立即抓住你的目光。

Emphasis is the part of the design that catches the viewer’s eye first. 中文: 强调. Usually it is the focal point. An artist might use colour contrast, isolation, or convergence to emphasise a figure. / 强调是设计中首先吸引观众的部分，通常是焦点。艺术家可能用色彩对比、孤立或汇聚线来强调人物。

Movement is the path the viewer’s eye follows through the artwork. 中文: 动势. Curved lines, repeating elements, and directional forces guide the gaze. Imagine a winding river leading you into the landscape. / 动势是观众视线在作品中移动的路径。曲线、重复元素和方向力引导目光。想象一条蜿蜒的河流将你引入风景。

Pattern is the repetition of a design element. 中文: 图案. It can be regular or irregular, and often appears in textiles and decorative arts. A simple motif repeated becomes a rhythm. / 图案是设计要素的重复。可以是规则的或不规则的，常出现在织物和装饰艺术中。一个简单的母题重复就形成节奏。

Rhythm is created when one or more elements are used repeatedly to produce a feeling of organised movement. 中文: 韵律. Similar to music, visual rhythm can be fast, slow, or syncopated. Think of a row of pillars – regular rhythm; or waves – flowing rhythm. / 韵律是当一个或多个要素重复使用以产生有组织的运动感。与音乐相似，视觉韵律可以是快速、舒缓或切分的。想象一排柱子——规则韵律；或波浪——流动韵律。

Unity is the feeling of harmony between all parts of the work. 中文: 统一感. All elements work together as a whole. A work with poor unity feels disjointed. Use repeated colours, similar shapes, or consistent textures to achieve unity. / 统一感是作品各部分之间和谐的感觉。所有元素作为一个整体协同工作。统一性差的作品感觉支离破碎。使用重复的色彩、相似的形状或一致的质感来实现统一。

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3. Colour Theory Essentials | 色彩理论基础

Colour is both a science and an emotion. Memorising colour relationships will dramatically improve your analysis and your own mixing skills.

色彩既是科学又是情感。记忆色彩关系将极大提升你的分析能力和调色技巧。

Hue is the name of a colour, such as red, blue, or yellow. 中文: 色相. It is the family a colour belongs to. Think of the pure spectrum on a colour wheel. / 色相是颜色的名称，如红、蓝、黄。它是颜色所属的家族。想象色轮上的纯光谱。

Saturation (or Intensity) describes the purity and brilliance of a colour. 中文: 饱和度 / 纯度. A highly saturated colour is vivid; adding grey reduces saturation, making it muted or dull. / 饱和度指颜色的纯度和鲜艳度。高饱和度的色彩鲜艳；加入灰色会降低饱和度，使其变得柔和或暗淡。

Warm colours – reds, oranges, and yellows – tend to advance and suggest energy. 中文: 暖色. Cool colours – blues, greens, and violets – recede and evoke calm. / 暖色——红、橙、黄——通常有前进感并暗示活力。冷色——蓝、绿、紫——后退并唤起冷静。

Primary colours (红、黄、蓝 – red, yellow, blue) cannot be mixed from other colours. Secondary colours (橙、绿、紫 – orange, green, violet) are made by mixing two primaries. Tertiary colours come from mixing a primary with a neighbouring secondary, like yellow-orange. / 三原色（红、黄、蓝）无法由其他颜色混合而成。三间色（橙、绿、紫）由两种原色混合而成。复色则是原色与相邻间色混合的结果，如黄橙。

Complementary colours sit opposite each other on the colour wheel, e.g. red and green, blue and orange. 中文: 互补色. When placed side by side, they create maximum contrast and vibrate. Mixing complements produces a neutral brown or grey. / 互补色在色轮上彼此相对，如红与绿、蓝与橙。并置时产生最大对比并显得跳跃。混合互补色会产生中性棕或灰。

Analogous colours are neighbours on the colour wheel and create serene, harmonious designs. 中文: 邻近色. Example: blue, blue-green, green. Use the phrase “analogous are adjacent” to remember. / 邻近色是色轮上的邻居，营造宁静和谐的设计。例如：蓝、蓝绿、绿。用谐音“analogous = 挨着的”帮助记忆。

Monochromatic uses a single hue with different values and intensities. 中文: 单色. Not just light and dark blue – it can include tints (add white), shades (add black), and tones (add grey). / 单色使用单一色相的不同明度和饱和度。不止浅蓝和深蓝——还包括亮调（加白）、暗调（加黑）和灰调（加灰）。

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4. Drawing and Mark-Making Techniques | 绘画与笔触技法

Your mark-making vocabulary demonstrates your skill range. In your portfolio, you should be able to name the techniques you have used and explain why.

笔触技法词汇能展示你的技能广度。在作品集中，你应该能够说出所使用技法的名称并解释原因。

Hatching is a technique using closely spaced parallel lines to create tone. 中文: 排线 / 平行影线. The closer the lines, the darker the area. Think of a ploughed field. / 排线是使用紧密排列的平行线来创造色调的技法。线条越密，区域越暗。想象犁过的田地。

Cross-hatching layers sets of parallel lines at an angle to each other. 中文: 交叉排线. It builds richer, darker tones and texture. Remember the “X” formed by two crossing directions. / 交叉排线是将几组平行线以不同角度互相交叠，构建更丰富深暗的调子和质感。记住两个方向交叉形成的“X”。

Stippling uses small dots to create value and texture. 中文: 点画. The density of dots determines lightness or darkness. Very time-consuming but creates smooth gradations. “Stipple” rhymes with “little” – many little dots. / 点画用小点来创造明暗和质感。点的密度决定明暗。非常耗时但能创造平滑渐层。“Stipple”与“点点”谐音——许多小点。

Blending smooths out the transition between values, often using a stump, tissue, or finger. 中文: 揉擦 / 混色. It softens edges and creates realistic skin tones. Be careful not to over-blend and lose form. / 揉擦用来平滑明暗之间的过渡，常用纸笔、纸巾或手指。柔化边缘，创造写实的肤色。小心不要过度揉擦失去形体感。

Scumbling involves applying a thin, opaque layer of light colour over dark underpainting using a dry brush. 中文: 薄擦法 / 揉涂. It creates a soft, misty texture. Think of scrubbing lightly. / 薄擦法是用干笔在深色底层上薄薄涂一层不透明的浅色，产生柔和朦胧的质感。联想轻轻擦洗的动作。

Sgraffito is scratching through a layer of wet paint or oil pastel to reveal the surface beneath. 中文: 刮画 / 刮痕法. Derived from the Italian “sgraffiare” – to scratch. Use a stick or knife to create fine lines. / 刮画是刮去一层湿颜料或油画棒以露出底下表面。源自意大利语“刮划”。用木棒或刀创造细线。

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5. Perspective and Spatial Illusion | 透视与空间幻觉

Perspective techniques allow you to depict three-dimensional space on a flat surface. Examiners look for accurate use of these concepts when discussing artworks or putting together a composition.

透视技术使你能在平面上描绘三维空间。考官在讨论艺术作品或构建构图时，会看重你对这些概念的准确运用。

Linear perspective uses converging lines to create the illusion of depth. 中文: 线透视. Parallel lines appear to meet at a single vanishing point on the horizon. One-point perspective has one vanishing point; two-point perspective has two. / 线透视用汇聚的线条创造深度错觉。平行线看似在地平线上的单一消失点相遇。一点透视有一个消失点；两点透视有两个。

Vanishing point is the point on the horizon line where receding parallel lines converge. 中文: 消失点. Imagine standing on a railway track – the rails seem to meet in the distance. / 消失点是地平线上向后延伸的平行线条汇聚的点。想象站在铁轨上——铁轨似乎在远处汇聚。

Horizon line represents the viewer’s eye level. 中文: 地平线 / 视平线. All vanishing points sit on this line. Place the horizon line high for a bird’s-eye view, low for a worm’s-eye view. / 地平线代表观者的视线高度。所有消失点都位于此线上。将地平线放高得鸟瞰效果，放低得虫视效果。

Aerial (or atmospheric) perspective uses colour and tone to suggest depth. 中文: 空气透视. Objects in the distance appear lighter, bluer, and less detailed due to atmospheric haze. Remember the Chinese landscape painting principle: “far mountains are pale”. / 空气透视用色彩和色调暗示深度。由于大气雾霾，远处物体显得更淡、更蓝、细节更少。记记中国山水画法则：“远山无皴”。

Foreshortening is the visual compression of an object when viewed at an angle, making it appear shorter than it actually is. 中文: 前缩法. A hand reaching toward the viewer appears enlarged while the arm is compressed. Think of a “squashed” shape that still reads as three-dimensional. / 前缩法是当以角度观看物体时的视觉压缩，使其看起来比实际短。一只伸向观众的手显得放大而手臂被压缩。想象一个“被压扁”却仍具三维感的形状。

Overlapping is the simplest depth cue: an object covering another appears closer. 中文: 重叠. When one shape partially hides another, we immediately read the spatial order. / 重叠是最简单的深度线索：一个物体遮住另一个就显得更近。当一个形状部分遮挡另一个时，我们立即读出空间顺序。

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6. Composition and Framing | 构图与取景

A good composition directs the viewer’s eye and communicates mood. Use these terms when analysing masterpieces or planning your own pieces.

好的构图能引导观众视线并传达情绪。在分析杰作或规划自己的作品时，使用这些术语。

Rule of thirds divides the image into nine equal parts with two horizontal and two vertical lines. 中文: 三分法则. Placing the focal point at one of the four intersections creates a dynamic, balanced composition. / 三分法则用两条水平线和两条垂直线将画面分成九等份。将焦点放在四个交叉点之一能创造动感十足的平衡构图。

Focal point is the area of an artwork that first attracts the viewer’s attention. 中文: 焦点. The artist can use contrast, isolation, or sharp detail to create it. Everything else in the composition supports the focal point. / 焦点是艺术作品中最先吸引观众注意的区域。艺术家可用对比、孤立或清晰细节来创造。构图中的其他一切都支撑着焦点。

Leading lines are actual or implied lines that draw the viewer’s eye into the picture. 中文: 引导线. Roads, rivers, fences, or the direction of a person’s gaze all serve as leading lines. / 引导线是实际或暗示的线条，将观众视线引向画面深处。道路、河流、栅栏或人物目光的方向都可以作为引导线。

Negative space is the empty space around and between the subject(s). 中文: 负空间. In a drawing of a chair, the gaps between the legs are negative space. Skilful use of negative space strengthens the positive form. / 负空间是主体周围及之间的空白空间。画椅子时，椅腿之间的空隙就是负空间。巧妙运用负空间能强化正形体。

Cropping involves trimming the edges of an image to improve framing or focus attention. 中文: 裁剪 / 截取. Photography and film often use tight cropping to create intimacy. In drawing, you might crop a figure at the edge for a dramatic effect. / 裁剪指修剪图像边缘以改进取景或集中注意力。摄影和电影常用紧凑裁剪制造亲密感。在绘画中，你可能将人物裁剪在边缘以产生戏剧效果。

Symmetrical composition creates a mirror-like arrangement around a central axis. 中文: 对称构图. It conveys stability, formality, and calm. Leonardo da Vinci’s “The Last Supper” is a classic example. / 对称构图围绕中轴创造镜像般的布局，传达稳定、正式与宁静。达芬奇的《最后的晚餐》是经典范例。

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7. Materials and Media | 材料与媒介

Being precise about your materials shows technical awareness. Don’t just say “paint” – specify the medium and binder.

对材料的精确描述体现出你的技术意识。不要只说“颜料”——要具体说明媒介和粘合剂。

Graphite is the form of carbon used in pencils. 中文: 石墨. It comes in grades from hard (H) to soft (B). Hard pencils give fine, light lines; soft pencils produce dark, expressive marks. / 石墨是铅笔中使用的碳形态。它有从硬（H）到软（B）的等级。硬铅笔产生纤细浅淡的线条；软铅笔产生深暗富有表现力的笔触。

Charcoal is made from burnt wood and creates deep, velvety blacks. 中文: 木炭条. It is easy to smudge and blend but needs fixative to stay in place. Willow charcoal is light and powdery; compressed charcoal is darker and harder. / 木炭条由烧制的木材制成，创造深暗如天鹅绒的黑色。容易抹擦和混合，但需要定画液固定。柳条炭轻而粉状；压缩炭黑而坚硬。

Watercolour is a transparent paint made of pigment suspended in gum arabic. 中文: 水彩. It relies on the white of the paper for highlights and builds layers through washes. Remember: watercolour loves the paper’s glow. / 水彩是用阿拉伯胶悬浮颜料的透明画种。靠留白纸面作高光，通过薄涂叠加层次。记住：水彩靠纸面发光。

Acrylic paint is fast-drying, water-soluble paint that becomes water-resistant when dry. 中文: 丙烯颜料. It can mimic watercolour or be used thickly like oil paint. Very versatile. / 丙烯颜料是干燥快、水溶性但干后防水的颜料。可以模拟水彩或像油画般厚涂，用途极为广泛。

Oil pastel is a soft, creamy drawing medium with a wax-oil binder. 中文: 油画棒. It leaves a painterly mark and can be blended with turpentine. Unlike soft pastel, it is slightly greasy and does not powder off. / 油画棒是一种用蜡油粘合剂的柔软、奶油般的绘画媒介，留下油画般的笔触，可用松节油调混。与色粉笔不同，它略带油腻感且不掉粉。

Collage involves assembling different materials like paper, fabric, and photographs onto a surface. 中文: 拼贴. It creates texture and unexpected juxtapositions. Picasso and Braque pioneered the technique. / 拼贴是将纸、织物、照片等不同材料粘贴到表面，创造质感和意外并置。毕加索和布拉克开创了这一技法。

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8. Printmaking and Three-Dimensional Processes | 版画与三维制作

These processes often appear in the “Critical and Historical Studies” part of the course, and you might also experiment with them in your own coursework.

这些工艺常出现在课程的“批评与历史研究”部分，你也可能在自己的作业中尝试它们。

Relief printing is a method where the raised surface of a block holds the ink. 中文: 凸版印刷. Linocut and woodcut are examples. You carve away the negative space and print the remaining raised lines. / 凸版印刷是一种让凸起的版面着墨的技法。麻胶版画和木版画即属此类。你刻掉负空间，印制留存的凸起线条。

Intaglio printing involves incising lines into a metal plate, filling them with ink, and then wiping the surface clean. 中文: 凹版印刷. Etching and engraving are common techniques. The ink is held in the grooves and transferred under pressure. / 凹版印刷是将线条刻入金属板，填上油墨后擦净表面。蚀刻和雕刻是常见方法。油墨藏在槽纹中，在压力下转印到纸上。

Assemblage is a three-dimensional collage made from found objects. 中文: 集合艺术. It transforms everyday items into sculptural expressions. Think of Louise Nevelson’s wooden boxes. / 集合艺术是用现成物制成的三维拼贴，将日常物品转化为雕塑表达。想一想路易丝·内维尔森的木箱作品。

Modelling in sculpture means shaping a soft material like clay or wax by adding and manipulating. 中文: 雕塑中的加法塑形. It is an additive process; you build up the form. / 雕塑中的加法塑形是通过添加和揉捏塑造可塑材料（如粘土或蜡）的过程。这是一种添加过程——逐步构建形体。

Carving is a subtractive process where the artist removes material from a block, as in stone or wood carving. 中文: 雕刻减法. Once removed, the material cannot be put back, so it requires careful planning. / 雕刻减法是从整块材料中去除部分而塑形，如石雕或木雕。一旦去除就无法恢复，因此需要仔细规划。

Armature is an internal framework that supports a sculpture, especially when modelling with clay over a structure. 中文: 骨架 / 支撑架. It can be made of wire, wood, or metal. Think of the skeleton inside a clay figure. / 骨架是支撑雕塑的内部框架，特别是在用粘土覆盖结构进行塑形时。可用铁丝、木头或金属制成。想象粘土人像内部的骨骼。

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9. Analysing Artworks: Critical Vocabulary | 分析艺术作品：批评词汇

When writing annotations or answering exam questions, you need a structured vocabulary to describe, analyse, interpret, and evaluate artworks. The following terms form the backbone of art critical writing.

在写注释或回答考试问题时，你需要一套结构化的词汇来描述、分析、解读和评价艺术作品。以下术语构成艺术批评写作的支柱。

Describe – say what you can actually see, using objective language. 中文: 描述 – 用客观语言说出你实际看到的内容。Identify the subject matter, the elements, the media, and the size. / 描述——用客观语言说出实际所见。指出主题、要素、媒介和尺寸。

Analyse – examine how the artist has used the elements and principles. 中文: 分析 – 考察艺术家如何运用要素和原理。For example, “The artist uses strong tonal contrast to emphasise the central figure.” / 分析——考察艺术家如何运用要素和原理。例如：“艺术家使用强烈的调子对比来强调中心人物。”

Interpret – explain what you think the artwork means or the message it conveys. 中文: 解读 – 解释你认为作品的含义或传达的信息。Support your interpretation with visual evidence from the piece. / 解读——解释你认为作品的含义或所传达的信息。用作品中的视觉证据来支撑你的解读。

Evaluate – make a judgment about the success or effectiveness of the artwork. 中文: 评价 – 对作品的成功程度或效果做出判断。Was the artist successful in conveying a mood? Is the composition cohesive? / 评价——对作品的成功或效果作出判断。艺术家是否成功传达了某种情绪？构图是否统一？

Mood (or Atmosphere) is the feeling created by the artwork. 中文: 氛围. Use precise adjectives: sombre, tense, joyful, melancholic, serene. Link the mood to visual choices.

Context refers to the circumstances surrounding the creation of the artwork – historical, cultural, social, or personal. 中文: 背景 / 语境. Mention the time period, the artist’s intention, or the political situation if relevant. / 语境指作品创作的时代、文化、社会或个人背景。如相关，提及时代、艺术家意图或政治环境。

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10. Memory Hacks for Visual Learners | 视觉学习者的记忆技巧

To make these terms stick, connect them to images, stories, or hand gestures. Here are a few tried-and-tested shortcuts.

为了让这些术语牢记于心，将它们与图像、故事或手势联系起来。以下是一些经过检验的捷径。

Create a visual dictionary page: dedicate one sketchbook page to each term, with a small drawing, the word, and a sentence. 中文: 制作视觉词典页：为每个术语留出速写本的一页，画上小图、词汇和句子。The act of drawing it yourself anchors the word in memory. / 制作视觉词典页：亲手绘制能够将词汇深深锚定在记忆中。

Use the “Element + Principle” formula: every time you see an artwork, quickly identify one element and one principle. 中文: 使用“要素+原理”公式：每次看到作品，快速识别一个要素和一个原理。For example, “The artist uses curved lines (element) to create rhythm (principle).” This builds automatic recall. / 使用“要素+原理”公式：例如“艺术家用曲线（要素）创造韵律（原理）”，这能建立自动回忆。

Group by opposites: learn words in contrasting pairs – symmetrical/asymmetrical, actual texture/implied texture, additive/subtractive. 中文: 成对记忆反义词：对称/不对称、实际质感/模拟质感、加法/减法。Your brain remembers contrast better than isolated facts. / 成对记忆反义词：大脑对对比的记忆优于孤立的事实。

Teach a friend: explain the terms to someone who does not study art. If you can make them understand, you truly own the vocabulary. 中文: 教给朋友：向不学艺术的人解释术语。如果你能让他们听懂，你就真正掌握了这些词汇。

Use physical mnemonics: for foreshortening, hold your arm out towards yourself and watch it “shrink”. For hatching, make parallel strokes in the air with your finger. 中文: 使用身体记忆法：理解前缩法时，伸出手臂朝向自己看它“缩短”；理解排线时，用手指在空中画平行线。Muscle memory reinforces theory. / 使用身体记忆法：肌肉记忆可以强化理论。

Published by TutorHao | Art Revision Series | aleveler.com

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