Year 13 AQA Physics: Key Terminology Quick Memory Guide | AQA Year 13 物理关键术语速记指南

📚 Year 13 AQA Physics: Key Terminology Quick Memory Guide | AQA Year 13 物理关键术语速记指南

Mastering technical vocabulary is the first step to excelling in AQA Year 13 Physics. This guide pairs each key term with a concise definition in English and a memorable Chinese equivalent, helping you quickly internalise the language of circular motion, fields, thermal physics, nuclear processes and more.

掌握专业术语是学好 AQA Year 13 物理的第一步。本指南为每个关键术语配上了简明的英文定义和易记的中文解释，帮助你快速内化圆周运动、场、热物理、核过程等专题的语言。

1. Circular Motion | 圆周运动

In circular motion, an object moves along a circular path at constant speed, but its velocity is constantly changing because the direction changes. A resultant force directed towards the centre provides the centripetal acceleration.

在圆周运动中，物体以恒定速率沿圆形路径运动，但由于方向不断改变，速度矢量一直在变。指向圆心的合力提供向心加速度。

Angular displacement (θ): The angle swept out by the radius vector, measured in radians (rad). One complete revolution equals 2π rad.

角位移 (θ)：半径矢量扫过的角度，单位为弧度 (rad)。一整圈等于 2π rad。

Angular velocity (ω): The rate of change of angular displacement, ω = Δθ/Δt. For uniform circular motion, ω = 2π/T, where T is the period. Unit: rad s^-1.

角速度 (ω)：角位移的变化率，ω = Δθ/Δt。匀速圆周运动中 ω = 2π/T，T 为周期。单位 rad s^-1。

Centripetal acceleration (a_c): The acceleration directed towards the centre of the circle, given by a = v²/r = ω²r. It is responsible for changing the direction of velocity, not the speed.

向心加速度 (a_c)：指向圆心的加速度，a = v²/r = ω²r。它只改变速度方向，不改变速率。

Centripetal force (F_c): The resultant force acting towards the centre, F = mv²/r = mω²r. Examples include tension, gravity or friction.

向心力 (F_c)：指向圆心的合力，F = mv²/r = mω²r。可以由张力、引力或摩擦力提供。

2. Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) | 简谐运动

SHM is oscillatory motion where the restoring force is directly proportional to the displacement from equilibrium and acts in the opposite direction. The defining equation is a = -ω²x.

简谐运动是一种振动，回复力与位移成正比且方向相反。定义方程为 a = -ω²x。

Displacement (x): The distance from the equilibrium position at any instant. It can be positive or negative.

位移 (x)：质点任一时刻离开平衡位置的距离，可正可负。

Amplitude (A): The maximum magnitude of displacement from equilibrium. It determines the total mechanical energy (E ∝ A²).

振幅 (A)：位移的最大绝对值。它决定系统的总机械能 (E ∝ A²)。

Angular frequency (ω): ω = 2πf, related to the period T by ω = 2π/T. For a mass-spring system ω = √(k/m); for a simple pendulum ω = √(g/l).

角频率 (ω)：ω = 2πf，与周期关系为 ω = 2π/T。弹簧振子 ω = √(k/m)，单摆 ω = √(g/l)。

Resonance: Occurs when the driving frequency matches the natural frequency of an oscillator, leading to a dramatic increase in amplitude.

共振：当驱动力频率等于振动系统固有频率时，振幅急剧增大的现象。

3. Thermal Physics | 热物理学

Thermal physics links the macroscopic properties of matter to the microscopic behaviour of particles. Key ideas include internal energy, the absolute temperature scale and the ideal gas equation.

热物理学将宏观物性与微观粒子行为联系起来。核心概念包括内能、热力学温标和理想气体状态方程。

Absolute zero: The lowest possible temperature, 0 K = -273.15 °C, at which particles have minimum internal kinetic energy. The Kelvin scale starts here, and T/K = θ/°C + 273.15.

绝对零度：理论上最低的温度，0 K = -273.15 °C，粒子内能最小。开尔文温标由此开始，T/K = θ/°C + 273.15。

Internal energy (U): The sum of the random kinetic and potential energies of all particles in a system. For an ideal gas, internal energy depends only on temperature.

内能 (U)：系统内所有粒子无规则运动的动能与势能之和。理想气体内能只取决于温度。

Specific heat capacity (c): The energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 K without changing its state. Q = mcΔθ.

比热容 (c)：单位质量物质温度升高 1 K 所需要吸收的能量，不涉及物态变化。Q = mcΔθ。

Specific latent heat (L): The energy needed to change the state of 1 kg of a substance at constant temperature. L_f for fusion (melting), L_v for vaporisation.

比潜热 (L)：单位质量物质在恒温下发生物态变化所需能量。熔化潜热 L_f，汽化潜热 L_v。

pV = nRT = Nk_BT

Ideal gas equation: pV = nRT links pressure, volume, temperature and amount of gas. The Boltzmann constant k_B = R/N_A, where N_A is Avogadro’s number.

理想气体状态方程：pV = nRT 关联压强、体积、温度和物质的量。玻尔兹曼常数 k_B = R/N_A，N_A 为阿伏伽德罗常数。

4. Gravitational Fields | 引力场

A gravitational field is a region of space where a mass experiences a force. Newton’s law of gravitation and the concepts of field strength and potential are central for describing orbits, escape velocity and satellite motion.

引力场是空间中有质量物体受到引力的区域。万有引力定律以及场强和势的概念是描述轨道、逃逸速度和卫星运动的核心。

Gravitational field strength (g): The force per unit mass on a small test mass placed in the field, g = F/m. For a point mass, g = GM/r². Near Earth’s surface, g ≈ 9.81 N kg^-1.

引力场强度 (g)：单位试探质量在场中受到的力，g = F/m。点质量场 g = GM/r²。近地表面 g ≈ 9.81 N kg^-1。

Gravitational potential (V): The work done per unit mass to bring a test mass from infinity to a point in the field, V = -GM/r. The potential is always negative and becomes zero at infinity.

引力势 (V)：从无穷远处移动单位质量到场内一点所做的功，V = -GM/r。势恒为负，无穷远处为零。

Escape velocity: The minimum speed an object needs to escape a planet’s gravitational field from its surface, v_esc = √(2GM/R).

逃逸速度：物体从行星表面挣脱引力场所需的最小速度，v_esc = √(2GM/R)。

Kepler’s third law: For planets or satellites in circular orbits, T² ∝ r³, derived from equating gravitational force to centripetal force: T² = (4π²/GM)r³.

开普勒第三定律：圆轨道行星或卫星满足 T² ∝ r³，由向心力等于引力导出：T² = (4π²/GM)r³。

5. Electric Fields & Potential | 电场与电势

An electric field is created by charged objects and exerts forces on other charges. Many ideas mirror gravitational fields, but with both positive and negative charges and a much larger relative strength.

电场由带电体产生，并对其他电荷施加力。许多概念与引力场类似，但有正负电荷之分，且相对强度大得多。

Electric field strength (E): The force per unit positive charge, E = F/q. For a point charge, E = kQ/r² (with k = 1/(4πε₀)). In a uniform field between parallel plates, E = V/d.

电场强度 (E)：单位正电荷受到的力，E = F/q。点电荷场 E = kQ/r² (k = 1/(4πε₀))。平行板间匀强电场 E = V/d。

Electric potential (V): The work done per unit charge to move a positive test charge from infinity to a point, V = kQ/r. Potential difference (p.d.) drives current.

电势 (V)：从无穷远移动单位正电荷到场内一点所做的功，V = kQ/r。电势差 (电压) 驱动电流。

Electric potential energy (E_p): The energy a charge possesses due to its position in an electric field, E_p = qV = kQq/r.

电势能 (E_p)：电荷在电场中因位置而具有的能量，E_p = qV = kQq/r。

Coulomb’s law: The electrostatic force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation, F = kQ₁Q₂/r².

库仑定律：两点电荷间的静电力与电荷乘积成正比，与距离平方成反比，F = kQ₁Q₂/r²。

Gravitational vs Electric	Gravitational	Electric
Force law	F = GMm/r²	F = kQq/r²
Field strength	g = GM/r²	E = kQ/r²
Potential	V_g = -GM/r	V_e = kQ/r

6. Capacitance | 电容

A capacitor stores electric charge and energy in an electric field. Key quantities include capacitance, the time constant for charging/discharging and the energy stored.

电容器在电场中储存电荷和能量。关键量包括电容、充放电时间常数和储存的能量。

Capacitance (C): The charge stored per unit potential difference, C = Q/V. Unit: farad (F). 1 F = 1 C V^-1. A capacitor of 1 F stores 1 C of charge when the p.d. is 1 V.

电容 (C)：单位电势差下储存的电荷量，C = Q/V。单位法拉 (F)。1 F = 1 C V^-1。

Energy stored: The work done to charge a capacitor is stored as electric potential energy: E = ½QV = ½CV² = ½Q²/C. This energy can be released quickly.

储存能量：充电过程中所做的功转化为电场能：E = ½QV = ½CV² = ½Q²/C。该能量可以快速释放。

Time constant (τ): For an RC circuit, τ = RC. It is the time taken for the charge, voltage or current to fall to 1/e (≈37%) of its initial value during discharge, or to rise to (1 – 1/e) during charge.

时间常数 (τ)：RC 串联电路中 τ = RC。它是放电过程中电荷/电压/电流降至初始值的 1/e (约37%) 所需的时间，充电时上升至 (1 – 1/e) 所需时间。

Exponential decay equations: Discharge: Q = Q₀ e^-t/RC, V = V₀ e^-t/RC. Charging: Q = Q₀ (1 – e^-t/RC).

指数衰减方程：放电 Q = Q₀ e^-t/RC，V = V₀ e^-t/RC。充电 Q = Q₀ (1 – e^-t/RC)。

7. Magnetic Fields | 磁场

Magnetic fields arise from moving charges or permanent magnets. A current-carrying conductor or a moving charge in a magnetic field experiences a force perpendicular to both the field and the direction of motion.

磁场由运动电荷或永久磁体产生。磁场中的载流导体或运动电荷会受到垂直于磁场和运动方向的力。

Magnetic flux density (B): A measure of the strength of a magnetic field, defined from the force on a current element: B = F/ILsinθ. Unit: tesla (T). 1 T = 1 N A^-1 m^-1.

磁通密度 (B)：衡量磁场强度的物理量，由电流元受力定义：B = F/ILsinθ。单位特斯拉 (T)。

Force on a current-carrying wire: F = BIL sinθ, where θ is the angle between the current and the magnetic field. Use Fleming’s left-hand rule to determine direction.

载流导线受力：F = BIL sinθ，θ 为电流与磁场方向的夹角。可用弗莱明左手定则判断受力方向。

Force on a moving charge (Lorentz force): F = Bqv sinθ. For a charged particle moving perpendicular to a uniform B-field, it undergoes circular motion with radius r = mv/(Bq).

运动电荷受力（洛伦兹力）：F = Bqv sinθ。带电粒子垂直射入匀强磁场时，将做匀速圆周运动，半径 r = mv/(Bq)。

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Year 13 AQA Physics: Key Terminology Quick Memory Guide | AQA Year 13 物理关键术语速记指南