Year 13 CCEA Geography: Key Terminology Memory Guide | Year 13 CCEA 地理：关键术语速记指南

📚 Year 13 CCEA Geography: Key Terminology Memory Guide | Year 13 CCEA 地理：关键术语速记指南

This memory guide is designed to help Year 13 CCEA Geography students master the essential terminology required for AS units in Physical and Human Geography, as well as Geographical Skills. Each term is presented with a clear definition and its Chinese equivalent, making it easier to recall and apply in exam answers. A ‘think in pairs’ approach links English and Chinese explanations for deeper learning.

本速记指南旨在帮助 Year 13 CCEA 地理学生掌握 AS 单元（自然地理、人文地理和地理技能）所需的关键术语。每个术语均附有清晰的定义及其中文对应释义，通过“英中对照”的方式强化记忆，便于在考试答案中灵活运用。

1. Fluvial Environments | 河流环境术语

Hydraulic action is a fluvial erosion process where the sheer force of moving water exerts pressure on the bed and banks, loosening and removing rock particles, especially effective in turbulent flow and cracks.

水力作用是一种河流侵蚀过程，水流的直接冲击力作用于河床和河岸，使岩石颗粒松动并被带走，在湍急水流和岩石裂隙中尤为有效。

Abrasion (also called corrasion) occurs when the river’s load – particles of sand, gravel and boulders – scrapes, grinds and scours the channel bed and sides, acting like sandpaper to wear away the bedrock.

磨蚀（又称刻蚀）是指河流携带的砾石、砂粒等载荷刮擦并研磨河道底部与两侧，如同砂纸一般磨损基岩的过程。

Attrition is the process by which transported particles collide with one another, causing them to become smaller, more rounded and smoother over time, gradually reducing the average size of the bedload.

磨损 (磨圆) 是搬运过程中的颗粒相互碰撞，使其尺寸变小、棱角磨圆、变光滑，从而逐渐减小河床载荷的平均粒径。

A meander is a pronounced sinuous bend in a river channel formed by a combination of helicoidal flow and differential erosion-deposition, characterised by a slip-off slope on the inner bank and a river cliff on the outer bank.

河曲 (蛇曲) 是河流在螺旋流与差异侵蚀-沉积共同作用下形成的显著弯曲河道，内侧为缓坡滑走坡，外侧形成陡峭的凹岸 (河崖)。

A floodplain is a flat expanse of land adjacent to a river, built up by deposition of alluvium during repeated flood events; lateral erosion of meanders widens the valley floor over time, creating a fertile lowland corridor.

洪泛平原是河流两侧由反复洪水沉积形成的平坦土地，横向侵蚀不断拓宽谷底，使其成为肥沃的低地廊道，主要由细粒冲积物组成。

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2. Coastal Environments | 海岸环境术语

Longshore drift is the zigzag transport of sediment along a coastline generated by waves approaching the shore at an oblique angle; swash carries material up the beach, while backwash returns it perpendicular to the slope, moving sediment laterally.

沿岸漂移是波浪以斜角冲击海岸时引发的泥沙之字形搬运过程：冲流将物质推上滩面，回流则沿最陡坡向回退，从而使泥沙沿岸线方向移动。

Constructive waves are low-frequency, low-height swells with a strong swash and weak backwash that deposit sediment, building up a beach profile and forming gentle beach gradients typically associated with calm weather conditions.

建设性波浪 (堆积浪) 是频率低、波高小的涌浪，冲流强而回流弱，以沉积作用为主，堆积泥沙并塑造平缓的海滩剖面，常见于平静天气下。

Destructive waves are high-energy, steep waves with a powerful backwash that removes sediment seawards, eroding the beach and producing a steeper beach profile; they occur more frequently during storms.

破坏性波浪 (侵蚀浪) 是高能量、陡峭的波浪，回流强，将泥沙带离海岸，使海滩剖面变陡；常见于暴风雨天气，侵蚀作用突出。

Wave refraction is the bending of wave crests as they approach an irregular coastline, concentrating wave energy on headlands and dissipating it in embayments, resulting in differential erosion and the gradual straightening of the shoreline.

波浪折射是波浪接近不规则海岸时波峰线发生的弯曲，使波能集中于岬角而在海湾内分散，导致差异侵蚀，海岸线逐步趋于平直。

A spit is a narrow, elongated ridge of sand or shingle that extends from the coast into the sea or across a river mouth, formed by longshore drift and often curved at the distal end by wave refraction and secondary currents.

沙嘴是由沿岸漂移形成的狭长沙脊，从海岸向海中或河口延伸，末端常因波浪折射及次生流作用而弯曲，可围成潟湖。

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3. Cold Environments | 寒冷环境术语

Plucking is the glacial erosion process whereby meltwater infiltrates cracks in the bedrock, refreezes, adheres to rock fragments, and then the moving glacier physically rips them away, incorporating them into the ice as basal debris.

拔蚀 (拔削) 是冰川融水渗入基岩裂隙后重新冻结并与岩块粘连在一起，冰川运动将这些岩块拔起带走，使其成为冰川底部碎屑的侵蚀过程。

A corrie (cirque) is an armchair-shaped depression on a mountainside formed by glacial erosion, characterised by a steep backwall carved by frost shattering and plucking, a rotational slip basin, and a lip with a tarn lake often occupying the hollow.

冰斗是山坡上形似扶手椅的凹陷，由冰川侵蚀形成，具有陡峭的后壁（受冻融和拔蚀作用），底部经旋转滑动掏蚀，出口有岩槛，常积水成冰斗湖。

An arête is a narrow, knife-edged ridge formed when two adjacent corries erode backwards, leaving a steep, sharp-crested divide between their headwalls; it is a classic landform of alpine glaciation.

刃脊是相邻两个冰斗相向侵蚀后退所形成的狭窄刃状山脊，在两侧冰斗后壁之间留下陡峭的脊线，为高山冰川地貌的典型代表。

Permafrost is ground (soil, sediment or bedrock) that remains at or below 0°C for at least two consecutive years; it underlies vast areas of cold environments and strongly influences surface processes, including patterned ground formation and thermokarst development.

多年冻土指至少连续两年温度保持 0°C 或以下的土层或岩层，广泛分布在寒冷环境，对地表过程（如多边形土、热喀斯特）有强烈控制作用。

Solifluction is the slow downslope flow of water-saturated soil and regolith over an impermeable layer, common in periglacial environments where the active layer thaws in summer but drainage is inhibited by underlying permafrost.

泥流 (融冻泥流) 是饱水土壤和风化层在隔水层上缓慢下移的过程，常见于冰缘环境，因夏季活动层融化而下方为不透水的永冻层，排水受阻。

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4. Population Dynamics | 人口动态术语

Birth rate (crude birth rate) is the total number of live births per 1,000 people per year; it is a key demographic indicator influenced by socio-economic factors, healthcare, and cultural norms regarding family size.

出生率 (粗出生率) 指每年每千人中的活产婴儿数，是受社会经济、医疗保健及家庭规模文化观念影响的关键人口指标。

Death rate (crude death rate) measures the number of deaths per 1,000 people per year; a falling death rate often signals improvements in nutrition, sanitation, and medical services within a population.

死亡率 (粗死亡率) 衡量每年每千人中的死亡人数；死亡率下降常反映人口营养、卫生和医疗服务的改善。

The Demographic Transition Model (DTM) describes how birth and death rates change as a country develops, moving through five stages from high fluctuating rates (Stage 1) to low, stable rates (Stage 4) and potential decline (Stage 5), accompanied by population growth and ageing.

人口转变模型 (DTM) 描述国家发展过程中出生率和死亡率的变化，经历五个阶段，从高位波动（第一阶段）到低位稳定（第四阶段）乃至下降（第五阶段），伴随人口增长和老龄化。

Dependency ratio expresses the proportion of dependents (aged 0–14 and 65+) relative to the working-age population (15–64); a high ratio indicates greater economic burden on the productive sector to support non-working dependents.

抚养比是受抚养人口 (0-14 岁及 65 岁以上) 与劳动年龄人口 (15-64 岁) 之比；高抚养比意味着劳动人口需承担更大的经济抚养压力。

Push factors in migration are negative conditions in the origin area that drive people to move, such as unemployment, conflict, natural disasters, political persecution, or lack of services; they are often paired with pull factors attracting migrants to a destination.

迁移推力因素指原籍地促使人口外迁的不利条件，如失业、冲突、自然灾害、政治迫害或服务匮乏；常与目的地的拉力因素相对应，共同影响迁移决策。

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5. Settlement and Urbanisation | 聚落与城市化术语

Site refers to the actual physical land on which a settlement is built, including its attributes such as relief, drainage, soil quality, and accessibility; the original site often dictates the early advantages for growth.

城址 (聚落位置) 指聚落所在的实际土地，包含地形、排水、土壤及通达性等特征；初始城址往往决定了聚落早期发展的优势。

Urbanisation is the increasing proportion of a country’s population living in towns and cities, driven by rural-urban migration and natural population increase, often accompanied by spatial expansion of built-up areas.

城市化是城镇人口占总人口比例不断上升的过程，由乡-城迁移和城市人口自然增长共同推动，常伴随建成区的空间扩张。

Suburbanisation is the decentralisation of population, services and employment from the inner city to the urban fringe or beyond, creating low-density residential zones and often facilitated by improved transport links and rising car ownership.

郊区化是人口、服务和就业从内城向城市边缘或更远地区扩散的过程，形成低密度居住区，常借助交通改善和汽车普及得以实现。

Counter-urbanisation is a demographic and social process in which people move from urban areas to smaller towns or rural locations, reversing the historical urbanisation trend; it is often motivated by a desire for better quality of life and environmental amenities.

逆城市化是人口从城市流向小城镇或乡村地区的过程，逆转了传统的城市化方向，通常出于对更高生活质量和环境宜人性的追求。

The Central Business District (CBD) is the commercial and economic core of a city, characterised by high land values, tall buildings, intensive retail and office activities, peak accessibility via public transport, and often the historic nucleus of the urban area.

中央商务区 (CBD) 是城市的商业经济核心，地价高、高楼林立、零售与办公活动密集，公共交通通达性最优，常为城市的历史发源地。

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6. Development and Globalisation | 发展与全球化术语

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite indicator of development published by the UNDP, combining life expectancy at birth, mean and expected years of schooling, and Gross National Income per capita into a single score between 0 and 1.

人类发展指数 (HDI) 是联合国开发计划署发布的综合发展指标，将预期寿命、受教育年限和人均国民总收入整合为一个介于 0 到 1 之间的分数，用于衡量发展水平。

The Gini coefficient is a statistical measure of income or wealth inequality within a population, ranging from 0 (perfect equality) to 1 (maximum inequality); a rising Gini suggests widening disparities.

基尼系数是衡量人口内部收入或财富不平等程度的统计指标，取值从 0（完全平等）到 1（极端不平等）；系数上升意味着贫富差距扩大。

Globalisation is the intensification and stretching of worldwide social, economic, political and cultural interconnections, driven by flows of capital, trade, technology, labour and information, making distant places more interdependent.

全球化是指世界经济、社会、政治和文化联系在广度与深度上的增强和延伸，由资本、贸易、技术、劳动力和信息流推动，使遥远地区更加相互依存。

A Transnational Corporation (TNC) is a large firm that operates and owns assets in more than one country, coordinating production and sales across international boundaries; TNCs are key agents of globalisation, often wielding significant economic and political influence.

跨国公司是在多国拥有资产和运营业务的大型企业，跨边界协调生产与销售；它们是全球化的关键推动者，常拥有巨大的经济和政治影响力。

Sustainable development meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Brundtland definition); it integrates economic growth, social inclusion and environmental protection.

可持续发展指既满足当代人需求又不损害后代满足其需求能力的发展（布伦特兰定义），它融合经济增长、社会包容与环境保护三大维度。

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7. Fieldwork and Skills | 实地考察与技能术语

A hypothesis is a testable, specific statement or prediction about the relationship between two or more geographic variables, formulated before fieldwork to guide data collection; a null hypothesis states that no relationship or difference exists.

假设是针对两个或多个地理变量之间关系所提出的可检验的具体陈述或预测，在野外考察前制定以指导数据收集；零假设则声称不存在关系或差异。

Primary data are original information collected directly by the researcher for the specific purpose of the geographical investigation, including field measurements, surveys, questionnaires and environmental quality assessments; they offer precise control but can be time-consuming to gather.

一手数据是研究者为特定地理调查目的直接收集的原始信息，包括实地测量、问卷调查和环境质量评估；数据准确但收集耗时。

Systematic sampling selects data points at regular, predetermined intervals across the study area, often using a grid or transect; it ensures even spatial coverage and reduces bias, although it may miss subtle spatial patterns.

系统抽样按固定间距在研究区域内选取样点，常用网格或样线；它保证空间覆盖均匀、减少偏差，但可能错失细微的空间格局。

Quantitative data consist of numerical information that can be measured, categorised and statistically analysed, such as river velocity, pebble size, traffic counts or questionnaire ratings, enabling objective comparisons and statistical testing.

定量数据是可测量、分类并进行统计分析的数值信息，如河流流速、砾径、交通流量或问卷评分，便于客观比较和假设检验。

GIS (Geographic Information System) is a computer-based tool for capturing, storing, analysing, managing and visualising spatial and attribute data, widely used to overlay map layers, identify patterns and support decision-making in geography.

地理信息系统 (GIS) 是用于获取、储存、分析、管理和可视化空间及属性数据的计算机工具，广泛应用于叠加图层、识别空间格局并辅助地理决策。

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8. Weathering and Mass Movement | 风化与块体运动术语

Physical (mechanical) weathering disintegrates rock without changing its chemical composition, for example through freeze-thaw action, exfoliation, or salt crystallisation; it is particularly active in environments with large temperature fluctuations.

物理风化 (机械风化) 在不改变化学成分的前提下使岩石破碎，如冻融作用、剥落、盐晶作用等，在温差大的环境中尤为活跃。

Chemical weathering alters the mineralogical composition of rock through reactions such as hydrolysis, carbonation and oxidation; warm, humid conditions accelerate these processes, forming clay minerals and soluble compounds.

化学风化通过水解、碳酸化、氧化等反应改变岩石的矿物组成；暖湿气候加速这些反应，生成黏土矿物和可溶性化合物。

Slumping is a type of rotational mass movement where a coherent block of material moves downward along a curved slip plane, common in unconsolidated cliffs and embankments saturated by heavy rain, leaving a steep scarp and a terraced toe.

滑塌 (旋转滑动) 是一种沿曲面滑移的大块物质运动，常发生在暴雨饱和的松散悬崖或路堤，留下陡峭的滑壁和梯级状坡脚。

Soil creep is the slow, imperceptible downslope movement of soil particles under gravity, assisted by wetting-drying and freeze-thaw cycles; evidence includes tilted fences, curved tree trunks and terracettes on hillslopes.

土壤蠕动是土壤颗粒在重力作用下极缓慢的下移运动，受干湿交替和冻融循环驱动，证据包括倾斜的围栏、弯曲的树干和坡面上的微型阶地。

Mass movement encompasses all downslope transfers of regolith and rock due to gravity, ranging from slow soil creep to rapid landslides, rockfalls and debris flows; water content, slope angle and vegetation cover are key controlling variables.

块体运动指所有因重力引起的风化层与岩石坡面物质迁移，从缓慢的土壤蠕动到迅速的山体滑坡、岩崩和泥石流，含水量、坡度与植被覆盖是主要控制因素。

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9. Data Presentation and Analysis | 数据呈现与分析术语

A choropleth map uses differences in shading, colour, or pattern within predefined administrative areas to represent varying values of a geographic attribute, such as population density or GDP per capita; class intervals must be carefully chosen to avoid misrepresentation.

等值区域图 (面量图) 通过预设行政区内不同色调、色彩或图案来表示地理属性的差异，如人口密度或人均 GDP；分类间隔需谨慎选取，以防信息失真。

Proportional symbols (often graduated circles) vary in size according to the magnitude of the mapped variable, offering an immediate visual impression of magnitude differences across locations; they are effective for discrete point data such as city populations.

比例符号 (常为分级圆) 根据地图变量值的大小改变符号尺寸，直观展示各地的数量差异，适用于城市人口等离散点数据。

A dispersion graph is a scatter plot where one variable is plotted against another to reveal relationships or lack thereof; in geography it is frequently used to explore correlations, such as between river depth and velocity, with a line of best fit added to the data points.

散点图是将一个变量对另一变量作图的图表，揭示二者关系的有无；地理学中常用于探究河流深度与流速等变量的相关性，并添加最佳拟合线。

Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (rₛ) is a non-parametric statistical test used to assess the strength and direction of a monotonic relationship between two ranked sets of data. It is calculated as:

斯皮尔曼等级相关系数 (rₛ) 是一种非参数统计检验，用于评估两组排序数据之间单调关系的强度与方向。其计算公式如下：

rₛ = 1 – (6∑d²) / (n(n² – 1))

Where d is the difference between ranks of each pair and n is the number of paired observations. An rₛ value close to +1 indicates a strong positive correlation, while –1 suggests a strong negative correlation.

式中 d 为每对数据的秩次差，n 为配对的观测值数量。rₛ 接近 +1 表明强正相关，接近 –1 则为强负相关。

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