Year 13 CIE Physical Education: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 13 CIE 体育：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 13 CIE Physical Education: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 13 CIE 体育：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering subject-specific terminology is the secret to writing precise, high-mark answers in CIE A Level Physical Education. This guide presents key vocabulary from every major topic area and pairs each with a practical memory strategy, so you can internalise definitions, relationships, and application language faster.

掌握学科专属术语是在 CIE A Level 体育考试中写出精准、高分答案的秘诀。本指南呈现了每个主要专题的关键词汇，并为每个术语配上了实用的记忆策略，帮助你更快内化定义、相互关系和题目要求的表达语言。

1. Cardiovascular System Essentials | 心血管系统核心术语

The cardiovascular system’s performance variables are fundamental on Paper 3 and 4. Heart rate (HR) is the number of beats per minute; stroke volume (SV) is the volume pumped per beat; cardiac output (Q̇) equals HR multiplied by SV. The mnemonic ‘Hearts Serve Queens’ links HR, SV and Q̇, and highlights that Q̇ is the dominant output of the system.

心血管系统的性能变量是试卷三和四的基础。心率（HR）是每分钟搏动次数；每搏输出量（SV）是每次搏动泵出的血量；心输出量（Q̇）等于 HR 乘以 SV。助记词 ‘Hearts Serve Queens’ 将 HR、SV 和 Q̇ 串联起来，并强调 Q̇ 是该系统的主导输出。

Venous return (VR) is the flow of blood back to the right atrium. An increase in VR stretches the cardiac muscle, leading to a stronger contraction and thus a greater SV – this is Starling’s Law. Recall the visual ‘VR up arrow → SV up arrow’.

静脉回流（VR）是回流到右心房的血流。静脉回流增加会牵拉心肌，产生更有力的收缩，从而增大每搏输出量——这就是斯塔林定律。用可视化箭头 ‘VR ↑ → SV ↑’ 来记忆。

The arteriovenous oxygen difference (a-vO₂ diff) indicates how much oxygen muscles extract from the blood. During exercise, a-vO₂ diff rises as working muscles pull out more O₂. Think ‘extraction gap widens’.

动静脉氧差（a-vO₂ diff）表示肌肉从血液中提取了多少氧气。运动期间，a-vO₂ diff 增大了，因为工作肌拉出了更多氧气。记住 ‘提取差距扩大’。

Q̇ = HR × SV

2. Respiratory System & Gaseous Exchange | 呼吸系统与气体交换

Tidal volume (TV) is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled per resting breath. Minute ventilation (VE) is the total air moved per minute and can be calculated as VE = TV × f (breathing frequency). The memory cue ‘Tiny Ventilation Fans’ connects TV, VE and frequency.

潮气量（TV）是每次安静呼吸吸入或呼出的空气量。每分通气量（VE）是每分钟移动的空气总量，计算公式为 VE = TV × f（呼吸频率）。记忆线索 ‘Tiny Ventilation Fans’ 把 TV、VE 和频率联系起来。

Vital capacity (VC) is the maximum air you can forcibly exhale after a maximum inhalation — a key measure on a spirometer trace. The oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the right when temperature, CO₂ (Bohr shift) or acidity increases, aiding O₂ unloading at the muscles. Picture ‘Bohr shift = Better O₂ release’.

肺活量（VC）是最大吸气后能用力呼出的最大气量——这是肺活量描记图谱上的关键指标。当温度、二氧化碳（波尔效应）或酸性升高时，氧合血红蛋白解离曲线右移，促进氧气在肌肉处卸载。想象 ‘波尔偏移 = 更好的 O₂ 释放’。

Partial pressure (pO₂, pCO₂) gradients drive diffusion at the alveoli and muscles. High altitude triggers an increase in breathing rate and red blood cell production; remember ‘Altitude = Adapt, more RBCs’.

分压（pO₂、pCO₂）梯度驱动肺泡和肌肉处的扩散。高海拔触发呼吸频率和红细胞生成增加；记住 ‘高海拔 = Adapt，更多 RBCs’。

3. Energy Systems & Metabolism | 能量系统与代谢

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the immediate energy currency. The ATP-PC system (phosphocreatine) provides energy for up to 10 seconds of maximal effort — use the phrase ‘PC = Powerful & Creative start’ to recall its role in explosive activities like a 100 m sprint.

三磷酸腺苷（ATP）是即时能量货币。ATP-PC 系统（磷酸肌酸）为最多 10 秒的最大强度运动提供能量——用短语 ‘PC = 强劲且有创意的启动’ 来记住它在 100 米短跑等爆发性活动中的作用。

The anaerobic glycolytic system breaks down glucose without oxygen, producing ATP and lactic acid; it dominates efforts of 60–90 seconds. The aerobic system yields the most ATP via the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. Mnemonic: ‘Glycolytic Gets Lactic, Aerobic Abundant ATP’.

无氧糖酵解系统在无氧条件下分解葡萄糖，产生 ATP 和乳酸；主导 60-90 秒的运动。有氧系统通过克雷布斯循环和电子传递链产生最多 ATP。助记法：’糖酵解产生乳酸，有氧充沛 ATP’。

Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) explains the elevated O₂ intake after intense exercise. The fast component restores phosphocreatine and reloads myoglobin, while the slow component handles lactate removal and elevated body temperature. Think ‘EPOC = Extra Pay for Oxygen Consumption’.

运动后过量氧耗（EPOC）解释了剧烈运动后摄氧量升高的现象。快速成分恢复磷酸肌酸并重新加载肌红蛋白，慢速成分处理乳酸清除和升高的体温。想象 ‘EPOC = 氧气消耗的额外支付’。

4. Biomechanics & Motion | 生物力学与运动

Newton’s three laws underpin all movement analysis. Law 1 (inertia): a body remains at rest or uniform motion unless acted upon. Law 2 (acceleration): F = ma. Law 3 (reaction): every action has an equal opposite reaction. Recall the triplet ‘Inert-Ia, Force-F=ma, Reaction’.

牛顿三定律是所有运动分析的基础。第一定律（惯性）：物体保持静止或匀速运动，除非受外力作用。第二定律（加速度）：F = ma。第三定律（反作用力）：每个作用力都有一个大小相等、方向相反的反作用力。记住三字诀 ‘惯性、F=ma、反作用’。

Levers are classified by the relative positions of the fulcrum (F), effort (E), and load (L). A first-class lever has FLE (neck extension), second-class has ELF (ankle plantar flexion), third-class has LEF (elbow flexion). Use the sentence ‘FLE, ELF, LEF – in order.’

杠杆按支点（F）、动力（E）和阻力（L）的相对位置分类。第一类杠杆为 FLE（颈伸），第二类为 ELF（踝跖屈），第三类为 LEF（肘屈）。用句子 ‘FLE, ELF, LEF – 按顺序’ 来记。

Force summation requires sequential activation of large muscles then small muscles, with stable base, correct timing, and full range of motion. Visualise a javelin throw: ‘Big muscles first, small muscles last’.

合力作用要求先激活大肌肉再激活小肌肉，同时保持稳定支撑、正确时机和全幅度动作。想象标枪投掷：’先大肌群，后小肌群’。

5. Skill Acquisition & Stages of Learning | 技能习得与学习阶段

Skills are classified on the open-closed and gross-fine continua. An open skill like a football pass is affected by the environment; a closed skill like a diving somersault is self-paced. ‘Open = Outside influenced, Closed = Controlled’ reinforces this.

技能可在开放-封闭和粗大-精细连续体上分类。开放技能（如足球传球）受环境影响；封闭技能（如跳水空翻）是自我节奏的。’Open = 外部影响, Closed = 自控’ 加深印象。

Fitts and Posner’s three stages of learning are Cognitive (understanding what to do), Associative (refining through practice), and Autonomous (effortless, automatic execution). The acronym ‘CAA’ can be linked to ‘Cognitive, Associative, Automatic’.

菲茨和波斯纳的学习三阶段为认知阶段（理解要做什么）、联结阶段（通过练习精细化）和自主阶段（毫不费力的自动化执行）。首字母 ‘CAA’ 可联想为 ‘认知、联结、自动’。

Transfer of learning can be positive, negative, bilateral, proactive, or retroactive. For recall, picture a tennis serve helping a volleyball serve (positive transfer) and that confusing a badminton smash (negative transfer). Think ‘Transfer = Carry-over effect’.

学习迁移可以是正迁移、负迁移、双侧迁移、顺向迁移或逆向迁移。为帮助记忆，想象网球发球促进排球发球（正迁移）而干扰羽毛球扣杀（负迁移）。记住 ‘迁移 = 携带效应’。

6. Sport Psychology & Arousal Regulation | 运动心理学与唤醒调节

Arousal is the energised state of readiness. Drive theory predicts a linear relationship between arousal and performance for well-learned skills, while the inverted-U theory suggests an optimal point of moderate arousal. ‘Drive is D-linear, Inverted-U is optimal-U’ provides a quick contrast.

唤醒是精力充沛的准备状态。驱力理论预测在熟练掌握的技能上，唤醒与表现呈线性关系，而倒 U 型假说提出存在一个中等唤醒的最佳点。’驱力 D-直线，倒U 最佳U’ 可快速对比。

Anxiety has two forms: cognitive (worry, negative thoughts) and somatic (physiological responses like sweaty palms). Goal setting using SMARTER (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound, Evaluated, Revised) helps manage anxiety. Associate ‘SMARTER goals lower anxiety’.

焦虑分为两种形式：认知焦虑（担忧、消极想法）和躯体焦虑（生理反应如手心出汗）。用 SMARTER 原则（具体、可测量、可实现、相关、有时限、评估、修正）设定目标有助于管理焦虑。联想 ‘SMARTER 目标降低焦虑’。

Intrinsic motivation comes from internal satisfaction; extrinsic motivation from external rewards. Deci and Ryan’s Self-Determination Theory highlights autonomy, competence, and relatedness — remember the trio ‘ARC: Autonomy, Relatedness, Competence’.

内在动机源于内部满足感；外在动机来自外部奖励。德西和瑞安的自我决定理论强调自主性、胜任感和关联感——记住三元素 ‘ARC：自主性、关联感、胜任感’。

7. Socio-Cultural Influences & Contemporary Issues | 社会文化影响与当代议题

Commercialisation turns sport into a marketable product. The golden triangle links sport, media, and sponsorship, each dependent on the other. Visualise a triangle with ‘S’ at each vertex: Sport, Sponsorship, Screens (media).

商业化将体育运动转变为可销售的产品。金三角将体育、媒体和赞助联系起来，三方相互依赖。想象一个三角形，每个顶点有一个 ‘S’：Sport（体育）、Sponsorship（赞助）、Screens（屏幕/媒体）。

Sportsmanship involves fair play and respect, while gamesmanship bends rules without actually breaking them. Deviance in sport can be positive (over-conformity to the ‘sport ethic’) or negative (cheating). Remember ‘man-ship = honour, gamesman = sly’.

体育精神涉及公平竞争与尊重，而竞技伎俩则钻规则空子却未真正违规。体育运动中的越轨行为可分为积极越轨（过度遵从’运动伦理’）和消极越轨（作弊）。记住 ‘体育精神 = 荣誉，竞技伎俩 = 狡猾’。

Globalisation spreads sporting cultures worldwide, often highlighted through mega-events like the Olympics. The concept of ‘sport as a social unifier’ carries both benefits (cultural exchange) and drawbacks (loss of traditional games). Mnemonic: ‘Global = Globe-trotting values’.

全球化将体育文化传播到世界各地，常通过奥运会等大型赛事体现。’体育作为社会统一体’的理念既带来益处（文化交流）也有弊端（传统运动消失）。助记词：’全球 = 环球价值观’。

8. Memory Techniques & Quick Codes | 记忆方法与速记码

Acronyms compress lists into memorable words. For the six factors affecting VO₂ max, students use ‘GATE LIMP’ (Gender, Age, Training, Environment – Lung function, Inheritance, Muscle mass, Percentage of type I fibres). Build your own with first letters.

首字母缩略词将列表压缩成易记的单词。对于影响 VO₂ max 的六个因素，学生可用 ‘GATE LIMP’（性别、年龄、训练、环境——肺功能、遗传、肌肉量、I 型纤维百分比）。用首字母自创你的版本。

Chunking breaks long numerical strings or sequences into smaller groups. Example: the three energy systems can be chunked as ‘ATP-PC (0–10s), glycolysis (10–90s), aerobic (90s+)’. Chaining links components in a flow: ‘Stimulus → Decision → Response’.

组块化将长串的数字或序列分解成更小的组块。例如：三大供能系统可组块为 ‘ATP-PC（0-10秒）、糖酵解（10-90秒）、有氧（90秒以上）’。链接则将组件串成流程：’刺激 → 决策 → 反应’。

The method of loci places terms along a familiar route. Imagine walking through your house: cardiovascular terms in the garage, respiratory in the kitchen, psychological terms in the bedroom. This spatial tagging makes retrieval during exams more reliable.

记忆宫殿法将术语放置在熟悉的路线中。想象走过你的家：心血管术语在车库，呼吸术语在厨房，心理学术语在卧室。这种空间标记让考试时的提取更为可靠。

9. Common Confusions & Terminology Traps | 常见混淆与术语陷阱

Several pairs look alike but carry distinct meanings. The table below clarifies terms that frequently appear in mark schemes and cause lost marks.

有几对术语形似但含义不同。下表澄清了评分方案中频繁出现并容易导致失分的术语。

Term A	Term B	Key Difference	Memory Tip
Health	Fitness	Health is complete physical, mental and social well-being; fitness is the ability to meet the demands of the environment.	‘Health is whole, Fitness is function.’
Agility	Speed	Agility involves changing direction at speed; speed is simply the rate of movement.	‘Agility = Speed with a turn.’
Positive transfer	Proactive transfer	Positive transfer aids a new skill; proactive transfer is a previously learned skill influencing a future one (can be positive or negative).	‘Positive = helpful, Proactive = past affects future.’
Trait anxiety	State anxiety	Trait is a stable personality disposition; state is a temporary mood response to a situation.	‘Trait = Typical, State = Situational.’
Motive	Motivation	A motive is the internal drive or reason; motivation is the direction and intensity of effort.	‘Motive = reason, Motivation = action intensity.’

Exam command words also demand precise response styles. ‘Define’ wants a meaning, often one sentence. ‘Describe’ requires stating characteristics without explanation. ‘Explain’ adds a ‘because’ — the mechanism or reason. ‘Analyse’ breaks down into components and looks at relationships. ‘Evaluate’ makes a judgement after weighing evidence. Link each to a keyword: Define = meaning, Describe = what, Explain = how/why, Analyse = components, Evaluate = judgement.

考试指令词也要求精准的作答风格。’Define’ 要求给出含义，通常一句话。’Describe’ 需陈述特征而不做解释。’Explain’ 要加上 ‘因为’ ——机制或原因。’Analyse’ 分解成要素并分析关系。’Evaluate’ 在权衡证据后做出判断。将每个词与关键词关联：Define = 含义, Describe = 是什么, Explain = 如何/为何, Analyse = 要素, Evaluate = 判断。

10. Applied Physiology Acronym Bank | 应用生理学缩略词库

Creating a personal acronym bank accelerates recall during the exam. Below are tested examples that condense multi-step physiological processes.

创建个人缩略词库能加速考试时的提取。以下是经过验证的例子，它们浓缩了多步骤的生理过程。

For the conduction system of the heart: SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Purkinje fibres. The mnemonics ‘Some Athletic Horses Pull’ (SAN, AVN, Bundle of His, Purkinje) gives order and flow.

对于心脏传导系统：窦房结 → 房室结 → 希氏束 → 浦肯野纤维。助记词 ‘Some Athletic Horses Pull’（SAN, AVN, Bundle of His, Purkinje）提供顺序和流程。

The sliding filament theory steps: Nerve impulse → Ca²⁺ release → Troponin shape change → Cross-bridge formation → Power stroke → ATP detachment. A classic memory line is ‘Naughty Cats Try Catching Pretty Ants’ for Nerve, Ca²⁺, Troponin, Cross-bridge, Power stroke, ATP.

滑丝理论步骤：神经冲动 → Ca²⁺ 释放 → 肌钙蛋白形状改变 → 横桥形成 → 力量冲程 → ATP 解离。一句经典记忆语是 ‘Naughty Cats Try Catching Pretty Ants’ 代表 Nerve, Ca²⁺, Troponin, Cross-bridge, Power stroke, ATP。

Mechanical concepts of angular momentum can be recalled with ‘H = Iω’, where H is angular momentum, I is moment of inertia, and ω is angular velocity. Since angular momentum is conserved in airborne skills, a tighter tuck reduces I and increases ω. Remember ‘tuck tight, spin fast’.

角动量的力学概念可用 ‘H = Iω’ 回想，其中 H 是角动量，I 是转动惯量，ω 是角速度。由于腾空技巧中角动量守恒，团身更紧会减小 I 并增大 ω。记住 ‘团身紧，旋转快’。

11. Skill Classification & Feedback Grids | 技能分类与反馈网格

To quickly classify any skill, ask three questions: Is the environment predictable? (open/closed) Are large or small muscle groups used? (gross/fine) Is there a clear beginning and end? (discrete/serial/continuous). Run the checklist mentally: ‘Environment → Muscle → Sequence’.

要快速对任何技能分类，问三个问题：环境可预测吗？（开放/封闭）使用大肌肉群还是小肌肉群？（粗大/精细）有明确的开始和结束吗？（离散/序列/连续）。在心中运行检查清单：’环境 → 肌肉 → 序列’。

Feedback types can be remembered with the acronym ‘KEEP IT’: Knowledge of results, Extrinsic feedback, Evaluative feedback, Positive feedback, Intrinsic, Terminal feedback. Knowledge of performance (KP) is about technique, while knowledge of results (KR) is about outcome. ‘KP = technique, KR = scoreboard’.

反馈类型可用缩略词 ‘KEEP IT’ 记忆：结果知晓、外在反馈、评价反馈、正反馈、内在反馈、终端反馈。表现知晓（KP）是关于技术，而结果知晓（KR）是关于结果。’KP = 技术，KR = 记分板’。

When describing guidance, visual guidance works best in the cognitive stage, verbal guidance assists in refining movements, and manual/mechanical guidance is useful for building confidence and safety. Link the stages: ‘Cognitive = Visual, Associative = Verbal, Autonomous = self-guidance’.

在描述指导时，视觉指导在认知阶段最有效，语言指导有助于精细化动作，而手法/机械指导有助于建立信心和安全。将阶段关联：’认知 = 视觉，联结 = 语言，自主 = 自我指导’。

12. Exam-Ready Terminology Drill | 备考术语速练

Active recall is more effective than passive rereading. Cover the right-hand column below and define each term in your own words before checking. The bilingual layout supports both English and Chinese revision.

主动回忆比被动重读更有效。盖住下表中的右列，在核对前用自己的话定义每个术语。双语布局支持英语和中文复习。

English Term	中文术语	Quick Definition / 快速定义
Lactate threshold	乳酸阈	The exercise intensity at which lactate begins to accumulate rapidly in the blood.
Centre of mass	质心	The point where all body mass is evenly distributed; key to stability analysis.
Attribution theory	归因理论	Weiner’s model: how individuals explain success and failure via locus, stability, and controllability.
Social facilitation	社会助长效应	The effect of an audience on performance; can enhance simple skills but impair complex ones.
Periodisation	周期化训练	Dividing the training year into macro, meso, and microcycles to peak at the right time.

Reproduce these terms in sentences that show cause and effect, as this mirrors the ‘explain’ and ‘analyse’ questions. For instance, ‘An increase in lactate threshold delays fatigue because the athlete can work at a higher intensity before lactate accumulates significantly.’

用展示因果关系的句子复现这些术语，这正好对应 ‘解释’ 和 ‘分析’ 类题型。例如，’乳酸阈提高可延缓疲劳，因为运动员可在乳酸大量积累前以更高强度运动。’

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Year 13 CIE Physical Education: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 13 CIE 体育：词汇术语速记指南