📚 Year 13 WJEC Science: Glossary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | WJEC 13年级科学：词汇术语速记指南
Success in WJEC Year 13 Science is built on a solid foundation of subject-specific vocabulary. Whether you are tackling the dual nature of light in physics, the intricacies of organic mechanisms in chemistry, or the molecular machinery of cells in biology, precise terminology is the key to unlocking top marks. This guide is designed to help you memorise, understand, and confidently apply the essential terms across all three sciences.
WJEC 13 年级科学的成功建立在扎实的学科词汇基础之上。无论是处理物理中光的二象性、化学有机机理的复杂细节，还是生物细胞的分子机制，精确的术语都是解锁高分的关键。本指南旨在帮助你记忆、理解并自信地运用三门科学中的核心术语。
1. The Importance of Terminology in Year 13 Science | 13 年级科学中术语的重要性
In WJEC exams, marks are frequently awarded for the correct use of technical language. Vague descriptions like ‘it speeds up’ will not earn credit when ‘it lowers the activation energy’ is required. Building a mental glossary ensures you can read questions accurately and construct answers that resonate with examiner expectations.
在 WJEC 考试中，正确使用专业术语往往是得分的要点。当题目要求’它降低了活化能’时，模糊的表述如’它加快了反应’是不会得分的。建立你的大脑术语库能确保你准确读懂题目，并写出符合阅卷官期望的答案。
2. Key Terms in Year 13 Physics | 13 年级物理关键术语
Physics terminology at this level is highly mathematical and conceptual. You will encounter waves, fields, and particle physics. Familiarity with definitions like ‘magnetic flux’ or ‘threshold frequency’ is non-negotiable. Below is a quick-reference table for some challenging terms.
这一级别的物理术语高度数学化和概念化，你将遇到波、场和粒子物理的内容。像’磁通量’或’阈频率’这样的定义是必须要掌握的。以下是一些高难度术语的速查表。
| English Term | 中文 | Concise Definition (En) & 中文解释 |
|---|---|---|
| Magnetic Flux (Φ) | 磁通量 | Product of magnetic flux density and area perpendicular to the field. 磁通密度与垂直于磁场方向的面积的乘积。 |
| Threshold Frequency (f₀) | 阈频率 | Minimum frequency of light needed to eject photoelectrons from a metal. 使金属发射光电子所需的最低光照频率。 |
| De Broglie Wavelength | 德布罗意波长 | Wavelength associated with a particle, given by λ = h/p. 与粒子相关的波长，由λ = h/p给出。 |
| Capacitance | 电容 | Charge stored per unit potential difference (C = Q/V). 单位电势差下储存的电荷量。 |
| Hadron | 强子 | Particle made of quarks, e.g. protons and neutrons. 由夸克组成的粒子，如质子、中子。 |
Another term that often appears is simple harmonic motion (SHM). You must recall that acceleration is directly proportional to negative displacement. The defining equation is:
另一个常出现的术语是简谐运动 (SHM)。你必须记住加速度与位移成正比且方向相反。其定义方程为：
a = − ω² x
3. Key Terms in Year 13 Chemistry | 13 年级化学关键术语
Year 13 chemistry introduces a wealth of organic and physical terms. From ‘electrophilic substitution’ in aromatics to ‘Gibbs free energy’ for feasibility, the vocabulary can feel overwhelming. Use this list to secure the basics.
13 年级化学引入了大量有机和物理术语。从芳烃的’亲电取代’到判断反应可行性的’吉布斯自由能’，这些词汇可能令人应接不暇。用下面的清单来巩固基础吧。
- Electrophile (亲电试剂): An electron-deficient species that accepts a pair of electrons. 缺电子的物种，接受一对电子。
- Ligand (配体): A molecule or ion that donates a lone pair to a central metal ion. 向中心金属离子提供孤对电子的分子或离子。
- Optical Isomerism (光学异构): Occurs when a carbon atom has four different groups attached, creating non-superimposable mirror images. 碳原子连有四个不同基团时产生不可重合的镜像异构体。
- Entropy (S) (熵): A measure of the dispersal of energy or disorder in a system. 衡量体系能量分散或混乱度的物理量。
- Standard Electrode Potential (E°) (标准电极电势): The voltage measured under standard conditions when a half-cell is connected to a hydrogen electrode. 半电池在标准条件下与氢电极相连测得的电压。
Always link free energy to the feasibility of a reaction. A reaction is thermodynamically feasible when ΔG is negative. The relationship is expressed as:
永远要把自由能和反应的可行性联系起来。当 ΔG 为负时，反应在热力学上才是可行的。其关系式为：
ΔG = ΔH − TΔS
4. Key Terms in Year 13 Biology | 13 年级生物关键术语
Biology requires you to describe complex processes with surgical language. Terms like ‘chemiomosis’, ‘clonal selection’, and ‘epistasis’ are not just vocabulary — they represent entire mechanisms that you must explain in sequence.
生物学要求你用手术刀般精准的语言描述复杂过程。’化学渗透’、’克隆选择’、’上位作用’等术语不仅仅是词汇，它们代表着你必须按顺序解释的完整机制。
- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) (聚合酶链式反应): A technique to amplify DNA fragments using primers, Taq polymerase, and thermal cycling. 利用引物、Taq聚合酶和热循环扩增DNA片段的技术。
- Action Potential (动作电位): A rapid rise and then fall in voltage or membrane potential across a cellular membrane. 细胞膜两侧电压或膜电位的快速上升和下降。
- Monoclonal Antibodies (单克隆抗体): Identical antibodies produced from a single clone of B cells, used in diagnostic tests like ELISA. 由单个B细胞克隆产生的同种抗体，用于ELISA等诊断检测。
- Succession (演替): The process by which a biological community changes over time, leading to a climax community. 生物群落随时间变化，最终形成顶极群落的过程。
- Hardy–Weinberg Principle (哈代-温伯格定律): States that allele frequencies in a population remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of disturbing factors. 指在没有干扰因素的前提下，种群等位基因频率在世代间保持恒定。
When revising the immune response, remember that clonal selection explains how specific lymphocytes are chosen to divide. The equation p² + 2pq + q² = 1 is vital for population genetics questions.
复习免疫应答时，要记住克隆选择解释的是如何筛选出特定的淋巴细胞进行分裂。方程 p² + 2pq + q² = 1 在群体遗传学问题中至关重要。
5. Mnemonic Strategies for Tough Terms | 难记术语的助记策略
Mnemonic devices convert abstract terms into vivid, unforgettable images or phrases. In chemistry, remember OIL RIG: Oxidation Is Loss (of electrons), Reduction Is Gain (of electrons). This small sentence encodes a fundamental concept that rules half of electrochemistry.
记忆术能把抽象的术语转换成生动难忘的图像或短语。在化学中，记住 OIL RIG：氧化是失去（电子），还原是得到（电子）。这个简短的句子编码了主导半个电化学领域的基本概念。
For physics, the electromagnetic spectrum order can be memorised with a wild mnemonic like ‘Raging Martians Invaded Venus Using X-ray Guns’, representing Radio, Microwave, Infrared, Visible, Ultraviolet, X-ray, Gamma. Create your own silly stories to lock sequences in your mind.
在物理中，电磁波谱的顺序可以用一个夸张的助记句来记忆，如’Raging Martians Invaded Venus Using X-ray Guns’，分别代表射电、微波、红外、可见光、紫外、X射线、伽马射线。创造你自己的荒诞故事，把顺序牢牢锁在脑海中。
6. The Power of Etymology in Science | 科学中词源的力量
Many daunting scientific terms are built from Greek or Latin roots. Once you recognise that ‘photo-‘ means light, ‘-lysis’ means splitting, and ‘electro-‘ refers to electricity or amber, you can decode unfamiliar words like photolysis or electrolysis instantly.
许多令人畏惧的科学术语都由希腊或拉丁词根构成。一旦你认识到 ‘photo-‘ 意为光，’-lysis’ 意为分解，而 ‘electro-‘ 指电或琥珀，你就能瞬间解码像 photolysis 或 electrolysis 这样的陌生词汇。
In biology, ‘glyco-‘ refers to sweet or sugar, so glycolysis is the splitting of sugar. ‘Homeo-‘ means similar, and ‘stasis’ means standing still, giving us homeostasis — maintaining a stable internal state. Build a root-word list as you study.
在生物中，’glyco-‘ 指甜的或糖，所以 glycolysis 就是糖的分解。’Homeo-‘ 意为相似，’stasis’ 意为静止，合在一起就是 homeostasis ——维持稳定的内部状态。学习时建立一个词根清单吧。
7. Flashcards and Spaced Repetition | 闪卡与间隔重复
Memorising terminology is a battle against the forgetting curve. Flashcards, whether physical or digital, force active recall. Write the English term on one side and the concise Chinese definition with a key example on the other. Review them in expanding intervals — 1 day, 3 days, 1 week — to cement the memory.
记忆术语就是一场对抗遗忘曲线的战斗。闪卡，无论是实体还是电子的，都能迫使你主动回忆。一面写下英文术语，另一面写下简洁的中文定义和关键示例。以逐渐拉长的间隔复习——1天、3天、1周——以巩固记忆。
For complex terms like ‘transcription factors’ in biology, use a three-part card: front with the term, back with ‘proteins that control the rate of transcription by binding to specific DNA sequences’. Also include a small diagram or a note linking it to gene expression.
对于像生物中’transcription factors’这样的复杂术语，可以使用三栏卡片：正面写术语，背面写’通过结合特定DNA序列控制转录速率的蛋白质’。还可以附上一个小示意图或将其与基因表达联系起来的注释。
8. Contextual Memorisation: Linking Terms to Experiments | 情境记忆：将术语与实验联系起来
Terms stick better when you attach them to a specific practical or scenario. Instead of just memorising ‘Lenz’s law’ as an abstract rule, recall the classic demonstration: dropping a magnet through a copper pipe slows it down because the induced current opposes the change producing it.
当你把术语和某个具体的实验或场景联系起来时，它们会记得更牢。不要只是把’楞次定律’当作抽象规则来记，而要回想那个经典演示：磁铁在铜管中下落会减速，因为感应电流会阻碍产生它的变化。
In chemistry, link ‘ligand substitution’ to the colour changes you see when adding ammonia to copper(II) sulfate solution. In biology, anchor ‘action potential’ to the graph of voltage over time, labelling depolarisation, repolarisation, and hyperpolarisation. Context makes language meaningful.
在化学中，把’配体取代’与向硫酸铜溶液中加氨水时观察到的颜色变化联系起来。在生物中，把’动作电位’与电压-时间图绑定，标注去极化、复极化和超极化阶段。情境让语言有了意义。
9. Visual and Diagrammatic Association | 视觉与图形联想
Drawing concept maps can help you see how terms relate. For instance, around ‘photosynthesis’ you might link ‘thylakoid membrane’, ‘photolysis’, ‘NADPH’, and ‘Calvin cycle’. Visualising the big picture prevents terminology from becoming isolated fragments.
绘制概念图能帮你理清术语之间的关联。例如，围绕’photosynthesis’，你可以连接’类囊体膜’、’光解’、’NADPH’和’卡尔文循环’。将大局视觉化可以防止术语变成孤立的碎片。
In physics, sketch field lines for gravitational and electric fields, labelling ‘equipotential surfaces’ and ‘field strength’. These sketches serve as mental checklists during exams. Every time you draw, narrate the terms aloud in English and Chinese to reinforce dual-language recall.
在物理中，画出引力场和电场的力线，标注’等势面’和’场强’。这些草图在考试时可作为你的大脑检查清单。每次画图时，大声用英文和中文叙述术语，以强化双语回忆。
10. Practice Makes Perfect: Apply Terms in Questions | 练习成就完美：在题目中运用术语
Reading a term and writing it out in an exam answer are two different skills. Past papers from WJEC science units demand precise phrasing. When practising, highlight the command words and the terminology used in the mark scheme. This trains your brain to output language exactly as examiners expect.
读懂一个术语和在考试答案中写出它是两种不同的技能。WJEC 科学单元的历年真题都要求精准的措辞。练习时，用荧光笔标出指令词和评分方案中使用的术语。这能训练你的大脑按照阅卷官期望的方式输出语言。
After answering a question on ‘Faraday’s law’, check the mark scheme. You will likely see the exact phrase ‘The induced e.m.f. is proportional to the rate of change of flux linkage’. Rehearse this standard wording until it becomes automatic.
回答完一道关于’法拉第定律’的题目后，核对评分方案。你很可能会看到这样确切的表述：’感应电动势与磁链变化率成正比’。反复演练这些标准措辞，直到它们成为你的本能反应。
11. Common Confusions and How to Avoid Them | 常见混淆及如何避免
Science is littered with pairs of terms that students mix up. Accuracy (how close to true value) versus precision (spread of readings) is a classic. Another is enthalpy (heat content at constant pressure) versus entropy (dispersal of energy). Differentiate them explicitly with side-by-side definitions.
科学中有许多学生容易混淆的术语对。准确度（与真实值的接近程度）与精密度（读数的分散程度）就是经典的例子。另一个是焓（恒压下的热含量）与熵（能量的分散）。用对比定义的方法明确区分它们。
In biology, ‘transcription’ (DNA to mRNA) and ‘translation’ (mRNA to polypeptide) are often swapped. Use the mnemonic ‘C comes before L in the alphabet, so transcription comes before translation in protein synthesis’. Simple tricks eliminate costly errors.
在生物中，’transcription’ (DNA 到 mRNA) 和 ‘translation’ (mRNA 到多肽) 经常被调换。用记忆窍门：’字母表中 C 在 L 前，所以蛋白质合成中转录在翻译之前’。简单的诀窍能消除代价高昂的错误。
| Often Confused Pair | 快速区分 |
|---|---|
| Strong acid vs Concentrated acid | Strong refers to full dissociation; concentrated refers to moles per volume. 强酸指完全解离；浓酸指摩尔浓度高。 |
| Velocity vs Speed | Velocity is a vector; speed is a scalar. 速度是矢量；速率是标量。 |
| Monomer vs Polymer | Monomers are single units; polymers are long chains. 单体是单一小分子；聚合物是长链大分子。 |
12. Final Review Checklist | 最终复习清单
Your goal is to walk into the exam hall with a mental dictionary that across all units. A condensed review should cover: quantum phenomena, field theory, organic reaction mechanisms, transition metal chemistry, biochemistry of respiration and photosynthesis, genetics, and ecological terms.
你的目标是带着一本涵盖所有单元的大脑词典走进考场。精简的复习应覆盖：量子现象、场论、有机反应机理、过渡金属化学、呼吸与光合作用的生物化学、遗传学以及生态学术语。
Spend the last few days before the exam doing active recall: close the book and explain a term in both English and Chinese as if teaching a friend. If you stumble, return to your flashcards. Consistent bilingual engagement makes your knowledge unshakeable.
考试前的最后几天要进行主动回忆：合上书，用英中双语解释一个术语，就像在教朋友一样。如果卡壳，就回到闪卡。持续的双语训练会让你的知识坚不可摧。
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