GCSE Edexcel Sociology: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | GCSE Edexcel 社会学：公式定理速查手册

📚 GCSE Edexcel Sociology: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | GCSE Edexcel 社会学：公式定理速查手册

This quick reference handbook compiles essential formulas, quantitative measures, theoretical ‘theorems’, and key concepts required for the GCSE Edexcel Sociology specification. Use it as a rapid revision tool to refresh your memory on research methods calculations, demographic indicators, and the foundational claims of major sociological perspectives across topics such as families, education, crime and deviance, and social stratification.

本速查手册汇编了 GCSE Edexcel 社会学大纲所需的重要公式、量化指标、理论”定理”及关键概念。可用作快速复习工具，帮你重温研究方法计算、人口指标，以及涵盖家庭、教育、犯罪与偏差、社会分层等议题的主要社会学视角的基础主张。

1. Quantitative Research Methods Formulas | 定量研究方法公式

Mean (average): The arithmetic mean is obtained by summing all the values and dividing by the number of values. Mean = Σx ÷ n

平均数：算术平均数通过将所有数值相加后除以数值个数得出。平均数 = Σx ÷ n

Median: The median is the middle value when data are arranged in ascending or descending order. If the number of observations is even, the median is the average of the two middle values.

中位数：将数据按升序或降序排列后位于中间位置的数值。若观测值个数为偶数，中位数为中间两个数值的平均数。

Mode: The mode is the value that occurs most frequently in a data set. A set may have one mode, more than one mode (bimodal or multimodal), or no mode at all.

众数：在一组数据中出现次数最多的数值。一个数据集中可能有一个众数、多个众数（双众数或多众数）或没有众数。

Range: The range indicates the spread of the data. Range = Maximum value − Minimum value

极差：极差表示数据的离散程度。极差 = 最大值 − 最小值

Percentage change: This formula compares the size of change relative to the original amount. Percentage change = ((New value − Original value) ÷ Original value) × 100%

百分比变化：该公式用于比较变化量相对于原始值的比例。百分比变化 = ((新值 − 原值) ÷ 原值) × 100%

Rate per 1000 (e.g. crime rate, birth rate): Commonly used in official statistics to standardise comparisons. Rate = (Number of events ÷ Total population) × 1000

每千人比率（如犯罪率、出生率）：常用于官方统计数据中以进行标准化比较。比率 = (事件数 ÷ 总人口) × 1000

2. Reliability, Validity and Representativeness ‘Theorems’ | 信度、效度与代表性 “定理”

Reliability theorem: A method is reliable if it yields consistent results when repeated. Reliability is a necessary but not sufficient condition for a sound study — it can be checked via test-retest or inter-rater reliability.

信度定理：如果一种方法在重复使用时能产生一致的结果，则具有信度。信度是高质量研究必要但不充分的条件，可通过重测信度或评分者间信度检验。

Validity theorem: Validity asks whether the research truly captures the phenomenon under study. A measurement can be reliable without being valid; genuine understanding requires high validity.

效度定理：效度探究研究是否真正捕捉到所研究的现象。测量可以可靠而无效；真正的理解需要高效度。

Representativeness theorem: A sample is representative if its key characteristics mirror those of the target population. The sampling technique used largely determines representativeness.

Published by TutorHao | GCSE 社会学 Revision Series | aleveler.com

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