IGCSE AQA Engineering: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | IGCSE AQA 工程：公式定理速查手册

📚 IGCSE AQA Engineering: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | IGCSE AQA 工程：公式定理速查手册

This quick reference handbook compiles all essential formulas, theorems and key relationships required for the IGCSE AQA Engineering syllabus. Use it as a handy revision tool to reinforce your understanding of mechanics, materials, energy, electrical systems and more. Each entry is presented with a brief definition in English followed by its Chinese equivalent, and the mathematical expression is displayed clearly using standard notation.

本速查手册汇集了 IGCSE AQA 工程课程中所有必要的公式、定理和关键关系。可用作方便的复习工具，以巩固对力学、材料、能量、电学系统等方面的理解。每个条目先提供简要的英文定义，再给出对应的中文解释，并使用标准符号清晰地展示数学表达式。

1. Forces and Motion | 力与运动

Average speed is defined as the total distance travelled divided by the total time taken. It is a scalar quantity.

平均速度定义为总行驶距离除以总用时，是一个标量。

v = s / t

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. It can be calculated from the change in velocity over a given time interval.

加速度是速度的变化率，可由给定时间间隔内的速度变化量计算得出。

a = (v − u) / t

Newton’s second law states that the resultant force acting on an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration.

牛顿第二定律指出，作用在物体上的合力等于物体的质量乘以加速度。

F = m × a

Weight is the force of gravity acting on a mass. It is directly proportional to the gravitational field strength.

重量是作用在物体质量上的重力，与重力场强度成正比。

W = m × g

When several forces act on an object, the resultant force is the single force that has the same effect as all the individual forces combined. It can be found by vector addition.

当多个力作用于一个物体时，合力是一个能产生与所有分力合成后相同效果的单一力，可通过矢量加法求得。

2. Moments and Levers | 力矩与杠杆

A moment is the turning effect of a force about a pivot. It depends on the magnitude of the force and the perpendicular distance from the pivot to the line of action of the force.

力矩是力对支点的转动效应，取决于力的大小以及支点到力的作用线的垂直距离。

M = F × d

For a system to be in rotational equilibrium, the sum of the clockwise moments about any pivot must equal the sum of the anticlockwise moments.

要使系统处于转动平衡，对于任意支点，顺时针力矩之和必须等于逆时针力矩之和。

∑ M (clockwise) = ∑ M (anticlockwise)

For a simple lever in equilibrium, the effort multiplied by its distance from the pivot equals the load multiplied by its

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