IGCSE AQA Law: Quick-Reference Formula & Principle Handbook | IGCSE AQA 法律：公式定理速查手册

📚 IGCSE AQA Law: Quick-Reference Formula & Principle Handbook | IGCSE AQA 法律：公式定理速查手册

This handbook compiles the essential ‘formulas’ and principles for IGCSE AQA Law, distilling key legal concepts into concise equations for quick revision. From criminal liability to tort and contract law, each formula captures the necessary elements, with bilingual explanations to solidify understanding.

本手册汇编了IGCSE AQA 法律的核心“公式”与原理，将关键法律概念提炼成简洁方程式，便于快速复习。从刑事责任到侵权法与合同法，每个公式都涵盖了构成要件，并附有双语解释以巩固理解。

1. Crime = Actus Reus + Mens Rea – Defence | 犯罪 = 犯罪行为 + 犯罪意图 – 抗辩

Criminal Liability = Actus Reus + Mens Rea – Defence

Actus reus refers to the guilty act or omission that forms the physical element of a crime. It must be voluntary and can include a failure to act when there is a duty to do so.

犯罪行为是指构成犯罪物理要素的有罪行为或不作为。它必须是自愿的，并可以包括在有义务作为时的失职。

Mens rea is the mental element, including intention, recklessness, or negligence, depending on the offence. It establishes the defendant’s blameworthy state of mind.

犯罪意图是心理要素，包括故意、轻率或过失，视具体罪行而定。它确立被告人应受谴责的心理状态。

A valid defence, such as self-defence or insanity, can negate liability even if actus reus and mens rea are present. The prosecution must disprove the defence beyond reasonable doubt.

即使存在犯罪行为和犯罪意图，有效的抗辩（如自卫或精神错乱）可否定责任。控方须排除合理怀疑地反驳该抗辩。

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2. Murder Formula | 谋杀公式

Unlawful Killing + Malice Aforethought = Murder

Murder is the unlawful killing of a reasonable person in being under the King’s Peace, with malice aforethought. Malice aforethought means intention to kill or cause grievous bodily harm.

谋杀是在国王治安下非法杀害有生命的人，且具有恶意预谋。恶意预谋指意图杀人或造成严重身体伤害。

The actus reus requires an unlawful act or omission causing death. The victim must be a human being, and the killing must not be justified (e.g., self-defence).

犯罪行为要求非法作为或不作为导致死亡。受害者须为人类，且杀人行为无正当理由（如自卫）。

Malice aforethought does not require premeditation; an intent formed at the moment is sufficient. Transferred malice applies if the defendant intended to kill one person but killed another.

恶意预谋不需预谋；即时形成的故意便足够。若被告意图杀害某人却错杀另一人，适用犯意转移原则。

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3. Voluntary Manslaughter: Murder + Special Defence | 自愿过失杀人：谋杀 + 特别抗辩

Murder + Diminished Responsibility / Loss of Control = Voluntary Manslaughter

Voluntary manslaughter arises when the defendant commits murder but a special defence reduces liability. The two main defences are diminished responsibility and loss of control.

当被告犯下谋杀但存在特别抗辩时，可降为自愿过失杀人。两项主要抗辩是减轻责任和失控。

Diminished responsibility requires an abnormality of mental functioning arising from a recognised medical condition that substantially impaired the defendant’s ability to understand his conduct, form a rational judgment, or exercise self-control.

减轻责任要求存在因公认医学状况导致的精神功能异常，严重损害被告理解行为、形成理性判断或行使自控的能力。

Loss of control, formerly provocation, requires a loss of self-control resulting from a qualifying trigger, such as a fear of serious violence or a thing said or done that was extremely grave and caused a justifiable sense of being seriously wronged.

失控（原为激将）要求因合格触发因素（如对严重暴力的恐惧或某言论/行为极端严重且使被告产生被严重冤枉的正当感受）导致自控丧失。

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4. Theft: Five Key Elements | 盗窃罪：五要素

Appropriation + Property + Belonging to Another + Dishonesty + Intention to Permanently Deprive = Theft

Under s.1 Theft Act 1968, a person is guilty of theft if he dishonestly appropriates property belonging to another with the intention of permanently depriving the other of it. All five elements must be proven.

根据1968年盗窃法第1条，任何人以不诚实方式侵占他人财产，意图永久剥夺该财产，即犯盗窃罪。五个要素均须证明。

Appropriation includes assuming any rights of the owner, such as taking, using, or disposing of property. Even if consent was given, appropriation can still occur if there is dishonesty.

侵占包括行使所有者的任何权利，如拿走、使用或处置财产。即使存在同意，若有不诚实，仍可构成侵占。

Dishonesty is judged by the standards of ordinary decent people (the objective test) and whether the defendant realised his actions were dishonest by those standards (the Ghosh test, now modified by Ivey).

不诚实根据普通正派人士的标准（客观测试）以及被告是否认识到其行为按该标准是不诚实的（Ghosh测试，现经Ivey案修正）来判断。

Intention to permanently deprive means the defendant must intend to treat the property as his own to dispose of regardless of the owner’s rights; borrowing may suffice if property is kept until virtually worthless.

永久剥夺意图指被告须意图将财产视为己有，不顾所有者权利而处置；若借用至财产几乎丧失价值，亦可能构成。

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5. Robbery: Theft + Force | 抢劫罪：盗窃 + 暴力

Theft + Use or Threat of Force Immediately Before or at the Time = Robbery

Robbery is defined in s.8 Theft Act 1968. A person commits robbery if he steals and, immediately before or at the time of doing so, uses force on any person or puts them in fear of being then and there subjected to force.

抢劫罪定义于1968年盗窃法第8条。若某人盗窃，并在盗窃即将发生前或盗窃时对任何人使用暴力，或使对方担心当时当场会遭受暴力，即犯抢劫罪。

The force or threat must be used for the purpose of stealing. If force is used after the theft is complete (e.g., to escape), it is not robbery but theft plus a separate assault.

使用暴力或威胁必须以盗窃为目的。若盗窃完成后使用暴力（如为逃脱），则非抢劫，而是盗窃及单独的袭击。

The level of force can be minimal, even a slight push, but it must be directed toward the person and connected to the theft. The victim need not actually be frightened.

暴力程度可以很轻微，即便轻轻一推也可构成，但须针对人身且与盗窃相关。受害人实际上无需感到恐惧。

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6. Non-Fatal Offences: Assault and Battery | 非致命罪行：袭击与殴击

Assault = Causing Apprehension of Immediate Unlawful Force
Battery = Application of Unlawful Force

Assault and battery are distinct common law offences. An assault is committed when the defendant intentionally or recklessly causes the victim to apprehend immediate unlawful force. No physical contact is needed.

袭击与殴击是两项不同的普通法罪行。袭击发生于被告故意或轻率致使受害人担心即将遭受非法暴力。无需身体接触。

Battery is the actual infliction of unlawful force on another person. The force need not be hostile, but any touching without consent can be a battery. It can be direct or indirect.

殴击是实际对他人施加非法暴力。暴力不必是敌意的，任何未经同意的触碰均可构成殴击。可以是直接或间接的。

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7. ABH and GBH: Escalating Harm | 实际身体伤害与严重身体伤害：伤害升级

ABH = Assault/Battery + Occasioning Actual Bodily Harm
GBH s.20 = Wounding/Inflicting GBH + Malice
GBH s.18 = Wounding/Causing GBH + Intent

These offences are under the Offences Against the Person Act 1861. Actual bodily harm (ABH, s.47) requires an assault or battery that occasions any hurt or injury calculated to interfere with health or comfort. Mens rea is the same as for assault or battery.

这些罪行依据1861年侵害人身法。实际身体伤害（ABH，第47条）要求袭击或殴击造成了影响健康或舒适的任何伤害。犯罪意图与袭击或殴击相同。

Grievous bodily harm (GBH) under s.20 requires unlawful wounding or infliction of grievous (really serious) bodily harm, with malice (intention or recklessness as to some harm). It is less serious than s.18.

严重身体伤害（GBH）第20条要求非法伤害或造成严重身体伤害，并具有恶意（对某种伤害的故意或轻率）。其严重性低于第18条。

GBH under s.18 requires unlawful wounding or causing grievous bodily harm with specific intent to cause grievous bodily harm or resist arrest. This carries a maximum life sentence.

第18条GBH

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