📚 IGCSE AQA Physical Education: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Reference | IGCSE AQA 体育：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the language of Physical Education is your first step toward exam success. This guide breaks down the essential terminology from the IGCSE AQA PE specification into clear, memorable pairs. From anatomical planes to principles of training, each term is explained in both English and Chinese so you can build a bilingual command of the subject and recall definitions accurately under pressure.
掌握体育学科的术语是你迈向考试成功的第一步。这份指南将 IGCSE AQA 体育课程中的核心术语拆解为清晰、易于记忆的英中配对内容。从解剖平面到训练原则，每个术语都用英文和中文进行解释，让你能够建立对学科的双语掌控，并在压力下准确回忆定义。
1. The Skeleton and Joints | 骨骼与关节
The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribcage) and the appendicular skeleton (limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdles). Knowing these regions helps you locate bones quickly in an exam diagram.
骨骼分为中轴骨（颅骨、脊柱、胸廓）和附肢骨（四肢、肩胛带和骨盆带）。熟悉这些区域能帮助你在考试示意图中快速定位骨骼。
A joint is the point where two or more bones meet. Synovial joints, such as the hinge joint at the elbow and the ball-and-socket joint at the shoulder, are freely movable and contain synovial fluid to reduce friction.
关节是两块或多块骨骼交汇的部位。滑膜关节，例如肘部的屈戍关节和肩部的球窝关节，能够自由活动，并含有滑液以减少摩擦。
Key terms for joint movement include flexion (bending, decreasing angle), extension (straightening, increasing angle), abduction (moving away from the midline), adduction (moving toward the midline), rotation, and circumduction.
关节运动的关键术语包括屈（弯曲，角度减小）、伸（伸展，角度增大）、外展（远离身体中线）、内收（靠近身体中线）、旋转和环转。
2. Muscular System Keywords | 肌肉系统关键词
Voluntary muscles, also called skeletal muscles, are under conscious control and attach to bones via tendons. The origin is the fixed attachment point on a bone, while the insertion moves during contraction.
随意肌又称骨骼肌，由意识支配，并通过肌腱附着在骨骼上。起点是骨骼上固定的附着点，而止点在收缩时发生移动。
Antagonistic pairs are muscle groups that work opposite to each other. The prime mover (agonist) contracts to create movement, and the antagonist relaxes. For example, during a bicep curl, the biceps brachii is the agonist and the triceps brachii is the antagonist.
拮抗肌对是相互对抗工作的肌肉群。主动肌（原动肌）收缩产生动作，拮抗肌则放松。例如在做肱二头肌弯举时，肱二头肌是原动肌，肱三头肌是拮抗肌。
Isometric contraction occurs when a muscle tenses without changing length (e.g., holding a plank), while isotonic contraction involves length change – concentric (shortening) and eccentric (lengthening under tension).
等长收缩是指肌肉产生张力但长度不变（如平板支撑），而等张收缩涉及长度变化——向心收缩（缩短）和离心收缩（在张力下伸长）。
3. The Cardiorespiratory System | 心肺系统
The heart is a four-chambered pump with two atria and two ventricles. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium, passes to the right ventricle, and is sent to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium, goes to the left ventricle, and is ejected to the body through the aorta.
心脏是一个四腔泵，有两个心房和两个心室。脱氧血进入右心房，通过右心室，经肺动脉送往肺部。含氧血返回左心房，进入左心室，再经主动脉泵送到全身。
Heart rate (HR) is the number of heartbeats per minute. Stroke volume (SV) is the volume of blood pumped per beat. Cardiac output (Q) = HR × SV. During exercise, both HR and SV increase to deliver more oxygen to working muscles.
心率（HR）是每分钟心跳次数。每搏输出量（SV）是每次心跳泵出的血量。心输出量（Q）= 心率 × 每搏输出量。运动时，心率和每搏输出量均增加，以向工作肌肉输送更多氧气。
Key lung volumes: tidal volume (air in/out per normal breath), vital capacity (maximal air exhaled after maximal inhalation), and minute ventilation (volume of air breathed per minute, = tidal volume × respiratory rate).
关键肺容积术语：潮气量（每次正常呼吸吸入或呼出的气量）、肺活量（最大吸气后能呼出的最大气量）和每分通气量（每分钟呼吸的气量，= 潮气量 × 呼吸频率）。
4. Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise | 有氧与无氧运动
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to break down glucose, producing carbon dioxide, water, and a large amount of ATP (energy). It occurs during prolonged, moderate-intensity activities such as jogging, cycling, and swimming.
有氧呼吸利用氧气分解葡萄糖，产生二氧化碳、水和大量ATP（能量）。它发生在长时间、中等强度的活动中，如慢跑、骑自行车和游泳。
Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen, yielding lactic acid and a small amount of ATP very quickly. This process fuels high-intensity, short-duration efforts like sprinting or weightlifting. The build-up of lactic acid contributes to muscle fatigue and the oxygen debt that must be repaid during recovery.
无氧呼吸在缺氧时进行，产生乳酸和少量ATP，速度极快。这一过程为高强度、短时间运动供能，例如冲刺或举重。乳酸的堆积导致肌肉疲劳，并形成氧债，必须在恢复期偿还。
The term EPOC (excess post-exercise oxygen consumption) refers to the elevated oxygen intake after strenuous exercise, needed to clear lactate, replenish ATP/CP stores, and restore body temperature.
术语EPOC（运动后过量氧耗）指剧烈运动后氧气摄入量仍保持较高水平，用于清除乳酸、补充ATP/CP储备和恢复体温。
5. Components of Fitness | 体适能要素
Health-related fitness components include cardiovascular endurance (efficiency of the heart and lungs), muscular strength (maximal force), muscular endurance (repeated contractions), flexibility (range of motion around a joint), and body composition (ratio of fat to lean mass).
健康相关体适能要素包括心血管耐力（心肺效率）、肌肉力量（最大力量）、肌肉耐力（重复收缩能力）、柔韧性（关节活动范围）和身体成分（脂肪与瘦体重的比例）。
Skill-related fitness components are agility (ability to change direction quickly), balance (maintaining stability), coordination (smooth integration of movements), power (strength × speed), reaction time (time taken to respond to a stimulus), and speed (rate of movement).
技能相关体适能要素包括灵敏（快速改变方向的能力）、平衡（保持稳定的能力）、协调（动作平滑整合）、爆发力（力量 × 速度）、反应时（对刺激作出反应的时间）和速度（移动速率）。
For the exam, you must be able to link each component to a specific sporting example: a gymnast needs excellent balance and flexibility, whereas a 100‑metre sprinter relies heavily on power, reaction time, and speed.
考试中，你必须能将每项要素与具体的运动实例联系起来：体操运动员需要出色的平衡和柔韧性，而100米短跑运动员主要依赖爆发力、反应时和速度。
6. Principles of Training & Methods | 训练原则与方法
The FITT principle guides exercise programming: Frequency (how often), Intensity (how hard), Time (how long), and Type (mode of exercise). To improve cardiovascular fitness, you might train 3–5 times per week at 60–80% of maximum heart rate for at least 20 minutes using continuous training.
FITT 原则指导训练计划：频率（多久一次）、强度（多难）、时间（多久）和类型（运动方式）。为提高心血管适能，你可以每周训练3–5次，以最大心率的60–80%持续运动至少20分钟，采用持续训练法。
Progressive overload requires gradually increasing the demand on the body to cause adaptation. Specificity means training must be relevant to the sport, and reversibility refers to fitness losses when training stops. Tedium can be avoided by varying activities.
渐进超负荷要求逐步增加身体负荷以促使其适应。专门性意味着训练必须与运动项目相关，可逆性指停止训练后体适能水平会下降。可通过变换训练内容来避免枯燥。
Common training methods: continuous training (steady intensity), interval training (periods of hard work with recovery), circuit training (stations for different exercises), weight training (resistance for strength), plyometrics (fast, powerful movements), and Fartlek training (speed play – varied intensities).
常见训练方法：持续训练（稳定强度）、间歇训练（高强度与恢复交替）、循环训练（不同练习站点的轮换）、重量训练（抗阻练力量）、增强式训练（快速有力的动作）和法特莱克训练（变速游戏）。
Estimated maximum heart rate = 220 – age
估算最大心率 = 220 – 年龄
7. Skill Acquisition & Information Processing | 技能习得与信息处理
A skill is a learned action with a predetermined objective. Basic skills are simple and require little decision-making (e.g., running). Complex skills have many sub-routines and demand high cognitive involvement (e.g., a backflip in gymnastics). Open skills are performed in unpredictable environments (e.g., a football pass), while closed skills are self-paced and stable (e.g., a golf swing).
技能是带有预定目标的学习性动作。基本技能简单，决策需求少（如跑步）。复杂技能含多个子程序，需要大量认知参与（如体操后空翻）。开放技能是在不可预测的环境中执行（如足球传球），封闭技能则是自我定速且环境稳定（如高尔夫挥杆）。
Information processing models describe how we take in, interpret, and act upon information. The basic stages are input (senses receive data), decision‑making (brain selects response), output (motor programme executed), and feedback (information about the outcome).
信息处理模型描述我们如何接收、解释信息并作出反应。基本阶段包括输入（感官接收数据）、决策（大脑选择反应）、输出（执行运动程序）和反馈（关于结果的信息）。
Types of feedback: intrinsic (from within, e.g., feeling the shot was good), extrinsic (from an external source, e.g., coach), knowledge of performance (quality of movement), and knowledge of results (e.g., time, score). Positive feedback encourages, while negative feedback highlights errors for correction.
反馈类型：内在反馈（来自内部，例如感觉投篮很好）、外在反馈（来自外部，如教练）、表现反馈（动作质量）和结果反馈（如时间、得分）。正面反馈给予鼓励，负面反馈指出错误以便纠正。
8. Levers and Mechanical Advantage | 杠杆与机械效益
Levers help generate speed or force. A first-class lever has the fulcrum between effort and load (e.g., nodding the head – neck joint). A second-class lever has the load between the fulcrum and the effort (e.g., standing on tiptoes – ball of foot as fulcrum). A third-class lever has the effort between the fulcrum and the load (most common in the body, e.g., bicep curl at the elbow).
杠杆有助于产生速度或力量。一级杠杆的支点在力点和负荷之间（如点头动作——寰枕关节）。二级杠杆的负荷在支点和力点之间（如踮脚尖——跖骨球为支点）。三级杠杆的力点在支点和负荷之间（人体中最常见，如肘部弯举）。
Mechanical advantage = effort arm ÷ resistance arm. A third-class lever has a mechanical advantage of less than 1, meaning it sacrifices force to gain speed and range of motion – ideal for throwing and kicking actions.
机械效益 = 力臂 ÷ 阻力臂。三级杠杆的机械效益小于1，意味着它牺牲力量以换取速度和运动范围——非常适合投掷和踢击动作。
9. Health, Fitness and Well-Being | 健康、体适能与幸福
Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease. Fitness is the ability to meet the demands of the environment. Well-being includes feeling happy, confident, and engaged in life.
健康是身体、心理和社会完全安宁的状态，而不仅仅是没有疾病。体适能是满足环境需求的能力。幸福感包括感到快乐、自信并积极投入生活。
Sedentary lifestyles increase the risk of hypokinetic diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and poor posture. Regular physical activity helps manage weight, strengthens bones, reduces stress, and improves sleep quality.
久坐的生活方式会增加运动不足症的风险，如肥胖、2型糖尿病、心血管疾病和不良体态。规律身体活动有助于控制体重、强健骨骼、减轻压力并改善睡眠质量。
A balanced diet should include carbohydrates (main energy source), proteins (growth and repair), fats (insulation and slow energy), vitamins, minerals, water (hydration and temperature regulation), and fibre (digestive health). For athletes, carb-loading before endurance events maximises glycogen stores.
均衡膳食应包括碳水化合物（主要能量来源）、蛋白质（生长与修复）、脂肪（绝缘和长效能量）、维生素、矿物质、水（水合与体温调节）和纤维（消化健康）。对于运动员，耐力赛事前的碳水负荷能最大限度增加糖原储备。
10. Data, Graphs and Analysis | 数据、图表与分析
In the exam, you may be asked to interpret data from graphs such as heart rate over time, force‑velocity curves, or participation figures. Look for trends, anomalies, and calculate percentages or mean values.
考试中可能要求你解读图表数据，例如心率随时间变化图、力‑速度曲线或参与人数数据。要找出趋势、异常值，并计算百分比或平均值。
A par‑Q (Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire) assesses a person’s readiness to begin an exercise programme by identifying potential health risks.
身体活动准备问卷（PAR‑Q）通过识别潜在健康风险来评估个人开始锻炼计划前的准备情况。
Validity refers to whether a test measures what it claims to measure (e.g., the multi‑stage fitness test is a valid measure of cardiovascular endurance). Reliability means that results can be repeated with consistency. Use these terms accurately when evaluating fitness testing protocols.
效度指测试是否测量了声称要测量的内容（例如，多阶段体能测试是心血管耐力的有效测量方法）。信度意味着测试结果可重复并保持一致。在评价体适能测试方案时要准确使用这些术语。
11. Socio‑Cultural Influences and Ethics | 社会文化影响与伦理
Factors such as gender, age, disability, ethnicity, and socio‑economic status can affect participation rates in sport. Organisations like Sport England and various campaigns aim to reduce barriers and promote inclusion.
性别、年龄、残疾、种族和社会经济地位等因素会影响体育参与率。像英格兰体育局和各种行动倡议旨在减少障碍并促进包容。
Ethical conduct in sport covers sportsmanship, gamesmanship, and deviance. Sportsmanship is fair play with respect for rules and opponents. Gamesmanship involves bending the rules to gain an advantage without technically breaking them (e.g., time‑wasting). Deviance includes deliberate dangerous fouls, doping, and match‑fixing – all strictly prohibited.
体育道德行为涵盖体育精神、竞赛计谋和违规行为。体育精神是指遵守规则、尊重对手的公平竞争。竞赛计谋是在不直接犯规的情况下钻规则空子以获得优势（如拖延时间）。违规行为包括故意的危险犯规、使用兴奋剂和假赛——这些都被严格禁止。
Performance‑enhancing drugs such as anabolic steroids (increase muscle mass), beta blockers (reduce anxiety and heart rate), and stimulants (increase alertness and reduce fatigue) carry serious health risks and lead to bans.
能提高运动表现的药物，如合成代谢类固醇（增加肌肉质量）、β受体阻滞剂（降低焦虑和心率）和兴奋剂（提高警觉并延缓疲劳），均带有严重的健康风险并会导致禁赛。
Technology in sport – from carbon‑fibre prostheses to VAR in football – continues to raise debates about fairness, accessibility, and the nature of competition.
科技在体育中的应用——从碳纤维假肢到足球视频助理裁判——不断引发关于公平性、可及性和竞争本质的讨论。
12. Quick‑Recall Quiz & Memory Tricks | 快速回忆小测与记忆技巧
Use mnemonics to lock in sequences: for the four Valves of the heart – ‘Try Pulling My Aorta’ (Tricuspid, Pulmonary, Mitral, Aortic). For the functions of the skeleton, remember ‘SPMBS’ – Support, Protection, Movement, Blood cell production, Storage of minerals.
用助记术记住序列：心脏四个瓣膜——’Try Pulling My Aorta’（三尖瓣、肺动脉瓣、二尖瓣、主动脉瓣）。骨骼的功能，记住’SPMBS’——支持、保护、运动、造血、矿物质储存。
Visualise antagonistic pairs by acting them out: when you flex your elbow, feel the biceps contract (agonist) and triceps relax (antagonist). Bilateral learning reinforces terminology through physical action.
通过动作演示来想象拮抗肌对：当你弯曲肘部时，感觉肱二头肌收缩（原动肌）和肱三头肌放松（拮抗肌）。双侧学习通过身体动作强化术语记忆。
Create bilingual flashcards with a term on one side and its English/Chinese definition on the reverse. Review them using spaced repetition – short, daily sessions are far more effective than cramming.
制作双语闪卡，一面写术语，另一面写英文/中文定义。采用间隔重复法复习——短时间、每日坚持远比临时突击有效。
Finally, always answer practice exam questions using precise vocabulary. Examiners award marks for correctly using terms like ‘vasodilation’, ‘haemoglobin’, ‘synovial membrane’, and ‘oxygen debt’ – so make them a natural part of your written responses.
最后，始终用精确的词汇来回答练习试题。考官会为正确使用“血管舒张”“血红蛋白”“滑膜”和“氧债”等术语而给分——因此要让它们成为你书面作答中自然的一部分。
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