📚 IGCSE CAIE Engineering: Key Terminology Quick Memory Guide | IGCSE CAIE 工程：词汇术语速记指南
Engineering at IGCSE level introduces a vast array of technical vocabulary that can be challenging to memorise. This quick guide presents key terms organised by topic, along with memory aids to help you recall definitions and apply them in exams. Mastering these terms will strengthen your understanding and boost your confidence.
IGCSE 工程课程涉及大量技术词汇，记忆起来颇有挑战。本速记指南按主题整理核心术语，并附记忆提示，助你在考试中快速回忆并准确应用。掌握这些术语将加深理解、提升信心。
1. Materials and Mechanical Properties | 材料与力学性能
Density: The mass per unit volume of a material, measured in kg/m³. High‑density materials feel heavy for their size, e.g. lead. Think of density as ‘compactness’.
密度：材料单位体积的质量，单位为 kg/m³。高密度材料在同等体积下更重，如铅。记忆法：密度即“致密程度”。
Hardness: Ability to resist indentation, scratching or wear. Diamond is very hard. Hardness is tested by pressing a hard ball or diamond tip into the surface. Remember: hard materials resist being marked.
硬度：抵抗压痕、刮擦或磨损的能力。钻石极硬。硬度通过硬球或金刚石压头测试。记忆法：越硬越难留印痕。
Toughness: The capacity to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing. Tough materials, like mild steel, can withstand impact. They combine strength and ductility.
韧性：吸收能量发生塑性变形而不破裂的能力。韧性材料如低碳钢可承受冲击。记忆法：“既强又韧”，结合强度与塑性。
Ductility: The ability of a material to be drawn into a thin wire. Copper is highly ductile. Ductile materials show large plastic deformation before breaking.
延展性：材料可被拉成细丝的性质。铜的延展性极好。记忆法：延展 = 可拉长而不断。
Brittleness: A property where a material breaks suddenly with little or no plastic deformation. Glass and cast iron are brittle. Brittle materials snap without warning.
脆性：材料在几乎没有塑性变形的情况下突然断裂的性质。玻璃、铸铁属于脆性材料。记忆法：脆 = 一敲就碎。
Elasticity: The ability of a material to return to its original shape once the deforming load is removed. Rubber bands show elasticity. Elastic limit is the maximum stress before permanent deformation.
弹性：材料在去除变形载荷后恢复原始形状的能力。橡皮筋具有弹性。记忆法：弹性如弹簧，形变可逆。
2. Forces, Loads and Stresses | 力、载荷与应力
Tension: A pulling force that stretches a material. Cables, ropes and tie‑rods are designed to carry tension. Tension causes elongation.
拉力：拉伸材料的力。缆绳、吊索和拉杆承受拉力。记忆法：拉 = 拉开变长。
Compression: A pushing force that shortens or squashes a material. Columns and piers experience compression. Compression can cause buckling if the member is slender.
压力：压短或压紧材料的力。柱子和桥墩承受压力。记忆法：压 = 缩小压短。
Shear: A force that causes layers of a material to slide relative to each other. Scissors and guillotines apply shear. Shear stress is force parallel to the area.
剪切力：使材料各层相对滑动的力。剪刀、铡刀施加剪切。记忆法：剪 = 切向滑动。
Torsion: A twisting force that creates a torque. Drive shafts and screwdrivers undergo torsion. The angle of twist depends on the material and length.
扭力：产生扭矩的扭转力。传动轴、螺丝刀承受扭力。记忆法：扭转如拧干毛巾。
Bending: A combination of tension and compression acting on opposite sides of a member. A beam supported at both ends bends when loaded, creating tension at the bottom and compression at the top.
弯曲：构件相对两侧同时受拉和受压的组合作用。简支梁受载时弯曲，下侧受拉、上侧受压。记忆法：弯 = 一面拉 + 一面压。
Stress: Force applied per unit area, measured in pascals (N/m²). Stress = Force / Area. High stress can lead to failure. Imagine the internal ‘pressure’ inside a material.
应力：单位面积上承受的力，单位为帕斯卡。应力 = 力 / 面积。高应力可能导致破坏。记忆法：材料内部的“受力强度”。
Strain: The deformation per unit length, a dimensionless ratio. Strain = change in length / original length. Tensile strain is positive; compressive strain is negative.
应变：单位长度的变形量，无量纲。应变 = 伸长量 / 原始长度。拉伸应变为正，压缩为负。记忆法：变形的相对程度。
3. Mechanics: Levers and Linkages | 力学：杠杆与连杆机构
Lever: A rigid bar that rotates around a fixed pivot called the fulcrum. Levers can amplify force or speed. Classes of levers depend on the relative positions of effort, load and fulcrum.
杠杆：绕固定支点转动的刚性杆。杠杆可以放大作用力或速度。根据动力、负载和支点的位置分为不同类别。记忆法：“给我一个支点撬动地球”。
Fulcrum: The fixed pivot point about which a lever turns. Moving the fulcrum changes the mechanical advantage.
支点：杠杆转动的固定铰点。移动支点会改变机械利益。记忆法：支撑转动的点。
Effort: The input force applied by the user or actuator. In a crowbar, the effort is the force you apply on the handle.
动力：使用者或驱动器施加的输入力。用撬棍时，你施力于手柄即为动力。记忆法：你付出的力。
Load: The resistance or output force that needs to be overcome or moved. In a pair of pliers, the load is the object being gripped.
负载：需要克服或移动的阻力／输出力。用钳子时，被夹持物体就是负载。记忆法：要克服的重物。
Mechanical Advantage (MA): The ratio of load to effort. MA = Load / Effort. An MA greater than 1 means the lever multiplies the input force.
机械利益 (MA)：负载与动力的比值。MA = 负载 / 动力。MA 大于 1 表示省力。记忆法：输出力放大的倍数。
Linkage: An assembly of rigid bars connected by joints or pivots to transmit motion and force. Four‑bar linkages are common in wiper mechanisms and robotic arms.
连杆机构：通过铰链或销轴连接刚性杆件，用于传递运动和力。四杆机构常见于雨刮器和机械臂。记忆法：连动杆系。
Crank: A rotating arm fixed to a shaft, used to convert rotary motion into reciprocating motion (or vice versa). A bicycle crank drives the chain.
曲柄：固定在轴上的旋转臂，将旋转运动转换为往复运动（或反过来）。自行车脚蹬即为曲柄。记忆法：曲柄转动带动连杆。
4. Motion and Mechanisms | 运动与机构
Linear Motion: Movement in a straight line, such as the piston sliding in a cylinder. Units of velocity are m/s.
直线运动：沿直线移动，如活塞在气缸内滑动。速度单位为 m/s。记忆法：笔直前进。
Published by TutorHao | IGCSE 工程 Revision Series | aleveler.com更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导