IGCSE CIE Geography: Case Study Practice and Drills | IGCSE CIE 地理：案例分析实战演练

📚 IGCSE CIE Geography: Case Study Practice and Drills | IGCSE CIE 地理：案例分析实战演练

Welcome to a targeted practice session designed to sharpen your ability to deploy case studies effectively in the IGCSE CIE Geography examination. Case studies are the backbone of high-scoring answers in Papers 1 and 2, requiring you to recall specific place-based detail, relevant data and clear evaluative judgement. This article walks you through a series of real examination-style case study drills, covering the core themes of population, settlement, rivers, coasts, weather, economic development, tourism, water and energy. Each section presents a concise model answer in English immediately followed by its Chinese equivalent, enabling bilingual learners to master structure, terminology and key facts simultaneously. By actively engaging with these worked examples, you will learn how to pick appropriate case studies, organise your knowledge and avoid common pitfalls under timed conditions.

欢迎来到一次目标明确的实战演练，旨在提高你在 IGCSE CIE 地理考试中有效运用案例分析的能力。案例分析是试卷一和试卷二中高分答案的核心，要求你回忆具体的地点细节、相关数据和清晰的评价性判断。本文将通过一系列真实的考试风格案例演练，带你回顾人口、定居点、河流、海岸、天气、经济发展、旅游、水和能源等核心主题。每个部分都提供简洁的英文模型答案，并紧跟其中文对应版本，使双语学习者能够同时掌握结构、术语和关键事实。通过积极参与这些范例练习，你将学会如何选择合适的案例、组织知识并避免在限时条件下常见的失误。

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1. The Role of Case Studies in IGCSE Geography | 案例研究在 IGCSE 地理中的作用

In CIE IGCSE Geography, case studies are not optional extras; they are mandatory evidence that you can apply theoretical concepts to real-world contexts. Examiners expect you to name a specific location, provide accurate statistics and demonstrate an understanding of both physical and human processes at work. A strong case study answer always makes clear links between the general theme and the particular example, using phrases like ‘For instance, in…’ or ‘A clear example of this is…’.

在 CIE IGCSE 地理中，案例研究不是可选项，而是你必须提供的证据，证明你能够将理论概念应用于现实世界。考官期望你能够说出具体的地点，提供准确的统计数据，并表现出对自然和人文过程的理解。一个有力的案例分析答案总是会在一般主题和具体例子之间建立清晰的联系，使用诸如“例如，在……”或“一个明显的例子是……”等表述。

Before you begin writing, quickly note down 3–5 bullet points of essential facts for your chosen case study: location name, key numbers (e.g. population size, river discharge, economic growth rate), dates of major events and one or two specific place names. This mental checklist prevents you from offering vague generalisations that earn few marks. In the drills below, we model this approach by presenting focused facts and then explaining their significance.

在你开始写作之前，快速记下所选案例的 3-5 个要点：地点名称、关键数字（如人口规模、河流流量、经济增长率）、重大事件的日期以及一两个具体地名。这个心理清单可以防止你提供模糊的泛泛之谈而只能得到很少的分数。在下面的演练中，我们通过呈现聚焦的事实并解释其重要性来示范这种方法。

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2. Population Case Study: China’s Pro-Natalist Shift | 人口案例分析：中国的鼓励生育转变

China’s population policy evolution provides an excellent case study for both pro-natalist and anti-natalist approaches. After decades of the One-Child Policy (introduced in 1979), the government relaxed restrictions to a Two-Child Policy in 2016 and further to a Three-Child Policy in 2021. This shift was a direct response to a rapidly ageing population and a shrinking workforce: by 2020, 18.7% of the population was aged 60 or above, and the total fertility rate had fallen to just 1.3 children per woman.

中国人口政策的演变为了解鼓励生育和限制生育两种方法提供了绝佳案例。在实施了几十年的独生子女政策（1979 年推出）之后，政府于 2016 年放宽为二孩政策，并于 2021 年进一步放宽为三孩政策。这一转变是对人口迅速老龄化和劳动力缩减的直接回应：到 2020 年，60 岁及以上人口占 18.7%，总和生育率降至仅每名妇女 1.3 个孩子。

The consequences of the earlier anti-natalist policy included a severe gender imbalance (with a sex ratio at birth peaking at 121 boys per 100 girls in 2004) and a rising dependency ratio. The new pro-natalist measures, such as extended maternity leave, tax deductions and housing subsidies, aim to ease the financial burden on families. However, the effectiveness remains limited because high living costs and changing social norms continue to discourage larger families.

早期限制生育政策的后果包括严重的性别失衡（2004 年出生人口性别比达到顶峰，每 100 名女孩对应 121 名男孩）和抚养比上升。新的鼓励生育措施，如延长产假、减税和住房补贴，旨在减轻家庭的经济负担。然而，其效果仍然有限，因为高昂的生活成本和不断变化的社会规范继续阻碍人们生育更多孩子。

When using this case study in an exam, always specify the policy names, key years and at least two statistics. Compare China with another pro-natalist country, such as France, to demonstrate the ability to evaluate differing levels of success.

在考试中运用这个案例时，一定要说明政策名称、关键年份和至少两项统计数据。将中国与另一个鼓励生育的国家（如法国）进行比较，以展示你能够评估不同程度的成功。

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3. Settlement Case Study: Traffic Congestion in Bangkok | 定居点案例分析：曼谷的交通拥堵

Bangkok, the capital of Thailand, is notorious for some of the worst traffic congestion in the world, making it an ideal case study for urban problems in a rapidly growing megacity. With a metropolitan population exceeding 14 million, the city’s vehicle ownership grew by over 5% per year in the decade before 2020, far outpacing road infrastructure expansion. Average commuters can spend up to 3 hours per day stuck in traffic, leading to significant economic losses and severe air pollution.

泰国首都曼谷以其世界上最为严重的交通拥堵而闻名，使其成为研究快速发展的特大城市中城市问题的理想案例。大都市区人口超过 1400 万，在 2020 年之前的十年里，机动车保有量以每年超过 5% 的速度增长，远远超过了道路基础设施的扩张速度。平均通勤者每天可能花费长达 3 小时堵在路上，造成了巨大的经济损失和严重的空气污染。

To manage this, authorities introduced the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) and the Bangkok Skytrain (BTS) systems, alongside road pricing proposals. The BTS network carries over 800,000 passengers daily, yet modal shift has been slow because many residents still prefer private cars for last-mile connectivity. Other strategies include the construction of expressways and intelligent traffic light control. Despite these efforts, the city struggles with a lack of integrated land-use planning, which continues to generate high trip volumes from sprawling suburbs.

为了管理这一问题，当局引入了地铁（MRT）和曼谷轻轨（BTS）系统，同时提出了道路收费方案。BTS 网络每天运送超过 80 万名乘客，但交通方式转变缓慢，因为许多居民在最后一公里连接问题上仍偏爱私家车。其他策略包括建设高速公路和智能交通灯控制。尽管做出了这些努力，城市仍受困于缺乏综合性的土地利用规划，这继续导致无序扩张的郊区产生大量出行需求。

In your answer, connect congestion to wider themes of rapid urbanisation, environmental degradation and the challenges of providing sustainable urban transport. Always mention the name of a specific transport scheme and a figure to add credibility.

在你的回答中，将拥堵与快速城市化、环境退化以及提供可持续城市交通的挑战等更广泛的主题联系起来。务必提及具体交通方案的名称和一个数据以增加可信度。

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4. River Environments: Flood Management on the Mississippi | 河流环境：密西西比河的洪水管理

The Mississippi River, draining 41% of the contiguous United States, provides a textbook example of both physical flood causes and human management responses. The Great Flood of 1993 was one of the most devastating in US history, affecting nine states, leaving 50,000 homes damaged and causing over $15 billion in losses. The primary physical causes were record-breaking spring rainfall and saturated soils, but human modifications such as levee construction and wetland drainage had greatly reduced the river’s natural flood storage capacity.

密西西比河流域覆盖美国本土 41% 的面积，是研究洪水自然成因和人类管理响应的教科书式案例。1993 年的大洪水是美国历史上最具破坏性的洪水之一，影响了九个州，导致 5 万座房屋受损，造成超过 150 亿美元的损失。主要的自然成因是创纪录的春季降雨和饱和的土壤，但人类改造，如修建堤坝和排干湿地，大大降低了河流的天然蓄洪能力。

Post-1993, management shifted towards a mix of hard and soft engineering. Hard engineering includes the extensive levee system (over 3,500 km) and floodwalls, while soft engineering emphasises the restoration of floodplains and wetlands through programmes such as the Emergency Wetlands Reserve Program. The lesson learned is that relying on levies alone can actually increase downstream flood risk by preventing water from spilling naturally onto floodplains. Therefore, a more holistic catchment-wide approach is essential.

1993 年之后，管理转向硬工程和软工程相结合的方式。硬工程包括广泛的堤坝系统（超过 3500 公里）和防洪墙，而软工程则通过如紧急湿地保护区计划等项目强调恢复洪泛区和湿地。从中吸取的教训是，单靠堤坝实际上可能会阻止水流自然地漫溢到洪泛区，从而增加下游的洪水风险。因此，更全面的全流域方法至关重要。

You can strengthen this case study by comparing the Mississippi with a flood in an LEDC, such as Bangladesh in 1998, to explore how levels of wealth affect the choice and effectiveness of flood management strategies.

你可以通过将密西西比河与一个欠发达国家的洪水（如 1998 年的孟加拉国）进行比较来强化这个案例研究，探讨财富水平如何影响洪水管理策略的选择和有效性。

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5. Coastal Processes: Erosion at the Holderness Coast | 海岸过程：霍尔德内斯海岸的侵蚀

The Holderness Coast in East Yorkshire, England, is one of Europe’s fastest-eroding coastlines, with an average annual retreat of up to 2 metres. The cliffs are composed mainly of soft boulder clay, which is easily eroded by wave action, especially during North Sea storms. Longshore drift moves material southwards from Flamborough Head, but the net loss of sediment creates a deficit that accelerates erosion further down the coast.

英格兰东约克郡的霍尔德内斯海岸是欧洲侵蚀最快的海岸线之一，平均每年后退达 2 米。悬崖主要由松软的泥砾岩构成，很容易在波浪作用（尤其是在北海风暴期间）下被侵蚀。沿岸漂移将沉积物从弗兰伯勒岬向南搬运，但沉积物的净损失造成了亏损，进一步加速了海岸下游的侵蚀。

Management at Holderness illustrates the dilemma of where to defend. At Mappleton, a small village with a key coastal road, £2 million was spent in 1991 to build two rock groynes and a rock revetment. While this succeeded in protecting the village, it starved the downdrift coast of sediment, accelerating erosion in areas like Great Cowden, where the cliff line has retreated over 100 metres since the groynes were installed. This demonstrates the concept of ‘knock-on effects’ in coastal management, often called terminal groyne syndrome.

霍尔德内斯的管理展示了“在哪里进行保护”的困境。在拥有重要沿海公路的小村庄马普尔顿，1991 年花费了 200 万英镑建造了两座岩石防波堤和一道岩石护岸。虽然这成功地保护了村庄，但它使下游海岸缺乏沉积物，加剧了大考登等地的侵蚀，自防波堤安装以来，该处的崖线已后退了 100 多米。这展示了海岸管理中的“连锁反应”概念，常被称为末端防波堤综合征。

Use this case study to discuss cost-benefit analysis and the conflict between different stakeholders. Contrast with ‘do nothing’ managed retreat at less valuable stretches to show your understanding of sustainable coastal management.

运用这个案例研究来讨论成本效益分析以及不同利益相关者之间的冲突。与在价值较低岸段采取“不干预”的管理性后退进行对比，以展示你对可持续海岸管理的理解。

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6. Weather and Climate: Tropical Cyclone Idai | 天气与气候：热带气旋伊代

Tropical Cyclone Idai, which struck southeast Africa in March 2019, is a powerful case study of a tropical storm’s impact on less developed countries. Idai made landfall near Beira, Mozambique, with wind speeds exceeding 165 km/h, bringing torrential rainfall of over 600 mm in 24 hours. The resulting floods and landslides caused catastrophic loss of life, with over 1,300 people confirmed dead and 3 million affected across Mozambique, Malawi and Zimbabwe.

2019 年 3 月袭击非洲东南部的热带气旋伊代，是研究热带风暴对欠发达国家影响的一个强有力的案例。伊代在莫桑比克贝拉市附近登陆，风速超过 165 公里/小时，24 小时内带来超过 600 毫米的暴雨。由此引发的洪水和山体滑坡造成了灾难性的人员损失，莫桑比克、马拉维和津巴布韦三国共有超过 1300 人死亡，300 万人受灾。

The severity of the impact was magnified by high levels of poverty, poor-quality housing and inadequate early warning systems. In Beira, 90% of the city was damaged or destroyed. The emergency response was hampered by flooded roads and a lack of resources, although international aid eventually provided food, clean water and medical support. Long-term recovery has been slow, highlighting the link between a country’s development level and its resilience to extreme weather events.

严重的贫穷、劣质的住房和不完善的预警系统放大了影响的严重性。在贝拉，90% 的城市遭到破坏或摧毁。尽管国际援助最终提供了食物、清洁水和医疗支持，但应急响应仍因道路被淹和资源匮乏而受阻。长期的恢复工作进展缓慢，这凸显了一个国家的发展水平与其抵御极端天气事件能力之间的联系。

When you use a weather case study, remember to give the exact track or landfall location, wind speeds and rainfall totals. Always link environmental impacts to human factors—this is where many students lose marks by only describing the storm’s physics.

当你使用天气案例时，记得给出确切的路径或登陆地点、风速和降雨总量。始终将环境影响与人为因素联系起来——许多学生仅描述风暴的物理原理，这正是在此失分的地方。

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7. Economic Development: Vietnam’s Manufacturing Boom | 经济发展：越南的制造业繁荣

Vietnam’s transformation from a war-torn, low-income country into a lower-middle-income manufacturing hub offers a classic illustration of the role of foreign direct investment (FDI) in development. Since the Doi Moi economic reforms of 1986, the country has embraced export-oriented industrialisation. By 2022, manufacturing accounted for over 25% of GDP, and major global brands like Samsung and Nike had established extensive production facilities. The poverty rate fell from over 60% in the early 1990s to below 5% by 2022.

越南从一个饱受战争蹂躏的低收入国家转变为一个中低收入制造业中心，经典地展示了外国直接投资（FDI）在发展中的作用。自 1986 年革新开放经济改革以来，该国一直秉持出口导向型工业化。到 2022 年，制造业占 GDP 的 25% 以上，三星和耐克等全球主要品牌都建立了大规模的生产设施。贫困率从 1990 年代初的 60% 以上降至 2022 年的 5% 以下。

However, rapid industrialisation has also created challenges, including environmental pollution in major cities like Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, rising income inequality and a heavy reliance on low-skilled, labour-intensive assembly work. To move up the value chain, Vietnam is investing in technical education and higher-value industries such as electronics and software. This case study is perfect for evaluating the benefits and costs of globalisation and transnational corporation (TNC) investment.

然而，快速的工业化也带来了挑战，包括胡志明市和河内等主要城市的环境污染、不断加剧的收入不平等，以及对低技能、劳动密集型组装工作的严重依赖。为了向价值链上游移动，越南正在投资技术教育和电子、软件等更高价值的产业。这个案例非常适合评估全球化和跨国公司投资的收益与成本。

Make your answer stand out by using a specific TNC name and explaining how it has created both multiplier effects (job creation, supplier networks) and potential negative backwash effects on rural areas.

通过使用具体的跨国公司名称，并解释它如何既创造了乘数效应（就业、供应商网络），又可能对农村地区产生负面的回波效应，使你的答案脱颖而出。

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8. Tourism Case Study: Mass Tourism in Mallorca | 旅游案例分析：马略卡岛的大众旅游

Mallorca, one of Spain’s Balearic Islands, has experienced mass tourism since the 1960s and now receives over 12 million visitors annually, concentrated in coastal resorts like Magaluf and Palma Nova. The economic benefits are undeniable: tourism directly contributes about 35% of the island’s GDP and provides seasonal employment for thousands. However, the environmental and social costs have become increasingly severe, including water shortages (each tourist uses 440 litres of water per day compared to a resident’s 250 litres), beach erosion and the ‘balearization’ of the coastline with dense high-rise hotels.

马略卡岛是西班牙巴利阿里群岛之一，自 1960 年代以来一直经历着大众旅游，现在每年接待超过 1200 万游客，主要集中在马加鲁夫和帕尔马诺瓦等沿海度假区。经济效益毋庸置疑：旅游业直接贡献了该岛约 35% 的 GDP，并为数千人提供了季节性就业。然而，环境和社会成本也日益严重，包括水资源短缺（与居民每天 250 升的用水量相比，每位游客每天用水 440 升）、海滩侵蚀以及海岸线上密集的高层酒店所导致的“巴利阿里化”。

In response, the Mallorcan government has introduced a sustainable tourism tax and stricter building regulations to limit further expansion. There is also a shift towards diversifying into agritourism and cultural tourism to attract higher-spending, lower-impact visitors. The case study allows you to discuss Butler’s tourist area life cycle model, from exploration to possible rejuvenation or decline, and to evaluate the effectiveness of management strategies.

作为回应，马略卡岛政府推出了可持续旅游税和更严格的建筑法规，以限制进一步的扩张。同时，该岛还向农业旅游和文化旅游多元化发展，以吸引消费更高、影响更小的游客。这个案例研究让你能够讨论巴特勒的旅游地生命周期模型，从探索阶段到可能的复兴或衰落，并评估管理策略的有效性。

Always pair Mallorca with a contrasting case study, such as ecotourism in Costa Rica, to show a nuanced understanding of tourism’s variable impacts and management.

务必将马略卡岛与一个对比鲜明的案例联系起来，如哥斯达黎加的生态旅游，以展示你对旅游的不同影响和管理的细致理解。

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9. Water Resources: The South-North Water Transfer in China | 水资源：中国的南水北调工程

China’s South-North Water Transfer Project is the world’s largest inter-basin water transfer scheme, designed to alleviate water scarcity in the arid north by diverting water from the Yangtze River basin. The project, initiated in 2002, comprises three routes (eastern, central and western). The central route, partly operational since 2014, delivers over 9.5 billion m³ of water annually to Beijing and other northern cities, directly benefiting over 100 million people.

中国的南水北调工程是世界上最大的跨流域调水工程，旨在通过从长江流域调水来缓解干旱的北方地区的水资源短缺。该项目于 2002 年启动，由三条线路（东线、中线和西线）组成。中线自 2014 年起部分通水，每年向北京和其他北方城市输送超过 95 亿立方米的水，直接惠及超过 1 亿人。

While the project has greatly relieved water stress in cities like Beijing, where groundwater levels were dropping by 1 metre per year, it has generated significant controversy. Over 330,000 people were displaced during construction, and ecosystems in the donor Yangtze basin, including fish migration patterns, have been disrupted. In the recipient areas, cheaper transferred water has sometimes discouraged water conservation efforts, illustrating a common ironic outcome of large supply-side projects.

虽然该项目大大缓解了北京等城市的水资源压力（北京的地下水位曾以每年 1 米的速度下降），但它也引发了重大争议。建设期间有超过 33 万人搬迁，长江源区的生态系统，包括鱼类迁徙模式，也受到了干扰。在受水区，更便宜的调水有时会阻碍节水努力，这说明了大型供给方项目一个常见的讽刺性结果。

Use this case study to debate the relative merits of supply-side versus demand-side water management. Mentioning a small-scale, appropriate technology alternative, like rainwater harvesting in Rajasthan, India, will demonstrate your ability to evaluate at different scales.

运用这个案例来辩论供给方与需求方水资源管理的相对优缺点。提及一个小规模、适用技术的替代方案，如印度拉贾斯坦邦的雨水收集，将展示你在不同尺度上进行评估的能力。

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10. Energy: Germany’s Transition to Renewables | 能源：德国向可再生能源的转型

Germany’s Energiewende (energy transition) is a national strategy to shift from fossil fuels and nuclear power towards renewable energy. Following the Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011, Germany accelerated its nuclear phase-out and set ambitious targets: by 2023, renewables accounted for over 50% of gross electricity consumption, mainly from wind and solar photovoltaic sources. This has been driven by feed-in tariffs that guarantee above-market prices for renewable energy producers.

德国的能源转型（Energiewende）是一项从化石燃料和核能转向可再生能源的国家战略。2011 年福岛核灾难后，德国加快了退出核能的步伐，并设定了雄心勃勃的目标：到 2023 年，可再生能源占电力消费总量的 50% 以上，主要来自风能和太阳能光伏。这一目标由保证给予可再生能源生产商高于市场价格的固定电价补贴所推动。

However, the transition has not been without problems. The intermittent nature of wind and solar has required substantial investment in grid upgrades and has occasionally led to energy export surges or negative electricity prices. Moreover, carbon emissions initially rose due to an increased reliance on lignite coal to fill supply gaps. Nonetheless, the Energiewende remains a globally significant case study for evaluating how a high-income country can pursue a low-carbon pathway despite technical and economic hurdles.

然而，这一转型并非没有问题。风能和太阳能的间歇性特点需要大量投资用于电网升级，并偶尔导致能源出口激增或负电价。此外，由于依赖褐煤来填补供应缺口，碳排放最初有所上升。尽管如此，能源转型仍然是一个具有全球意义的重要案例，可以评估高收入国家如何在面对技术和经济障碍的情况下追求低碳路径。

To score top marks, compare Germany’s approach with a centrally planned renewable project, such as China’s Three Gorges Dam, so you can discuss different governance models and their outcomes.

要获得最高分，请将德国的做法与中央规划的可再生能源项目（如中国的三峡大坝）进行比较，这样你就可以讨论不同的治理模式及其结果。

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11. Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them | 常见陷阱及如何避免

Even with good knowledge, many students lose marks by making avoidable mistakes. One major error is using a case study that is too general or not location-specific, such as ‘a city in India’ instead of naming Mumbai. Examiners need a precise place name in the very first sentence of your case study paragraph. Another pitfall is simply recounting a story without analysing—you must always explain why a fact matters or how it links to the question’s theme.

即使知识掌握得很好，许多学生仍会因犯下本可避免的错误而失分。一个主要错误是使用过于笼统或地点不具体的案例，例如用“印度的一个城市”而不是说出孟买的名字。考官需要你在案例段落的第一句就给出确切的地名。另一个陷阱是只叙述事件而不分析——你必须总是解释一个事实为什么重要，或者它如何与问题的主题联系起来。

A further common weakness is a lack of place-specific data. Answers like ‘there was severe flooding’ are weak; strong answers state ‘the flood covered 60% of the country’s land area, displacing 2 million people’. Finally, many candidates fail to provide a balanced assessment. Even if the question seems to ask only for benefits, a brief acknowledgement of disadvantages or unintended consequences demonstrates higher-order thinking and pushes you into the top mark band.

另一个常见的弱点是缺乏特定地点的数据。像“发生了严重的洪水”这样的答案很薄弱；有力的答案是“洪水淹没了该国 60% 的国土面积，使 200 万人流离失所”。最后，许多考生未能提供平衡的评估。即使问题似乎只要求说明益处，简要承认弊端或意外后果也能展示高阶思维，将你推入最高评分段。

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12. Putting It All Together: A Practice Routine | 整合运用：练习常规

Mastering case studies requires more than passive reading. Pick one theme each day and, in 15 minutes, write a full case study paragraph including location, 2–3 specific facts, an explanation of processes and a brief evaluation. Swap your paragraph with a study partner and critique each other’s work using the mark scheme. Over time, you will build a concise mental library of examples that can be adapted to a wide range of questions.

掌握案例分析需要的不仅仅是被动阅读。每天选择一个主题，在 15 分钟内写一个完整的案例段落，包括地点、2-3 个具体事实、过程解释和简短评估。与学习伙伴交换段落，并根据评分标准互相评价。随着时间的推移，你将建立一个简洁的心理案例库，可以适应广泛的问题。

Remember that in the actual examination, you may need to integrate more than one case study into a longer-answer question. Practice writing comparative conclusions that synthesise insights from, for example, a flood in an LEDC with one in an MEDC. This skill of synthesis is exactly what distinguishes a grade 8–9 candidate from a grade 6 candidate. Use the drills in this article as a starting point, and then create your own practice tasks for every topic in your syllabus.

请记住，在实际考试中，你可能需要将多个案例整合到一个较长的回答题中。练习撰写比较性的结论，综合来自例如一个欠发达国家和一个发达国家的洪水案例的见解。这种综合能力正是将 8-9 分的考生与 6 分的考生区分开来的关键。以本文中的演练为起点，然后为大纲中的每个主题创建你自己的练习任务。

Published by TutorHao | Geography Revision Series | aleveler.com

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