IGCSE CIE Philosophy: Key Terms Quick Memory Guide | IGCSE CIE 哲学：词汇术语速记指南

📚 IGCSE CIE Philosophy: Key Terms Quick Memory Guide | IGCSE CIE 哲学：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering philosophical terminology is the first step to success in IGCSE CIE Philosophy. This guide provides clear definitions and memory aids for the essential terms across all syllabus themes, helping you to analyse arguments and express ideas with precision.

掌握哲学术语是IGCSE CIE哲学考试成功的第一步。本指南为所有大纲主题中的核心术语提供清晰的定义和记忆辅助，帮助你精准分析论证、表达观点。

1. Logic and Argument Terms | 逻辑与论证术语

A solid understanding of logical language helps in evaluating philosophical arguments. Here are the foundational terms:

扎实理解逻辑语言有助于评估哲学论证。以下是基础术语：

Premise – A statement that provides a reason or support for a conclusion. In an argument, premises are meant to lead to the conclusion.

前提 – 为结论提供理由或支持的陈述。在论证中，前提旨在导向结论。

Conclusion – The statement that the argument is trying to prove or establish, based on the premises.

结论 – 论证试图依据前提证明或建立的陈述。

Valid Argument – An argument where if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true. Validity is about logical structure, not actual truth.

有效论证 – 如果前提为真，结论必然为真的论证。有效性关乎逻辑结构而非实际真实性。

Sound Argument – A valid argument with all true premises. A sound argument guarantees a true conclusion.

可靠论证 – 所有前提均为真的有效论证。可靠论证保证结论为真。

Deductive Argument – An argument intended to provide logically conclusive support for its conclusion, moving from general premises to a specific conclusion.

演绎论证 – 旨在为结论提供逻辑上确定性支持的论证，从一般前提推出特定结论。

Inductive Argument – An argument intended to provide probable support for its conclusion, moving from specific observations to a general conclusion.

归纳论证 – 旨在为结论提供可能支持的论证，从特定观察推出一般结论。

Counterexample – A specific case that contradicts a general claim, used to test the validity or strength of an argument.

反例 – 与一般主张相矛盾的特定个案，用于检验论证的有效性或强度。

Fallacy – A flaw in reasoning that weakens an argument. Common examples include ad hominem (attacking the person) and straw man (misrepresenting an argument).

谬误 – 削弱论证的推理缺陷。常见例子包括人身攻击（攻击人而非论点）和稻草人谬误（曲解对方观点）。

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2. Epistemology: Knowledge and Justification | 认识论：知识与辩护

Epistemology examines what knowledge is and how we can acquire it. The following terms are central to IGCSE discussions on knowledge.

认识论探讨知识是什么以及我们如何获得知识。以下术语是IGCSE有关知识讨论的核心。

Knowledge – Traditionally defined as ‘justified true belief’ (JTB). To know something, a belief must be true, you must believe it, and you must have justification for it.

知识 – 传统上被定义为 “得到辩护的真信念” (JTB)。要知道某事，该信念必须为真，你必须相信它，并且你必须有合理的辩护。

Justified True Belief – The classical analysis of knowledge: S knows that P if and only if (i) P is true, (ii) S believes that P, and (iii) S is justified in believing that P.

得到辩护的真信念 – 知识的古典分析：S知道P，当且仅当 (i) P为真，(ii) S相信P，以及(iii) S有理由相信P。

Gettier Problem – Cases presented by Edmund Gettier where someone has a justified true belief but still does not seem to have knowledge. This challenges the JTB definition.

盖梯尔问题 – 埃德蒙·盖梯尔提出的案例，其中某人持有得到辩护的真信念，但似乎仍不构成知识。这挑战了JTB定义。

Scepticism – The view that we cannot have certain knowledge, often because our senses can deceive us or because of the possibility of dreaming or a Cartesian demon.

怀疑主义 – 认为我们无法获得确定知识的观点，通常因为感官可能欺骗我们，或因为梦境或笛卡尔的恶魔可能性。

Rationalism – The epistemological view that reason is the primary source of knowledge, and that some concepts are innate. Key philosopher: Descartes.

理性主义 – 认为理性是知识的主要来源，且某些概念是天赋的认识论观点。关键哲学家：笛卡尔。

Empiricism – The view that all knowledge comes from sensory experience. The mind is a ‘blank slate’ (tabula rasa) at birth. Key philosophers: Locke, Hume.

经验主义 – 认为所有知识都来自感官经验的观点。心灵在出生时是一块 “白板” (tabula rasa)。关键哲学家：洛克、休谟。

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3. Perception: Direct Realism, Sense-Data and Idealism | 知觉：直接实在论、感觉材料与观念论

Theories of perception try to explain how we experience the world. These terms are essential for the ‘Perception’ topic.

知觉理论试图解释我们如何体验世界。这些术语对于 “知觉” 主题至关重要。

Direct Realism – The common-sense view that we perceive physical objects directly as they are, without any intermediary. The object itself causes our perception.

直接实在论 – 常识观点，认为我们直接感知物理对象本身，不需要中介。对象本身引起我们的知觉。

Indirect Realism – The view that we perceive physical objects indirectly via sense-data, which are mental representations of objects. We never perceive objects directly.

间接实在论 – 认为我们通过感觉材料（即对象的心理表征）间接感知物理对象。我们从不直接感知对象。

Sense-Data – The immediate objects of perception according to indirect realism. They are the ‘data’ given to us by our senses, such as colours, shapes, and sounds.

感觉材料 – 根据间接实在论，知觉的直接对象。它们是感官给予我们的 “材料”，如颜色、形状和声音。

Idealism – The view that reality consists entirely of minds and their ideas. Physical objects only exist as perceptions in minds. Key philosopher: Berkeley.

观念论 – 认为实在完全由心灵及其观念组成的观点。物理对象仅作为心灵中的知觉存在。关键哲学家：贝克莱。

Primary Qualities – Properties that objects actually possess independently of perception, such as size, shape, and motion. (Locke)

第一性的质 – 对象独立于知觉而实际拥有的属性，如大小、形状和运动。（洛克）

Secondary Qualities – Properties that depend on the perceiver, such as colour, taste, and sound. They exist only in our experience. (Locke)

第二性的质 – 依赖于感知者的属性，如颜色、味道和声音。它们只存在于我们的经验中。（洛克）

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4. A Priori and A Posteriori Knowledge | 先天与后天知识

Philosophers distinguish between knowledge gained through experience and knowledge independent of experience. These terms appear across multiple topics.

哲学家区分通过经验获得的知识和独立于经验的知识。这些术语出现在多个主题中。

A Priori – Knowledge or justification that is independent of experience. For example, ‘All bachelors are unmarried’ is knowable a priori.

先天 – 独立于经验的知识或辩护。例如，”所有单身汉都是未婚的” 是先天可知的。

A Posteriori – Knowledge or justification that depends on experience or empirical evidence. For example, ‘The sky is blue’ is known a posteriori.

后天 – 依赖于经验或经验证据的知识或辩护。例如，”天空是蓝色的” 是后天可知的。

Analytic Statement – A statement that is true by definition or by virtue of the meanings of the words. Its denial leads to a contradiction.

分析陈述 – 根据定义或词语意义而为真的陈述。否定它会导致矛盾。

Synthetic Statement – A statement whose truth or falsity depends on how the world is, not merely on the meaning of the words.

综合陈述 – 真值取决于世界事实而非仅仅词语意义的陈述。

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5. Metaphysics: Mind and Body | 形而上学：心灵与身体

This section explores the relationship between the mental and the physical. Key terminology is vital for the Mind and Body topic.

本节探讨心理与物理之间的关系。关键术语对心灵与身体主题至关重要。

Dualism – The view that mind and body are two distinct substances. Descartes’ substance dualism holds that the mind is a non-physical thinking substance.

二元论 – 认为心灵和身体是两种不同实体的观点。笛卡尔的实体二元论认为心灵是非物质的思维实体。

Materialism (Physicalism) – The view that the mind is not separate from the physical body; mental states are identical to or entirely dependent on brain states.

唯物主义（物理主义） – 认为心灵并非独立于物理身体；心理状态等同于或完全依赖于大脑状态的观点。

Identity Theory – A type of materialism claiming that mental states are identical to brain states. For example, pain is simply C-fibres firing.

同一论 – 一种唯物主义，声称心理状态等同于大脑状态。例如，疼痛就是C-神经纤维的激活。

Functionalism – The theory that mental states are defined by their causal roles: what they do, not what they are made of. A mind could be realised in a computer.

功能主义 – 认为心理状态由其因果角色定义的理论：重要的是功能而非构成。心灵可以在计算机中实现。

Qualia – The subjective, qualitative aspects of conscious experience, such as the redness of red or the pain of a headache. Qualia pose a challenge to materialism.

感受质 – 意识经验的主观、质性方面，如红色的红或头痛的痛。感受质对唯物主义构成挑战。

Problem of Other Minds – The difficulty of knowing whether other beings have minds, given that we can only observe their behaviour.

他心问题 – 因为我们只能观察他人的行为，所以难以知道其他存在者是否拥有心灵。

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6. Personal Identity and Free Will | 人格同一性与自由意志

Who am I over time, and do I have free will? These key terms help you navigate the debates.

随着时间的推移，我究竟是谁？我有自由意志吗？这些关键术语帮助你参与辩论。

Personal Identity – The question of what makes a person the same over time. Theories include psychological continuity (memory) and bodily continuity.

人格同一性 – 关于是什么使得一个人在不同时间仍是同一个人的问题。理论包括心理连续性（记忆）和肉体连续性。

Determinism – The view that all events, including human actions, are caused by prior events, making free will impossible.

决定论 – 认为所有事件，包括人类行为，都由先前事件所决定，使得自由意志不可能的观点。

Libertarianism (Free Will) – The view that we do have free will and that determinism is false. Our actions are not completely determined by prior causes.

自由意志论 – 认为我们确实拥有自由意志且决定论为假的观点。我们的行为并非完全由先前原因决定。

Compatibilism – The view that free will is compatible with determinism. Free action simply means acting according to one’s desires without external coercion.

相容论 – 认为自由意志与决定论可以相容的观点。自由行动仅仅意味着按照自己的欲望行动，没有外部强迫。

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7. Ethics: Meta-Ethics | 伦理学：元伦理学

Meta-ethics examines the nature of moral language and moral facts. These terms are frequently examined.

元伦理学研究道德语言和道德事实的本质。这些术语经常被考查。

Cognitivism – The view that moral statements express beliefs that can be true or false. For example, ‘Murder is wrong’ is a factual claim.

认知主义 – 认为道德陈述表达可真可假的信念。例如，”谋杀是错的” 是一个事实性主张。

Non-Cognitivism – The view that moral statements do not express beliefs and are not truth-apt. Instead, they express emotions or commands.

非认知主义 – 认为道德陈述不表达信念，且不具有真值。相反，它们表达情感或命令。

Emotivism – A non-cognitivist theory (Ayer) that moral statements are expressions of emotion. Saying ‘Stealing is wrong’ is like saying ‘Stealing – boo!’

情绪主义 – 一种非认知主义理论（艾耶尔），认为道德陈述是情感的表达。说 “偷窃是错的” 就像是说 “偷窃——呸！”

Prescriptivism – A non-cognitivist theory (Hare) that moral statements are universal prescriptions or commands. ‘Lying is wrong’ means ‘Do not lie!’

规定主义 – 一种非认知主义理论（黑尔），认为道德陈述是普遍的规定或命令。”撒谎是错的” 意味着 “不要撒谎！”

Moral Realism – The view that objective moral facts exist independently of human opinion. Cognitivists are often moral realists.

道德实在论 – 认为客观的道德事实独立于人类意见而存在。认知主义者通常是道德实在论者。

Moral Anti-Realism – The denial of objective moral facts. This includes emotivism, prescriptivism, and error theory.

道德反实在论 – 否定客观道德事实的存在。这包括情绪主义、规定主义和错误论。

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8. Ethics: Normative Theories | 伦理学：规范理论

Normative ethics provides frameworks for deciding what is right and wrong. Memorise these key terms and their core ideas.

规范伦理学提供决定对错的框架。记住这些关键术语及其核心思想。

Utilitarianism – The theory that the right action is the one that maximises overall happiness or pleasure and minimises pain. (Bentham, Mill)

功利主义 – 认为正确行为就是最大化总体幸福或快乐、最小化痛苦的理论。（边沁、密尔）

Act Utilitarianism – The version where each individual action is judged by its specific consequences. We calculate utility for each act.

行为功利主义 – 每个具体行为根据其特定后果来评判的版本。我们为每个行为计算功利。

Rule Utilitarianism – The version where we follow rules that, if generally adopted, would lead to the greatest happiness.

规则功利主义 – 遵循那些如果被普遍采纳将会导致最大幸福的规则的版本。

Deontology – The ethical theory that actions are right or wrong in themselves, regardless of consequences. Duty is central. (Kant)

义务论 – 认为行为本身固有对错，无关后果的伦理理论。义务是核心。（康德）

Categorical Imperative – Kant’s supreme moral principle: ‘Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.’

绝对命令 – 康德的最高道德原则：”只按照你同时能够愿意它成为一条普遍法则的准则去行动。”

Virtue Ethics – An approach that focuses on the character of the moral agent rather than rules or consequences. The goal is to develop virtues like courage and wisdom. (Aristotle)

德性伦理学 – 关注道德主体品格而非规则或后果的进路。目标是培养勇敢和智慧等德性。（亚里士多德）

Situation Ethics – The theory that the only absolute rule is agape (selfless love), and moral decisions should be made according to the specific situation. (Fletcher)

境遇伦理学 – 认为唯一的绝对规则是圣爱（无私之爱），道德决定应根据具体情况做出的理论。（弗莱彻）

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9. Philosophy of Religion: Arguments for God | 宗教哲学：上帝存在的论证

For the Philosophy of Religion unit, understanding the classical arguments is key. The terminology here is crucial for explanation and evaluation.

对于宗教哲学单元，理解经典论证至关重要。这里的术语对于解释和评估至关重要。

Theism – Belief in the existence of God or gods, particularly a monotheistic God who is omnipotent, omniscient, and omnibenevolent.

有神论 – 相信上帝或诸神的存在，特别是指全能、全知、全善的一神论上帝。

Atheism – The absence of belief in God or the positive belief that there is no God.

无神论 – 不相信上帝的存在，或者积极相信没有上帝。

Agnosticism – The view that we cannot know whether God exists or not. Knowledge about God is impossible.Published by TutorHao | IGCSE 哲学 Revision Series | aleveler.com

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