📚 IGCSE Edexcel PE: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memory Guide | IGCSE Edexcel 体育：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the specialised language of IGCSE Edexcel Physical Education can feel like learning a new sport. This guide breaks down high-frequency terms across all topics, pairing each definition with a quick memory trick – a mental shortcut that helps you recall the word and its meaning under exam pressure. Work through each section systematically, and soon you’ll be able to use these terms with confidence in both multiple-choice and long-answer questions.
掌握 IGCSE Edexcel 体育学科的专业语言就像学习一项新运动。本指南将各个主题的高频术语逐个拆解，每个定义都配上一个速记窍门——在考试压力下帮助你快速回想词汇和含义的思维捷径。按章节系统学习，你很快就能在选择题和长篇问答中自信地运用这些术语。
1. Skeletal System & Joint Movements | 骨骼系统与关节运动
The skeleton provides a framework of levers and supports movement at synovial joints. When describing movement, always name the joint and the action. A common memory trick for the main angular movements is to imagine a door: flexion closes the angle of the joint (door shutting), extension opens it (door swinging open).
骨骼提供了杠杆框架，并在滑膜关节处支持运动。描述动作时务必指明关节和运动类型。主要角度运动的一个常见记忆技巧是想象一扇门：屈曲减小关节角度（关门），伸展增大角度（开门）。
Flexion: decreasing the angle between two body parts. Think of flexing your bicep – the elbow angle gets smaller. Extension: increasing the angle; ‘ex’ tends to mean ‘out’ or ‘open’.
屈曲：减小身体两部分之间的角度。想想屈臂展示肱二头肌——肘关节角度变小。伸展：增大角度；“ex”常含“向外、打开”之意。
Abduction: moving a limb away from the midline of the body. The prefix ‘ab-‘ signals away, as in ‘abduct’ – to take away. Adduction: moving a limb towards the midline. ‘Add’ means to bring together.
外展：将肢体移离身体中线。前缀“ab-”表示远离，如“abduct”（诱拐）即带走。内收：将肢体移向中线，“add”意为相加、靠近。
Rotation: a limb twists around its long axis, like turning a steering wheel. Circumduction: a cone-shaped circular motion, combining flexion, extension, abduction and adduction – picture a tennis player’s serve.
旋转：肢体绕其长轴扭转，如同转动方向盘。环转：圆锥形的圆周运动，结合了屈、伸、外展和内收——想象网球运动员发球。
Plantar flexion: pointing the toes downwards, standing on tiptoes. Think of a ‘planter’ pressing down on the ground. Dorsiflexion: pulling the toes up towards the shin, resembling a ‘dorsal’ fin lifting up.
跖屈：足尖向下，踮起脚尖。联想“跖”指足底，踩压地面。背屈：足尖向上勾向胫骨，像背鳍（dorsal fin）向上翘起。
2. Muscular System Terminology | 肌肉系统术语
Muscles pull on bones to create movement; they never push. To memorise the major groups, pair them with their prime actions. Understanding agonist–antagonist relationships is critical for analysing any sporting movement.
肌肉只能牵拉骨骼产生运动，从不推动。为记住主要肌群，可将它们与其主要功能配对。理解主动肌与拮抗肌的关系对分析任何运动动作都至关重要。
Agonist (prime mover): the muscle that contracts to produce the desired movement, e.g. biceps during a bicep curl. Remember ‘Agonist is the Action muscle’. Antagonist: the muscle that relaxes to allow the movement; it opposes the agonist. ‘Antagonist = Against the action’.
主动肌（原动肌）：收缩产生所需动作的肌肉，如肱二头肌弯举时的肱二头肌。记住“主动肌是执行动作的肌肉”。拮抗肌：放松以配合动作的肌肉，与主动肌作用相反。“拮抗肌对抗动作”。
Origin: the fixed attachment point of a muscle, typically the more proximal bone. Insertion: the movable attachment, which is pulled towards the origin. Think ‘Origin stays put, Insertion moves’.
起点：肌肉的固定附着点，通常位于较近端的骨上。止点：可移动的附着点，被拉向起点。联想“起点稳如磐石，止点随之移动”。
Isotonic contraction: muscle changes length while tension remains constant; includes concentric (muscle shortens) and eccentric (muscle lengthens under control). ‘Iso-tonic’ sounds like ‘equal tension’. Concentric acts like a ‘concentrating spring’ coiling up; eccentric is ‘elongating’ while still holding tension – the lowering phase of a bicep curl.
等张收缩：肌肉长度改变而张力保持恒定；包括向心收缩（肌肉缩短）和离心收缩（肌肉在控制下伸长）。“等张”即张力相等。向心收缩像弹簧压缩蓄力；离心收缩是肌肉边拉长边负重——如肱二头肌弯举的放下阶段。
Isometric contraction: muscle length stays the same, e.g. holding a plank. ‘Iso-metric’ = ‘same length’.
等长收缩：肌肉长度不变，如平板支撑。“等长”就是长度不变。
3. Cardiovascular System | 心血管系统
The heart, blood vessels and blood work together to deliver oxygen and remove waste products during exercise. Key terms revolve around heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output – these three are mathematically linked, which helps memory.
心脏、血管和血液协同工作，在运动中输送氧气并清除代谢废物。核心术语围绕心率、每搏输出量和心输出量——这三者在数学上相互关联，帮助记忆。
Heart rate (HR): number of beats per minute. Stroke volume (SV): volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat. Cardiac output (Q) = HR × SV. So if you know any two, you can recall the third. Think ‘CO = Heart’s output = HR × SV’.
心率（HR）：每分钟心跳次数。每搏输出量（SV）：左心室每次搏动泵出的血量。心输出量（Q）= 心率 × 每搏输出量。只要记住其中两个，就能推第三个。联想“心输出量=心率×每搏输出量 恰好是CO”。
Vasodilation: widening of blood vessels, increasing blood flow to the skin and muscles when hot. ‘Dilate = grow wider, like a DILATED pupil’. Vasoconstriction: narrowing of vessels to conserve heat. ‘Constrict = tighten’.
血管舒张：血管扩张，炎热时增加流向皮肤和肌肉的血流量。“舒张”即放松扩张。血管收缩：血管变窄以保存热量。“收缩”即缩紧。
Vascular shunt: redistribution of blood flow during exercise. Working muscles receive more blood while organs such as the stomach receive less. Picture a ‘shunt’ diverting traffic onto a motorway.
血管分流：运动期间血流的重新分配。做功肌肉获得更多血液，而胃等器官血流量减少。想象“分流”把车流导向高速公路。
4. Respiratory System & Gaseous Exchange | 呼吸系统与气体交换
Respiratory terms often appear in questions about immediate and long-term effects of exercise. Concentrate on volumes and the mechanism of gas exchange at alveoli.
呼吸系统术语常出现在运动即时效应和长期效应的题目中。重点关注肺容量以及肺泡气体交换的机制。
Tidal volume: the amount of air inhaled or exhaled per normal breath. Imagine the tide going in and out – a gentle, regular flow. Vital capacity: the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a full inhalation. ‘Vital’ suggests maximum life-giving capacity.
潮气量：每次正常呼吸吸入或呼出的空气量。想象潮水有规律地涨落——温和而稳定。肺活量：全力吸气后能呼出的最大空气量。“活量”意味着最大的生命支撑容量。
Minute ventilation (VE): volume of air breathed per minute = tidal volume × breathing rate. It mirrors cardiac output logic. VO₂ max: maximum volume of oxygen that can be taken in, transported and used per minute – the best indicator of aerobic endurance. Remember ‘V·O₂max’ – the dot over V means ‘per minute’, so it’s volume of oxygen per minute at maximum effort.
每分通气量（VE）：每分钟呼吸的空气量 = 潮气量 × 呼吸频率。这类似于心输出量的逻辑。最大摄氧量（VO₂ max）：每分钟能被摄入、运输和利用的最大氧量——是有氧耐力最佳指标。记住“V·O₂max”中V上的点表示“每分钟”。
Gaseous exchange: oxygen moves from alveoli into the blood while carbon dioxide moves the opposite way down diffusion gradients. The key phrase: ‘Oxygen in, CO₂ out at the alveoli’.
气体交换：氧气沿扩散梯度从肺泡进入血液，二氧化碳反向移动。牢记口诀：“肺泡处，氧进二氧化碳出”。
5. Planes and Axes of Movement | 运动平面与轴
Movement is described in relation to three imaginary planes that cut the body, and three corresponding axes around which rotation occurs. The pairings are logical and worth memorising as a set.
运动描述基于三个切割身体的假想平面，以及与之对应的三个旋转轴。这些配对合乎逻辑，值得成套记忆。
Sagittal plane divides the body into left and right. Movements in this plane occur around a frontal axis, running side to side. Examples: running, bicep curl, somersault. ‘Sagittal like an arrow – it splits you sideways; the axis is frontal (front to back)’.
矢状面将身体分为左右两半。此平面内的运动绕额状轴（从一侧到另一侧）发生。例如跑步、肱二头肌弯举、前滚翻。“矢状似箭——侧向分割；轴为额状轴”。
Frontal plane splits front and back. Movements such as abduction and adduction happen around a sagittal axis (front to back). Picture star jumps or a cartwheel. ‘Frontal plane – think front of a book cover; axis sagittal (through the spine)’.
额状面将身体分为前后两部分。外展和内收等运动绕矢状轴（前后方向）发生。想象开合跳或侧手翻。“额状面像书的前封面；轴为矢状轴”。
Transverse plane divides top and bottom. Rotation occurs around a vertical axis, like a 360° spin in basketball. ‘Transverse is like a tabletop dividing top and bottom – spin around a vertical pole’.
水平面将身体分为上下两半。旋转绕垂直轴发生，如篮球中的360度转身。“水平面如桌面分割上下——绕垂直杆旋转”。
6. Components of Fitness & Tests | 体能要素与测试
Fitness components are separated into health-related and skill-related. Knowing which tests measure each component is often examined. A useful mnemonic for the six skill-related components is ‘A B C P R S’ – Agility, Balance, Coordination, Power, Reaction time, Speed.
体适能要素分为健康相关和技能相关。知道哪些测试对应哪些要素是常考内容。六个技能相关要素可用首字母“A B C P R S”记忆——敏捷、平衡、协调、爆发力、反应时、速度。
Cardiovascular endurance: ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen over time. Test: Multi-Stage Fitness Test (bleep test). ‘The bleeps push your cardio endurance’.
心血管耐力：心脏与肺部持续供氧的能力。测试：多阶段体能测试（蜂鸣测试）。“蜂鸣声不断测试你的心肺耐力”。
Muscular endurance: muscles repeating contractions without fatigue. Test: one-minute sit-up or press-up test. ‘Endurance = repeating the same move, not maximum strength’.
肌肉耐力：肌肉重复收缩而不疲劳的能力。测试：一分钟仰卧起坐或俯卧撑测试。“耐力即重复同一动作，而非最大力量”。
Flexibility: range of motion at a joint. Test: sit and reach. ‘Sit and Reach – very straightforward’.
柔韧性：关节的活动范围。测试：坐位体前屈。“坐位体前屈——直截了当”。
Agility: changing direction at speed. Test: Illinois Agility Run. ‘Agility = weaving through cones’.
敏捷性：快速改变方向的能力。测试：伊利诺伊敏捷跑。“敏捷就是在锥桶之间穿梭”。
Power: speed × strength. Test: vertical jump or standing broad jump. ‘Power is explosive, like a jump’.
爆发力：速度 × 力量。测试：垂直跳或立定跳远。“爆发力是爆发式的，像纵跳”。
7. Principles of Training & Methods | 训练原则与方法
An examiner expects you to define and apply training principles. SPORT and FITT are the two most important acronyms. Write them down and recite them until they become automatic.
考官期望你能定义并应用训练原则。SPORT 和 FITT 是最重要的两个首字母缩略词。反复书写背诵直到脱口而出。
SPORT: Specificity – training must be relevant to the sport; Progression – gradually increasing difficulty; Overload – working harder than normal to gain fitness; Reversibility – fitness is lost when training stops; Tedium – variety prevents boredom. ‘SPORT is your training rulebook: Specific, Progressive, Overload, Reversible, Tedium-avoiding’.
SPORT：专项性——训练需与运动项目相关；渐进性——逐步增加难度；超负荷——超出常态负荷以促进体适能提高；可逆性——停止训练后体能消退；枯燥性——多样化避免乏味。“SPORT是你的训练守则：专项、渐进、超负荷、可逆、防枯燥”。
FITT: Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type. These four variables can be manipulated to achieve overload. For example, increase Frequency (how often), Intensity (how hard), Time (duration) or change Type of exercise.
FITT：频率、强度、时间、类型。通过调节这四个变量实现超负荷。例如增加频率（多频繁）、强度（多辛苦）、时间（持续多久）或改变运动类型。
Continuous training: steady exercise at a moderate intensity for at least 20 minutes, e.g. jogging. ‘Continuous = no breaks’. Fartlek training: ‘speed play’ – varying pace during a continuous run. ‘Fartlek sounds like “fast-slow”; picture a game of speed changes’.
持续训练：以中等强度稳定运动至少20分钟，如慢跑。“持续即无间歇”。法特莱克训练：“速度游戏”——在持续跑中改变配速。“法特莱克听起来像‘快慢’；想象一场变速游戏”。
Interval training: periods of high-intensity work followed by rest. Circuit training: a series of exercises performed in rotation. ‘Interval = work, rest, repeat; Circuit = stations, rotate’.
间歇训练：高强度工作阶段与休息交替。循环训练：一系列练习轮换进行。“间歇=练习、休息、重复；循环=站点、轮转”。
8. Sports Psychology: Motivation & Arousal | 运动心理学：动机与唤醒
Psychological factors can enhance or impair performance. Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and understand how arousal levels relate to the Inverted-U theory.
心理因素能提升或损害运动表现。区分内在动机与外在动机，并理解唤醒水平如何与倒U型理论相关联。
Intrinsic motivation: driven by internal rewards such as enjoyment, pride or personal satisfaction. ‘Intrinsic comes from inside – you do it for the love of the game’. Extrinsic motivation: driven by external rewards like trophies, money or praise. ‘Extrinsic = extra rewards from the outside’.
内在动机：由内部奖励驱动，如乐趣、自豪感或个人满足感。“内在源自内心——因热爱而运动”。外在动机：由外部奖励驱动，如奖杯、金钱或表扬。“外在即来自外部的额外奖励”。
Arousal: the level of mental and physical readiness. The Inverted-U theory explains that performance improves as arousal rises to an optimal point, but declines if arousal gets too high. Picture an upside-down U: peak performance at the top.
唤醒：心理与生理的准备状态水平。倒U型理论解释，随着唤醒升高，表现提升直至最佳点，若唤醒过高则表现下降。想象一个倒置的U字：顶部是巅峰表现。
Attentional narrowing: under high arousal, a performer’s focus may narrow excessively, missing important cues. A phrase: ‘high arousal = tunnel vision, low arousal = too wide a lens’.
注意狭窄：高唤醒下，运动员的注意力可能过度收窄，遗漏重要线索。口诀：“高唤醒=隧道视野，低唤醒=镜头太广”。
Mental rehearsal: picturing a skill in the mind before performance. ‘Rehearse in your head – the brain fires the same pathways’.
心理演练：在表现前于脑海中描摹技能。“脑内排练——大脑激活相同的神经通路”。
9. Socio-cultural Influences & Ethics | 社会文化影响与伦理
Socio-cultural terms can be tricky because they involve values and behaviour. Knowing the difference between sportsmanship, gamesmanship and deviance is a must.
社会文化术语因涉及价值观和行为而容易混淆。区分体育精神、竞技投机行为和越轨行为是必备知识。
Sportsmanship: fair play, respecting opponents and officials, gracious in victory and defeat. ‘Sportmanship = a true sport, playing with honour’.
体育精神：公平竞争，尊重对手和裁判，胜不骄败不馁。“体育精神即以荣誉进行真正的运动”。
Gamesmanship: bending the rules without breaking them to gain an advantage, e.g. taking extra time to serve, sledging. ‘Gamesmanship = playing mind games – it’s not cheating, but it’s sneaky’.
竞技投机行为：在不违反规则的情况下钻规则空子以取得优势，如故意拖延发球时间或说垃圾话。“等于心理博弈——不算作弊却狡猾”。
Deviance: behaviour that intentionally breaks rules or norms, such as doping, deliberate fouls or violence. ‘Deviance = deviation from the rules – unacceptable conduct’.
越轨行为：蓄意违反规则或规范的行为，如使用兴奋剂、故意犯规或暴力。“越轨即偏离规则——不可接受的行为”。
Commercialisation: sport treated as a commodity for profit, involving sponsors, media and big events. Think ‘Commerce = money; sport becomes big business’. Technology: equipment advances (e.g. carbon-fibre rackets, VAR, Hawk-Eye) that affect performance and fairness. ‘Tech can be a game-changer’.
商业化：运动被视为盈利商品，涉及赞助商、媒体和大型赛事。联想“商业
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