📚 IGCSE WJEC Psychology: Glossary & Quick Memorization Guide | IGCSE WJEC 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key terminology is the first step towards excelling in the IGCSE WJEC Psychology exam. This guide provides clear definitions and memorable tricks for every essential term, arranged by topic, to help you learn efficiently and retain information longer.
掌握关键术语是 IGCSE WJEC 心理学考试取得好成绩的第一步。本指南按主题排列，为每个核心术语提供清晰的定义与记忆巧计，帮助你高效学习并持久记忆。
1. Research Methods Fundamentals | 研究方法基础
These terms form the backbone of psychological investigations. Understanding them ensures you can describe, evaluate, and design experiments with precision.
这些术语构成了心理学研究的支柱。理解它们能确保你准确描述、评估和设计实验。
Independent Variable (IV): The variable the researcher deliberately changes or manipulates to observe its effect on the dependent variable. Mnemonic: ‘I’ change the Independent variable.
自变量 (IV)： 研究者有意改变或操纵的变量，以观察其对因变量的影响。记忆技巧：’我’ 改变自变量。
Dependent Variable (DV): The variable that is measured to see the effect of the IV. Mnemonic: DV Depends on the IV.
因变量 (DV)： 被测量以观察自变量效应的变量。记忆技巧：因变量依赖于自变量。
Control Variable: A variable kept constant and unchanging during an experiment to prevent it from affecting the DV. Mnemonic: Control stays Constant.
控制变量： 在实验中保持恒定不变的变量，防止它影响因变量。记忆技巧：控制变量保持恒定 (Constant)。
Hypothesis (Null & Alternative): A testable prediction. The null hypothesis states there is no effect or no relationship, while the alternative (experimental) hypothesis predicts an effect or relationship. Mnemonic: Null means Nothing.
假设（零假设与备择假设）： 可检验的预测。零假设声称没有效应或关系，而备择（实验）假设预测存在效应或关系。记忆技巧：零假设意味着’零’效应。
Operationalisation: The process of defining variables in clear, measurable terms so that they can be tested. Mnemonic: Operationalise to make it Operable.
操作化： 用清晰、可测量的术语定义变量的过程，以便进行检验。记忆技巧：操作化让变量变得可操作。
2. Experimental Design & Procedures | 实验设计与程序
Choosing the right design affects the validity of results. These terms help you distinguish between different ways of allocating participants and controlling for order effects.
选择正确的设计影响结果的有效性。这些术语帮助你区分不同的参与者分配方式以及控制顺序效应的方法。
Independent Groups Design: Different participants are used in each experimental condition. Mnemonic: Independent groups = Independent people.
独立组设计： 每个实验条件使用不同的参与者。记忆技巧：独立组 = 独立的人。
Repeated Measures Design: The same participants take part in all conditions of the experiment. Mnemonic: Repeat with the Same participants.
重复测量设计： 相同的参与者参与实验的所有条件。记忆技巧：用同一批人重复 (Repeat)。
Matched Pairs Design: Participants are paired on key traits and then one from each pair is assigned to a different condition. Mnemonic: Matched like twins but in different conditions.
配对组设计： 参与者在关键特质上配对，然后每对中的一人被分配到不同条件。记忆技巧：像双胞胎一样配对但接受不同处理。
Counterbalancing: A technique used to control order effects by varying the sequence of conditions for different participants. Mnemonic: Balance the order across participants.
对抗平衡法： 一种通过改变不同参与者的条件顺序来控制顺序效应的技术。记忆技巧：在不同参与者之间平衡 (Balance) 顺序。
3. Sampling & Participants | 抽样与参与者
The way a sample is drawn can determine how well findings generalise. Memorise these sampling methods to evaluate the representativeness of a study.
抽取样本的方式决定了研究结果的推广程度。熟记这些抽样方法以评估研究的代表性。
Target Population: The entire group of people the researcher wishes to study and draw conclusions about. Mnemonic: The Target you aim to understand.
目标总体： 研究者希望研究并得出结论的整个群体。记忆技巧：你试图理解的靶向 (Target) 群体。
Sample: A smaller subset of the target population who actually take part in the study. Mnemonic: Sample is a Slice of the population.
样本： 实际参与研究的目标总体的一个较小子集。记忆技巧：样本是总体的一小片 (Slice)。
Random Sampling: Every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected. Mnemonic: Random like a lottery draw.
随机抽样： 目标总体中每个成员被选中的机会均等。记忆技巧：像抽奖一样随机。
Opportunity Sampling: Selecting participants who are easily available and willing to take part at the time. Mnemonic: Grab the Opportunity (whoever is there).
机会抽样： 选择那时容易找到且愿意参与的人。记忆技巧：抓住眼前的机会 (Opportunity)。
4. Ethical Considerations | 伦理考量
Psychological research must follow ethical guidelines. Learn these principles to judge whether a study respects participants’ rights.
心理学研究必须遵守伦理准则。学习这些原则以判断研究是否尊重参与者的权利。
Informed Consent: Participants must be fully informed about the nature of the research and give their voluntary agreement to take part. Mnemonic: Consent = Conscious agreement after Information.
知情同意： 参与者必须充分了解研究的性质并自愿同意参加。记忆技巧：了解情况后做出有意识的同意 (Consent)。
Deception: Deliberately misleading participants about the true aim of the study. It must be justified and followed by a thorough debriefing. Mnemonic: Deception hides the real aim but must be ‘de-briefed’ later.
欺骗： 刻意误导参与者关于研究的真实目的。必须有正当理由，并在事后进行彻底的说明。记忆技巧：欺骗隐藏了真实目的，但之后必须’说明真相’。
Right to Withdraw: Participants can stop taking part in a study at any time without penalty. Mnemonic: Withdraw means walk away anytime.
退出权： 参与者可以随时停止参与研究而不受惩罚。记忆技巧：随时可以走开 (Withdraw)。
Debriefing: A post-experimental interview or explanation during which participants are told the full purpose of the study and any deception is revealed. Mnemonic: De-brief = after the event, remove the ‘brief’ of ignorance.
事后说明： 实验后的访谈或解释，告知参与者研究的全部目的并揭示任何欺骗。记忆技巧：事后揭开无知的面纱。
5. Biological Psychology: Brain & Nervous System | 生物心理学：大脑与神经系统
Biological structures and processes underpin behaviour. These terms link the nervous system and brain functions to psychological responses.
生物结构和过程是行为的基础。这些术语将神经系统和大脑功能与心理反应联系起来。
Central Nervous System (CNS): Comprises the brain and spinal cord and integrates incoming information. Mnemonic: CNS = Cranial and Spinal.
中枢神经系统 (CNS)： 由大脑和脊髓组成，并整合传入的信息。记忆技巧：CNS 涵盖颅腔 (Cranial) 与脊柱 (Spinal)。
Sympathetic Nervous System: Prepares the body for fight or flight, increasing heart rate and breathing. Mnemonic: Sympathetic = Stress response (Sympathy for the body under threat).
交感神经系统： 让身体为战斗或逃跑准备，提高心率和呼吸。记忆技巧：交感 = 应激反应，身体受威胁时’表示同情’。
Neuron: A nerve cell that transmits information through electrical and chemical signals. Mnemonic: Neuron = messenger cell.
神经元： 通过电信号和化学信号传递信息的神经细胞。记忆技巧：神经元 = 信使细胞。
Neurotransmitter: A chemical messenger released from a neuron that crosses the synapse and affects another neuron. Mnemonic: Neuro-transmit-ter = transmits between neurons.
神经递质： 由神经元释放的化学信使，穿过突触影响另一个神经元。记忆技巧：在神经元之间传递 (transmit) 的物质。
6. Biological Psychology: Hormones & Genetics | 生物心理学：激素与遗传
Hormones and genetic inheritance influence behaviour in powerful ways. Recognising these terms helps you explain biological determinism and the nature–nurture debate.
激素和遗传以强大的方式影响行为。识别这些术语有助于解释生物决定论和先天-后天之争。
Adrenaline: A hormone released in response to acute stress, triggering the fight-or-flight response. Mnemonic: Adrenaline = Alarm hormone.
肾上腺素： 应对急性压力时释放的激素，引发战斗或逃跑反应。记忆技巧：肾上腺素 = 警报激素。
Cortisol: A stress hormone that helps the body manage prolonged stress but can impair memory in the long term. Mnemonic: Cortisol for Chronic stress.
皮质醇： 帮助身体应对长期压力的应激激素，但长期存在会损害记忆。记忆技巧：皮质醇对应慢性 (Chronic) 压力。
Genotype: The complete set of genes an individual inherits. Mnemonic: Genotype = Genetic code kept inside.
基因型： 个体继承的全部基因集。记忆技巧：基因型是内在的遗传密码。
Phenotype: The observable physical and behavioural traits resulting from the interaction of genotype with the environment. Mnemonic: Phenotype = Physical appearance.
表现型： 由于基因型与环境相互作用而产生的可观察的身体和行为特征。记忆技巧：表现型是外在可见的 (Physical)。
7. Cognitive Psychology: Memory | 认知心理学：记忆
Memory models and concepts explain how we encode, store and retrieve information. These terms are central to cognitive explanations.
记忆模型和概念解释了我们如何编码、储存和提取信息。这些术语
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