📚 Year 12 Cambridge PE: Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | Year 12 剑桥体育：词汇术语速记指南
In Cambridge Year 12 Physical Education, mastering subject-specific terminology is not just about memorising definitions—it is about linking each term to a concept so that recall becomes instant in exams. This guide groups key terms by syllabus topic and provides memorable triggers, word roots, and visual associations. Use the paired English–Chinese paragraphs to reinforce bilingual understanding, and revisit the summary table before timed assessments.
在剑桥 Year 12 体育课程中，掌握学科术语不仅仅是背诵定义，更是将每个术语与概念联系起来，使考试时能够瞬间回忆。本指南按大纲主题对关键术语进行分组，提供记忆触发点、词根和视觉联想。利用中英对照段落加强双语理解，并在计时评估前重温总结表格。
1. Energy Systems | 能量系统
ATP-PC system (alactic anaerobic) – this system provides immediate energy for short, explosive efforts lasting up to 10 seconds. Think of ‘ATP-PC’ as ‘A Turbo Porsche – Pure Charge’. The splitting of phosphocreatine (PC) releases energy to resynthesise ATP without oxygen and without producing lactic acid.
ATP-PC 系统（非乳酸无氧） – 该系统为持续 10 秒以内的短时爆发性运动提供即时能量。把 ‘ATP-PC’ 想象成 ‘一辆涡轮保时捷 – 纯电荷’。磷酸肌酸 (PC) 的分解释放能量以重新合成 ATP，无需氧气，也不产生乳酸。
Lactate threshold – the exercise intensity at which lactate begins to accumulate in the blood faster than it can be removed. Mnemonic: ‘Lactate = Lava – when you cross the threshold, your muscles burn.’ Knowing this point helps athletes pace endurance events.
乳酸阈 – 指运动强度达到某一水平时，乳酸在血液中积累的速度超过其被清除的速度。记忆口诀：’Lactate = 岩浆 – 一旦跨过阈值，肌肉就像着火。’了解此点有助于运动员在耐力项目中控制节奏。
2. Muscle Contraction Types | 肌肉收缩类型
Isometric – muscle length stays constant while tension develops. Think ‘iso-‘ = ‘same’, ‘metric’ = ‘length’. Example: holding a plank. No visible movement occurs, yet motor units are firing.
等长收缩 – 肌肉长度保持不变，张力增加。’iso-‘ 意为 ‘相同’，’metric’ 指 ‘长度’。例如：平板支撑。虽然没有可见的动作，但运动单位正在被激活。
Concentric – muscle shortens under tension, as in the upward phase of a bicep curl. Image: ‘Concentric = Contracting centre – squeezing inward.’
向心收缩 – 肌肉在张力下缩短，例如肱二头肌弯举的向上阶段。想象：’Concentric = 向中心收缩 – 向内挤压。’
Eccentric – muscle lengthens while under tension, often controlling movement against gravity. Memory hook: ‘Eccentric = Extending and controlling – the “e” refers to “elongating”.’ Eccentric actions cause more microscopic muscle damage and are linked to DOMS.
离心收缩 – 肌肉在张力下被拉长，常用于对抗重力的控制动作。记忆挂钩：’Eccentric = 延长并控制 – “e”代表“elongating（拉长）”。’离心收缩会导致更多的肌肉微损伤，与延迟性肌肉酸痛 (DOMS) 有关。
3. Cardiovascular Terms | 心血管术语
Heart rate (HR) – beats per minute. Stroke volume (SV) – volume of blood pumped per beat. Cardiac output (Q) = HR × SV. Formula: Q = HR × SV. Remember ‘Queen’s Heart Sends Vital blood’ – Q= HR× SV.
心率 (HR) – 每分钟心跳次数。每搏输出量 (SV) – 每搏泵出的血液量。心输出量 (Q) = HR × SV。公式：Q = HR × SV。记住 ‘女王的Heart Sends Vital 血液’ – Q= HR× SV。
VO₂ max – maximum volume of oxygen the body can utilise per minute per kg of body mass. It is the gold standard for cardiorespiratory fitness. Visualise ‘VO₂ max’ as the size of your engine; a higher value means a larger aerobic capacity.
最大摄氧量 (VO₂ max) – 每分钟每公斤体重所能利用的最大氧量，是心肺适能的黄金标准。将 VO₂ max 想象成发动机的排量；数值越高，有氧能力越强。
4. Respiratory Terms | 呼吸术语
Tidal volume (TV) – the amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing. Recall ‘tide’ rising and falling gently. During exercise, TV increases to meet oxygen demand.
潮气量 (TV) – 平静呼吸时每次吸入或呼出的气体量。联想 ‘潮水’ 温和地涨落。运动时潮气量增加以满足氧气需求。
Minute ventilation (VE) = tidal volume × breathing frequency. Formula: VE = TV × f. Think ‘Ventilation Every minute equals TV times frequency’.
每分钟通气量 (VE) = 潮气量 × 呼吸频率。公式：VE = TV × f。联想 ‘每分钟 Ventilation 等于 TV 乘以频率’。
Oxygen debt / EPOC – the extra oxygen consumed after exercise to restore the body to its resting state. Traditional term ‘oxygen debt’ is now often called Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC). Fast component replenishes ATP-PC stores; slow component removes lactate.
氧债 / EPOC – 运动后额外消耗的氧气，用于将身体恢复至安静状态。传统术语 ‘氧债’ 现常称为运动后过量氧耗 (EPOC)。快速部分补充 ATP-PC 储备；慢速部分清除乳酸。
5. Biomechanics Principles | 生物力学原理
Newton’s First Law (Inertia) – a body remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force. In sport, a sprinter must overcome inertia at the start. Link ‘Inertia = In-a-rut’ – hard to start, hard to stop.
牛顿第一定律（惯性） – 物体将保持静止或匀速运动状态，除非受外力作用。在运动中，短跑运动员起跑时必须克服惯性。联系 ‘Inertia = 陷入车辙’ – 难以启动，也难以停止。
Momentum – product of mass and velocity (p = m × v). A rugby tackle is more effective if the tackler has high momentum. Phrase: ‘Massive Velocity creates Momentum’.
动量 – 质量与速度的乘积 (p = m × v)。如果擒抱队员动量大，橄榄球擒抱就更有效。短语：’巨大速度创造动量’。
Angular momentum – quantity of rotation of a body. It is conserved when a figure skater pulls arms in to spin faster (moment of inertia decreases, angular velocity increases). Reminder: ‘Angular = angle spin, momentum stays’.
角动量 – 身体转动的量。花样滑冰运动员收臂时旋转更快，角动量守恒（转动惯量减小，角速度增大）。提醒：’Angular = 角度旋转，动量保持’。
6. Skill Classification | 技能分类
Open skill – performed in an unpredictable, changing environment (e.g., a football pass during open play). The performer must constantly adapt. ‘Open the window – outside world is changing.’
开放技能 – 在不可预测、不断变化的环境中执行（例如比赛中的足球传球）。执行者必须不断适应。’打开窗户 – 外部世界在变化。’
Closed skill – performed in a stable, predictable setting (e.g., a free throw in basketball). ‘Closed room – no surprises.’
闭合技能 – 在稳定、可预测的环境下执行（例如篮球罚球）。 ‘关闭的房间 – 没有意外。’
Fine motor skill – involves small muscle groups, precision and hand-eye coordination (e.g., dart throw). ‘Fine = delicate fingers.’ Gross motor skill – involves large muscle groups, powerful movements (e.g., sprinting). ‘Gross = big, like a gross of muscles.’
精细运动技能 – 涉及小肌肉群、精准和手眼协调（如投飞镖）。’Fine = 精巧的手指。’ 粗大运动技能 – 涉及大肌肉群、有力的动作（如短跑）。’Gross = 大，像一大堆肌肉。’
7. Learning and Performance | 学习与表现
Feedback – information a performer receives about the outcome of a movement. Intrinsic feedback comes from the body’s own sensory systems (kinaesthesis). ‘Inside info’. Extrinsic feedback is provided by an external source, e.g., a coach. ‘External ears/eyes.’
反馈 – 执行者获得的关于动作结果的信息。内在反馈 来自身体自身的感觉系统（动觉）。’内部信息’。外在反馈 由外部来源提供，如教练。’外部眼耳。’
Transfer of learning – the influence of one skill on the learning and performance of another. Positive transfer occurs when a tennis serve helps a volleyball serve. Remember ‘Transfer = truck carrying skill from A to B’.
学习迁移 – 一项技能对另一项技能的学习和表现的影响。当网球发球有助于排球发球时，发生正迁移。记住 ‘Transfer = 卡车将技能从 A 运到 B’。
Plateau effect – a temporary levelling off in performance despite continued practice. Caused by loss of motivation, fatigue, or poor coaching. Visual: ‘Reached a flat tabletop – plateau.’
高原现象 – 尽管持续练习，表现暂时停步不前。因动机丧失、疲劳或不良指导造成。视觉化：’到达平坦的桌面 – plateau。’
8. Psychological Factors | 心理因素
Arousal – the state of readiness and alertness, ranging from deep sleep to intense excitement. The inverted-U theory suggests optimal performance occurs at moderate arousal. ‘Arousal = Awakening scale – too low = bored, too high = panicked.’
唤醒 – 从深睡到高度兴奋的准备和警觉状态。倒 U 型理论表明最佳表现发生在中等唤醒水平。’Arousal = 唤醒刻度 – 太低=无聊，太高=恐慌。’
Trait anxiety – a stable personality tendency to perceive situations as threatening. State anxiety – temporary feeling of anxiety in response to a specific situation. Think ‘Trait = Typical you; State = Situational scare’.
特质焦虑 – 一种稳定的性格倾向，倾向于将情境视为威胁。状态焦虑 – 对特定情境产生的暂时焦虑感。联想 ‘Trait = 典型的你；State = 情境恐惧’。
Selective attention – filtering relevant cues from irrelevant ones. A batsman focusing on the ball while ignoring crowd noise demonstrates this. Cue: ‘Select = pick what matters, ignore the clutter.’
选择性注意 – 从无关线索中过滤出相关线索。击球手专注于球而忽视观众噪音即为此例。提示：’Select = 挑选重要的，忽略杂乱的。’
9. Training Methods | 训练方法
Interval training – periods of high-intensity exercise interspersed with recovery intervals. It develops both aerobic and anaerobic capacity depending on the work-to-rest ratio. ‘Interval = Inter-weaving work and relief.’
间歇训练 – 高强度运动时段与恢复时段交替进行。根据运动-休息比例的不同，可发展有氧或无氧能力。’Interval = 交织工作和休息。’
Plyometrics – explosive movements like bounding and depth jumps that harness the stretch-shortening cycle. Energy stored in the eccentric phase is released concentrically. ‘Plyo = Plywood spring – bounce like a board.’
爆发力训练 (Plyometrics) – 利用拉长-缩短周期的爆发性动作，如跨步跳和跳深。离心阶段储存的能量在向心阶段释放。’Plyo = 胶合板弹簧 – 像板子一样弹跳。’
Progressive overload – gradually increasing the training stimulus (intensity, duration, frequency) to ensure continued adaptation. Think ‘Progressively Overload the muscles, little by little.’
渐进超负荷 – 逐步增加训练刺激（强度、持续时间、频率）以确保持续适应。联想 ‘逐步地 Overload 肌肉，一点一点地。’
10. Health and Fitness Components | 健康与体能组成
Body composition – the ratio of fat mass to fat-free mass. Often assessed via BMI, skinfolds, or bioelectrical impedance. ‘Composition = what your body is Composed of.’
身体成分 – 脂肪量与去脂体重的比例。通常通过 BMI、皮褶厚度或生物电阻抗评估。’Composition = 身体由什么组成。’
Flexibility – range of motion around a joint. Static flexibility is the range without movement; dynamic flexibility involves movement. ‘Flex = bend easily.’
柔韧性 – 关节的活动范围。静态柔韧性是无动作时的范围；动态柔韧性涉及运动中的范围。’Flex = 容易弯曲。’
Muscular endurance – ability of a muscle or group to sustain repeated contractions against a resistance. Tests include the 60-second sit-up test. ‘Endurance = endure many repeats.’
肌肉耐力 – 肌肉或肌群对抗阻力反复收缩的能力。测试包括 60 秒仰卧起坐。’Endurance = 忍受多次重复。’
Summary Table of Terms and Mnemonics | 术语与记忆法总结表
| English Term | 中文术语 | Mnemonic / 记忆诀窍 |
|---|---|---|
| ATP-PC system | ATP-PC 系统 | A Turbo Porsche – Pure Charge |
| Lactate threshold | 乳酸阈 | Lava flow – when you cross, it burns |
| Isometric | 等长收缩 | Same length – ‘iso’ = same, ‘metric’ = length |
| Eccentric | 离心收缩 | Extending and controlling – ‘e’ for elongating |
| Cardiac output Q | 心输出量 Q | Q = HR × SV; Queen’s Heart Sends Vital blood |
| VO₂ max | 最大摄氧量 | Engine size – bigger engine, more aerobic power |
| Minute ventilation VE | 每分钟通气量 VE | VE = TV × f; Ventilation Every minute |
| EPOC | 运动后过量氧耗 | Extra Puff of Oxygen after Cook-down |
| Angular momentum | 角动量 | Angel spins – arms in, spin faster |
| Plateau effect | 高原现象 | Flat table – progress stalls |
| Progressive overload | 渐进超负荷 | Slowly Overload – step by step |
Published by TutorHao | Physical Education Revision Series | aleveler.com
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