Year 13 CAIE Physics: A Complete Syllabus Breakdown | 十三年级 CAIE 物理：课程大纲全面解析

📚 Year 13 CAIE Physics: A Complete Syllabus Breakdown | 十三年级 CAIE 物理：课程大纲全面解析

Year 13 CAIE Physics, corresponding to the A2 component of the Cambridge International A Level, builds on the foundations laid in Year 12. It deepens your understanding of fundamental principles and expands into more abstract and mathematically rigorous topics. This syllabus breakdown covers all key areas assessed in Papers 4 and 5, including circular motion, gravitational fields, oscillations, thermal physics, ideal gases, electric fields, capacitance, magnetic fields, electromagnetic induction, alternating currents, quantum physics, and nuclear physics. Mastering these topics not only secures high marks in the final examination but also prepares you for university-level physics and engineering courses.

十三年级 CAIE 物理对应剑桥国际 A Level 的 A2 部分，是在十二年级基础上的深化。它既加深了对基本规律的理解，又拓展到更抽象、更具数学严密性的主题。这份大纲解析涵盖了试卷四和试卷五考查的所有核心领域，包括圆周运动、引力场、振动、热力学、理想气体、电场、电容、磁场、电磁感应、交流电、量子物理与核物理。掌握这些内容不仅能在最终考试中取得高分，也能为大学阶段的物理与工程课程做好充分准备。

1. Circular Motion and Gravitational Fields | 圆周运动与引力场

The foundation of A2 mechanics is uniform circular motion. An object moving in a circle of radius r at constant speed v experiences a centripetal acceleration a = v²/r directed towards the centre. The resultant force providing this acceleration is the centripetal force F = mv²/r, which is not a new type of force but the net force required for circular motion. From this, we derive angular displacement θ, angular velocity ω = dθ/dt, and the relationships v = ωr and a = ω²r.

A2 力学的基础是匀速圆周运动。以恒定速率 v 在半径为 r 的圆周上运动的物体具有指向圆心的向心加速度 a = v²/r。提供这一加速度的合力称为向心力 F = mv²/r，它并非新的力，而是维持圆周运动所需合力。由此引入角位移 θ、角速度 ω = dθ/dt，以及关系式 v = ωr 和 a = ω²r。

Newton’s law of gravitation states that any two point masses attract each other with a force proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of their separation: F = −GMm/r². The gravitational field strength g at a point is the force per unit mass on a small test mass placed at that point, g = F/m = −GM/r². A satellite in a stable circular orbit has its gravitational force providing the centripetal force, leading to Kepler’s third law T² ∝ r³ for objects orbiting the same central body. Gravitational potential Vg = −GM/r is always negative, and the total energy of a satellite in a circular orbit is E = −GMm/(2r). Understanding these concepts allows analysis of escape velocity and energy changes between orbits.

牛顿万有引力定律指出，任何两个质点之间的引力与两质点的质量乘积成正比，与它们之间的距离平方成反比：F = −GMm/r²。某点的引力场强 g 定义为放置在该点的检验质量所受的单位质量引力，g = F/m = −GM/r²。稳定圆轨道上的卫星，其引力恰好提供向心力，由此导出针对同一中心天体的开普勒第三定律 T² ∝ r³。引力势 Vg = −GM/r 恒为负值，圆轨道卫星的总能量为 E = −GMm/(2r)。掌握这些概念可分析逃逸速度和不同轨道之间的能量变化。

g = GM/r², T² = (4π²/GM) r³, Vg = −GM/r

2. Oscillations | 振动

Simple harmonic motion (SHM) is oscillatory motion where the acceleration is directly proportional to the displacement from equilibrium and always directed towards that equilibrium position: a = −ω²x. The solutions for displacement are sinusoidal: x = x₀ sin(ωt) or x = x₀ cos(ωt), where x₀ is the amplitude. Velocity leads displacement by π/2, and acceleration is antiphase with displacement. The period of a mass–spring system is T = 2π√(m/k), and for a simple pendulum T = 2π√(l/g) for small amplitudes.

简谐运动是一种振动，其加速度大小与相对平衡位置的位移成正比，方向始终指向平衡位置：a = −ω²x。位移的解是正弦函数：x = x₀ sin(ωt) 或 x = x₀ cos(ωt)，其中 x₀ 为振幅。速度超前位移 π/2，加速度与位移反相。弹簧振子的周期为 T = 2π√(m/k)，单摆在小振幅下的周期为 T = 2π√(l/g)。

Energy in SHM continually exchanges between kinetic and potential forms. The total energy E = ½ mω²x₀² depends on mass, angular frequency, and the square of the amplitude. Damping removes energy from the system, with light damping causing a gradual loss of amplitude, critical damping returning to equilibrium most quickly without oscillation, and heavy damping giving a slow return. Forced oscillations occur when a periodic driving force is applied; resonance happens when the driving frequency matches the natural frequency of the system, leading to a sharp increase in amplitude. The sharpness of resonance is described by the quality factor Q.

简谐运动中的能量在动能和势能之间不断转换。总能量 E = ½ mω²x₀² 依赖于质量、角频率和振幅的平方。阻尼会带走系统能量，弱阻尼使振幅逐渐减小，临界阻尼使系统最快回到平衡点而不发生振动，过阻尼则缓慢恢复。当施加周期性驱动力时产生受迫振动；当驱动频率等于系统固有频率时发生共振，振幅急剧增大。共振的尖锐程度用品质因子 Q 描述。

3. Thermal Physics and Ideal Gases | 热力学与理想气体

Thermal equilibrium and the zeroth law of thermodynamics underpin temperature measurement. The thermodynamic (Kelvin) scale is absolute, with absolute zero at 0 K = −273.15 °C. The specific heat capacity c and specific latent heat L quantify energy transfer during heating and phase changes, with Q = mcΔθ and Q = mL respectively. Internal energy U is the sum of the random kinetic and potential energies of all molecules in a system; the first law of thermodynamics states ΔU = Q + W, where W is work done on the system.

热平衡和热力学第零定律是温度测量的基础。热力学温标（开尔文）是绝对温标，绝对零度为 0 K = −273.15 °C。比热容 c 和比潜热 L 分别量化加热和相变过程中的能量转移，公式为 Q = mcΔθ 和 Q = mL。内能 U 是系统中所有分子无规则运动的动能与势能之和；热力学第一定律为 ΔU = Q + W，其中 W 为外界对系统做的功。

The kinetic theory of an ideal gas assumes large numbers of molecules in random motion, elastic collisions, and negligible intermolecular forces except during collisions. From this, the pressure of an ideal gas is derived: p = (1/3) (Nm/V) ⟨c²⟩, and the average translational kinetic energy per molecule is (3/2) kT. Combining these gives the ideal gas equation pV = nRT, where n is the number of moles and R is the molar gas constant. A real gas approximates ideal behaviour at low pressure and high temperature, but deviates near liquefaction due to significant intermolecular forces and molecular volume.

理想气体的分子动理论假设大量分子做无规则运动、碰撞为弹性碰撞，且除碰撞瞬间外分子间作用力可忽略。由此导出理想气体压强：p = (1/3) (Nm/V) ⟨c²⟩，而每个分子的平均平动动能为 (3/2) kT。结合两者得到理想气体状态方程 pV = nRT，其中 n 为物质的量，R 为摩尔气体常数。真实气体在低压高温时接近理想行为，但在接近液化时因分子间力和分子本身体积的影响而偏离理想气体模型。

pV = nRT, Eₖ = (3/2)kT, p = (1/3)ρ⟨c²⟩

4. Electric Fields | 电场

An electric field is a region where a charged particle experiences a force. Coulomb’s law gives the force between two point charges: F = Q₁Q₂/(4πε₀r²). The electric field strength E at a point is the force per unit positive charge: E = F/q. For a point charge Q, E = Q/(4πε₀r²). By contrast, in a uniform electric field between parallel plates, E = V/d where V is the potential difference and d is the plate separation. Electric field lines represent the direction of the force on a positive test charge.

电场是带电粒子受力的区域。库仑定律给出两点电荷间的作用力：F = Q₁Q₂/(4πε₀r²)。某点的电场强度 E 定义为单位正电荷在该点所受的力：E = F/q。对于点电荷 Q，E = Q/(4πε₀r²)。相比之下，在平行板间的匀强电场中 E = V/d，其中 V 为电势差，d 为板间距。电场线表示正检验电荷的受力方向。

Electric potential V at a point is the work done per unit charge in bringing a positive test charge from infinity to that point. For a point charge, V = Q/(4πε₀r). The relationship between E and V is that E equals the negative potential gradient: E = −dV/dr. Electrons moving through a potential difference gain kinetic energy eV = ½mv², forming the basis of particle accelerators and electron diffraction. The motion of charged particles in uniform electric fields follows parabolic trajectories, analogous to projectile motion in gravitational fields.

某点的电势 V 定义为将单位正检验电荷从无穷远移至该点所做的功。对于点电荷，V = Q/(4πε₀r)。E 与 V 的关系为 E 等于电势梯度的负值：E = −dV/dr。电子经过电势差所获得的动能 eV = ½mv² 构成了粒子加速器和电子衍射的基础。带电粒子在匀强电场中的运动遵循抛物线轨迹，与引力场中的抛体运动相似。

5. Capacitance | 电容

Capacitance C is the charge stored per unit potential difference: C = Q/V. Its unit is the farad (F). A capacitor stores energy in the electric field between its plates; the energy stored is W = ½QV = ½CV² = ½Q²/C. For a parallel-plate capacitor, C = εA/d, showing that capacitance depends on plate area A, plate separation d, and the permittivity of the dielectric ε. Inserting a dielectric increases capacitance by reducing the effective electric field.

电容 C 定义为存储的电荷量与两端电势差的比值：C = Q/V，单位为法拉。电容器在极板间的电场中储存能量；储存的能量为 W = ½QV = ½CV² = ½Q²/C。平行板电容器的电容 C = εA/d，表明电容取决于极板面积 A、板间距 d 以及电介质的介电常数 ε。插入电介质会通过削弱有效电场来增大电容。

In circuits, capacitors charge and discharge through resistors with exponential behaviour. The time constant τ = RC governs the rate of these processes. For charging, V = V₀(1 − e⁻ᵗ/ᴿᶜ) and for discharging, V = V₀e⁻ᵗ/ᴿᶜ. Applications include timing circuits, smoothing circuits in rectifiers, and flash photography. In smoothing, a capacitor reduces the ripple in a rectified AC output. You must be able to analyse charge, voltage, and current graphs for RC circuits and calculate half-life etc.

在电路中，电容器通过电阻充放电呈指数规律。时间常数 τ = RC 决定了充放电的快慢。充电时 V = V₀(1 − e⁻ᵗ/ᴿᶜ)，放电时 V = V₀ e⁻ᵗ/ᴿᶜ。应用包括定时电路、整流器中的滤波电路以及闪光灯。在滤波中，电容器用于减小整流后的交流脉动。必须能够分析 RC 电路的电荷、电压和电流图像，并计算半衰期等。

τ = RC, W = ½CV², C = εA/d

6. Magnetic Fields and Electromagnetism | 磁场与电磁学

A magnetic field exists around permanent magnets and moving charges. The magnetic flux density B is defined by the force on a current-carrying conductor: F = BIL sin θ for a straight wire, and the force on a moving charge is F = BQv sin θ. The direction is given by Fleming’s left-hand rule. Charged particles moving perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field undergo circular motion with radius r = mv/(BQ), a principle used in mass spectrometers and cyclotrons.

永磁体和运动电荷周围存在磁场。磁通量密度 B 由通电导体的受力定义：直导线的受力 F = BIL sin θ，运动电荷所受洛伦兹力为 F = BQv sin θ。方向由左手定则确定。垂直射入匀强磁场的带电粒子做圆周运动，半径 r = mv/(BQ)，这一原理用于质谱仪和回旋加速器。

The Hall effect demonstrates that charge carriers in a conductor experience a magnetic force, creating a transverse voltage VH = BI/(nqt), where n is the number density of charge carriers and t is the thickness. The sign of VH reveals the sign of the charge carriers. A velocity selector uses perpendicular electric and magnetic fields; particles with v = E/B pass undeflected. Electromagnetic induction will be covered in the next section.

霍尔效应表明导体中的载流子受到磁力，产生横向电压 VH = BI/(nqt)，其中 n 为载流子数密度，t 为厚度。VH 的符号揭示了载流子的正负。速度选择器利用相互垂直的电场与磁场；速度 v = E/B 的粒子可沿直线通过。电磁感应将在下一节讨论。

7. Electromagnetic Induction | 电磁感应

Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction states that the induced emf in a circuit is equal to the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage: ε = −d(NΦ)/dt. Lenz’s law gives the direction of the induced emf, which always opposes the change in flux causing it (shown by the negative sign). For a straight conductor moving perpendicularly across a magnetic field, ε = BLv. For a coil rotating in a uniform magnetic field, the emf is sinusoidal with peak value ε₀ = BANω.

法拉第电磁感应定律表明，回路中的感应电动势等于磁通链的变化率：ε = −d(NΦ)/dt。楞次定律给出了感应电动势的方向，即总是阻碍引起它的磁通变化（体现在公式的负号上）。对于在磁场中垂直运动的直导体，ε = BLv。对于在匀强磁场中旋转的线圈，感应电动势为正弦波，峰值 ε₀ = BANω。

AC generators exploit this principle; the simple alternator produces a sinusoidal output. Eddy currents are induced in bulk conductors moving through a magnetic field or exposed to a changing magnetic field, leading to heating and magnetic braking. Induction is also the principle behind transformers: the primary and secondary coils share a changing magnetic flux in a core, giving V₂/V₁ = N₂/N₁ and, under ideal (100% efficient) conditions, I₁V₁ = I₂V₂.

交流发电机利用了这一原理；简单的交流发电机输出正弦波形。涡流是指在块状导体中因在磁场中运动或处于变化的磁场中而感应出的环形电流，导致发热和磁制动。电磁感应也是变压器的工作原理：原、副线圈共享铁芯中变化的磁通，有 V₂/V₁ = N₂/N₁，在理想（100% 效率）条件下 I₁V₁ = I₂V₂。

8. Alternating Currents | 交流电

An alternating current (AC) varies sinusoidally with time: I = I₀ sin(ωt), where I₀ is the peak current. The root-mean-square (rms) value of an AC is the equivalent direct current that would dissipate the same average power in a resistor: Iᵣₘₛ = I₀/√2, Vᵣₘₛ = V₀/√2. For a purely resistive load, current and voltage are in phase and power is P = IᵣₘₛVᵣₘₛ. However, for circuits containing capacitors or inductors, a phase difference arises between current and voltage.

交流电随时间呈正弦变化：I = I₀ sin(ωt)，其中 I₀ 为峰值电流。交流电的方均根（rms）值定义为在电阻上产生相同平均功率的等效直流电：Iᵣₘₛ = I₀/√2，Vᵣₘₛ = V₀/√2。对于纯电阻负载，电流与电压同相，功率 P = IᵣₘₛVᵣₘₛ。然而，当电路中含有电容或电感时，电流与电压之间会出现相位差。

Reactance quantifies the opposition to AC in a capacitor (Xc = 1/(ωC)) or an inductor (XL = ωL). In a series LCR circuit, impedance Z = √(R² + (XL − Xc)²) determines the overall opposition. The phase angle φ is given by tan φ = (XL − Xc)/R. At resonance, XL = Xc, Z = R minimum, and the current is maximum. The resonant frequency is f₀ = 1/(2π√(LC)). Rectification converts AC to DC using diodes; half-wave rectification uses a single diode, while full-wave rectification using a bridge rectifier utilises both halves of the cycle.

电抗表示电容或电感对交流电的阻碍作用，容抗 Xc = 1/(ωC)，感抗 XL = ωL。在串联 LCR 电路中，阻抗 Z = √(R² + (XL − Xc)²) 决定了总的阻碍作用。相位角 φ 满足 tan φ = (XL − Xc)/R。当发生谐振时，XL = Xc，Z = R 最小，电流最大。谐振频率 f₀ = 1/(2π√(LC))。整流利用二极管将交流转换为直流；半波整流使用单个二极管，而桥式整流构成的全波整流则利用了交流周期的两个半周。

9. Quantum Physics | 量子物理

The photon model of electromagnetic radiation proposes that light consists of discrete quanta (photons) with energy E = hf, where h is the Planck constant. The photoelectric effect provides strong evidence for this model: electrons are emitted from a metal surface only if the incident photon frequency exceeds the threshold frequency f₀, regardless of intensity. The maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons follows Einstein’s equation: hf = Φ + Kₑₘₐₓ, where Φ = hf₀ is the work function. Stopping potential measurements confirm the linear relationship between photon frequency and electron energy.

电磁辐射的光子模型认为光由离散的能量量子（光子）组成，光子能量 E = hf，h 为普朗克常量。光电效应为该模型提供了有力证据：仅当入射光子频率超过截止频率 f₀ 时，电子才能从金属表面逸出，与光强无关。逸出电子的最大动能遵循爱因斯坦方程：hf = Φ + Kₑₘₐₓ，其中 Φ = hf₀ 为逸出功。截止电压的测量证实了光子频率与电子能量之间的线性关系。

Wave–particle duality extends to matter: the de Broglie wavelength λ = h/p, where p is momentum. Electron diffraction experiments, such as the Davisson–Germer experiment, demonstrate that electrons exhibit wave-like behaviour. In a transmission electron microscope, electrons accelerated through tens of kV have wavelengths far smaller than visible light, enabling atomic-scale resolution. Line spectra of atoms are explained by transitions between discrete energy levels: ΔE = hf = hc/λ, giving rise to the Balmer and Lyman series in hydrogen.

波粒二象性推广到实物粒子：德布罗意波长 λ = h/p，其中 p 为动量。电子衍射实验（如戴维孙-革末实验）证明电子也能表现出波动性。在透射电子显微镜中，经几十千伏电压加速的电子所具有的波长远小于可见光，可实现原子级分辨率。原子的线状光谱可用分立能级之间的跃迁解释：ΔE = hf = hc/λ，由此产生了氢原子的巴耳末系和莱曼系等。

10. Nuclear Physics | 核物理

The atomic nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons, held together by the strong nuclear force. Nuclear mass and energy are equivalent through E = mc². The mass defect is the difference between the mass of a nucleus and the sum of the masses of its constituent nucleons; this missing mass appears as binding energy. The average binding energy per nucleon peaks around iron, indicating maximum stability; energy can be released by fusion of light nuclei or fission of heavy nuclei.

原子核由质子和中子组成，靠强核力结合。核的质量与能量通过 E = mc² 等效。质量亏损是指原子核的质量与其组成核子质量总和的差值；这部分“消失”的质量表现为结合能。每个核子的平均结合能在铁附近最大，表明该处最稳定；轻核聚变与重核裂变均可释放能量。

Radioactive decay is a random and spontaneous process governed by the decay constant λ. Activity A = λN, and the number of undecayed nuclei follows the exponential law N = N₀ e⁻λᵗ. The half-life t₁/₂ = ln2/λ is constant for a given isotope. Three types of radiation are emitted: alpha (α, helium nuclei), beta (β⁻, electrons; β⁺, positrons), and gamma (γ, high-energy photons). Beta decay involves the weak interaction, converting a neutron into a proton (β⁻) or a proton into a neutron (β⁺) with the emission of a neutrino or antineutrino. Nuclear equations must balance both mass number A and atomic number Z.

放射性衰变是随机自发的过程，由衰变常量 λ 决定。活度 A = λN，未衰变核的数量遵循指数规律 N = N₀ e⁻λᵗ。对于给定同位素，半衰期 t₁/₂ = ln2/λ 为常数。放射出的射线有三种：α（氦核）、β（β⁻ 为电子，β⁺ 为正电子）和 γ（高能光子）。β 衰变涉及弱相互作用，中子转变为质子（β⁻）或质子转变为中子（β⁺），同时放出中微子或反中微子。核反应方程必须满足质量数 A 守恒和电荷数 Z 守恒。

Practical skills assessed in Paper 5 require handling of radioactive decay data, logarithmic plots to find λ, and understanding of background radiation corrections. Nuclear applications include radioactive dating (carbon-14), medical tracers (technetium-99m), and radiation therapy. The balance between risks and benefits of ionising radiation is a core aspect of evaluation questions.

试卷五考查的实验技能涉及处理放射性衰变数据、用对数图像求 λ，以及本底辐射校正。核物理的应用包括放射性测年（碳-14）、医学示踪（锝-99m）和放射治疗。对电离辐射风险与收益的权衡是评估题的核心内容之一。

A = λN, N = N₀ e⁻λᵗ, t₁/₂ = ln2/λ

11. Medical Physics (Optional Topic Example) | 医学物理（示例选学专题）

Many schools opt for one of the CAIE applications-of-physics topics, with Medical Physics being a very common choice. This section builds on nuclear physics and waves to explain diagnostic and therapeutic tools. X-rays are produced when high-speed electrons are decelerated in a metal target, giving a continuous bremsstrahlung spectrum superimposed with characteristic lines. X-ray attenuation follows I = I₀ e⁻μx, where μ is the linear attenuation coefficient, closely related to the mass attenuation coefficient and half-value thickness. Contrast within an X-ray image depends on differential absorption by tissues with differing effective atomic numbers.

很多学校会选择 CAIE 物理应用专题之一，医学物理是极常见的选择。这一专题建立在核物理与波的基础上，解释诊断和治疗工具。X 射线通过高速电子在金属靶中减速产生，形成叠加有特征线的连续轫致辐射光谱。X 射线衰减遵循 I = I₀ e⁻μx，其中 μ 为线性衰减系数，与质量衰减系数和半值层密切相关。X 光图像的对比度取决于不同有效原子序数组织的差异吸收。

Ultrasound uses piezoelectric transducers to generate and receive high-frequency sound waves. A-mode (amplitude) and B-mode (brightness) scans produce different types of image. The acoustic impedance Z = ρc determines reflection at tissue boundaries, and the use of coupling gel minimises reflection at the transducer-skin interface. Doppler ultrasound measures blood flow velocity through the frequency shift Δf = (2f v cos θ)/c. For therapy, ionising radiation uses gamma rays, X-rays, and proton beams to destroy malignant cells, with careful planning to minimise dose to healthy tissue.

超声利用压电换能器产生和接收高频声波。A 扫描（振幅模式）和 B 扫描（亮度模式）产生不同类型的图像。声阻抗 Z = ρc 决定了组织界面处的反射，使用耦合剂可最大程度减少换能器-皮肤界面的反射。多普勒超声通过频移 Δf = (2f v cos θ)/c 测量血流速度。在治疗方面，电离辐射利用伽马射线、X 射线和质子束摧毁恶性细胞，但需精心规划以尽量减少健康组织的受照剂量。

12. Astronomy and Cosmology (Optional Topic Example) | 天文物理与宇宙学（示例选学专题）

Another popular option in Year 13 CAIE Physics is Astronomy and Cosmology. Standard candles such as Cepheid variables have a period–luminosity relationship that allows distance measurement. Luminosity L relates to apparent brightness b via b = L/(4πd²). The Stefan–Boltzmann law L = 4πσR²T⁴ and Wien’s displacement law λₘₐₓT = 2.898 × 10⁻³ m K link a star’s radiation to its temperature and radius, leading to the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram as a stellar classification tool.

十三年级 CAIE 物理另一个热门选学专题是天文物理与宇宙学。标准烛光如造父变星具有周期-光度关系，可用于测定距离。光度 L 与视亮度 b 的关系为 b = L/(4πd²)。斯特藩-玻尔兹曼定律 L = 4πσR²T⁴ 和维恩位移定律 λₘₐₓT = 2.898×10⁻³ m K 将恒星的辐射与其温度和半径联系起来，从而得出赫罗图作为恒星分类的工具。

The cosmological principle states that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic on a large scale. The Doppler redshift of light from distant galaxies gives recessional velocity v = H₀d, where H₀ is the Hubble constant, providing evidence for an expanding universe. The cosmic microwave background radiation is the remnant of the hot Big Bang. The age of the universe can be estimated as 1/H₀, and the ultimate fate of the universe — whether it expands forever or eventually collapses — depends on its average density relative to the critical density. Dark energy and dark matter are introduced as modern extensions.

宇宙学原理指出宇宙在大尺度上是均匀且各向同性的。来自遥远星系的光线多普勒红移给出了退行速度 v = H₀d，H₀ 为哈勃常数，为宇宙膨胀提供了证据。宇宙微波背景辐射是热大爆炸的遗迹。宇宙年龄可估为 1/H₀，而宇宙的最终命运——永远膨胀还是最终坍缩——取决于其平均密度与临界密度的比较。暗能量和暗物质被作为现代延伸知识引入。

Published by TutorHao | Physics Revision Series | aleveler.com

更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）

Year 13 CAIE Physics: A Complete Syllabus Breakdown | 十三年级 CAIE 物理：课程大纲全面解析