Year 13 Cambridge Philosophy: Full Syllabus Breakdown | A2 剑桥哲学：课程大纲全面解析

📚 Year 13 Cambridge Philosophy: Full Syllabus Breakdown | A2 剑桥哲学：课程大纲全面解析

Cambridge International A Level Philosophy (9697) Year 13 builds on AS knowledge by exploring profound themes and engaging closely with seminal philosophical texts. This comprehensive breakdown covers Papers 3 and 4, assessment objectives, and effective study strategies for success.

剑桥国际 A Level 哲学（9697）Year 13 课程建立在 AS 知识基础上，深入探讨深刻的哲学主题，并精读经典哲学原著。本文全面解析试卷三与试卷四、评估目标及高效学习策略，助你成功备考。

1. Overview of Year 13 Cambridge Philosophy (A2) | A2 剑桥哲学概览

Year 13 marks the A2 stage of the Cambridge A Level Philosophy course. While AS focuses on fundamental questions and reasoning skills, A2 demands deeper critical engagement with perennial philosophical problems and requires careful study of classic texts. Candidates must demonstrate the ability to evaluate arguments, compare perspectives, and construct sustained philosophical discourse.

Year 13 是剑桥 A Level 哲学课程的 A2 阶段。AS 侧重基本问题与推理技能，而 A2 要求对长期哲学难题进行更深入的批判性思考，并精读经典文本。考生须展现出评价论证、比较观点及构建连贯哲学论述的能力。

2. Assessment Structure: Papers 3 & 4 | 考试结构：试卷三与试卷四

Paper 3 (3 hours, 100 marks) requires answering four essay questions, one from each of the four themes. Paper 4 (2 hours 30 minutes, 100 marks) involves responding to two essay questions on chosen set texts. Both are externally assessed.

试卷三（3小时，100分）要求回答四道论文题，分别来自四个主题各选一题。试卷四（2小时30分，100分）涉及就所选的规定文本回答两道论文题。两者均由外部评估。

Paper 3: Themes in Philosophy – You must answer one question from each section (Ethics, Metaphysics, Philosophy of Mind, Philosophy of Religion). Each question carries 25 marks, testing breadth and depth across the syllabus.

试卷三：哲学主题 – 你必须从每个部分（伦理学、形而上学、心灵哲学、宗教哲学）各选答一题。每题25分，考查对大纲各部分的广度与深度。

Paper 4: Set Texts – You choose two texts from the prescribed list and answer one question per text. Each question is worth 50 marks, requiring detailed textual knowledge and critical analysis.

试卷四：规定文本 – 你从规定清单中选择两篇文本，每篇回答一题。每题50分，要求具备详尽的文本知识及批判性分析。

3. Paper 3: Themes in Philosophy | 试卷三：哲学主题

Paper 3 consists of four compulsory themes. You will study each in depth, focusing on classic debates, key concepts, and contemporary developments. The themes are ethics, metaphysics, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of religion. Each theme has a core set of issues and prescribed material that exam questions will draw upon.

试卷三包含四个必修主题。你需要深入学习每个主题，重点掌握经典辩论、关键概念及当代发展。主题分别为伦理学、形而上学、心灵哲学和宗教哲学。每一主题都有一套核心议题与指定材料，试题将据此命制。

4. Paper 3 Topic 1: Ethics | 主题一：伦理学

Ethics is divided into three main areas. First, normative ethical theories: you examine Utilitarianism (Act and Rule), Kantian deontology, and Aristotle’s virtue ethics. Key questions concern how we determine right action and what constitutes a good life. Second, meta-ethics: this investigates the nature of moral judgements. You explore cognitivism vs non-cognitivism, moral realism vs anti-realism, and the meaning of moral language. Third, applied ethics: you apply theories to practical dilemmas such as abortion, euthanasia, and animal rights, assessing the strengths and weaknesses of each approach.

伦理学分为三大领域。第一，规范伦理学理论：需检视功利主义（行为与规则功利主义）、康德义务论和亚里士多德德性伦理。核心问题牵涉如何确定行为的对错，以及何谓良善生活。第二，元伦理学：探讨道德判断的本质，分析认知主义与非认知主义、道德实在论与反实在论，以及道德语言的意义。第三，应用伦理学：将理论应用于堕胎、安乐死与动物权利等实际困境，评估各进路的优劣。

5. Paper 3 Topic 2: Metaphysics | 主题二：形而上学

Metaphysics addresses fundamental reality. The syllabus covers four main debates. Free will and determinism: you consider hard determinism, libertarianism, and compatibilism, evaluating the implications for moral responsibility. Personal identity: what makes someone the same person over time? Theories include the psychological continuity view, the bodily continuity view, and narrative identity. The mind-body problem: you assess dualism (substance and property), physicalism (type and token identity theory, eliminativism), and functionalism. The philosophy of time: debates on the A-theory (tensed) versus B-theory (tenseless) and the reality of time.

形而上学探讨基本实在。大纲涵盖四大议题。自由意志与决定论：检视强硬决定论、自由意志论与相容论，评估其对道德责任的影响。人格同一性：是什么使一个人在不同时间保持为同一个人？理论包括心理连续性观点、身体连续性观点及叙事同一性。心身问题：评估二元论（实体二元论与属性二元论）、物理主义（类型与殊型同一论、取消主义）以及功能主义。时间哲学：A理论（时态论）与B理论（非时态论）之争，以及时间的实在性。

6. Paper 3 Topic 3: Philosophy of Mind | 主题三：心灵哲学

While overlapping with metaphysics, philosophy of mind focuses specifically on consciousness and mental phenomena. Key topics include: the problem of other minds – how can we know that other beings have minds? Arguments from analogy, the best explanation, and Wittgenstein’s private language argument are studied. Consciousness: the ‘hard problem’ of explaining subjective experience (qualia). You examine physicalist accounts, dualist objections, and whether consciousness can be reduced. Intentionality: the aboutness of mental states – how thoughts can represent objects. Mental causation: how mental events can cause physical actions, and the threat of epiphenomenalism. These issues require precise conceptual analysis and evaluation of scientific and philosophical perspectives.

尽管与形而上学有重叠，心灵哲学更聚焦于意识与心理现象。关键议题包括：他心问题 – 我们如何知道其他存在者拥有心灵？需研究类比论证、最佳解释论证及维特根斯坦的私人语言论证。意识：解释主观经验（感质）的“困难问题”。检视物理主义解释、二元论反驳，以及意识是否可被还原。意向性：心理状态的关于性 – 思想如何能够指向对象。心理因果：心理事件如何引发物理行动，以及副现象论的威胁。这些问题需要精确的概念分析及对科学与哲学视角的评价。

7. Paper 3 Topic 4: Philosophy of Religion | 主题四：宗教哲学

This theme explores the concept of God and religious belief. The concept of God: you analyse attributes like omnipotence, omniscience, and perfect goodness, and the logical problems they raise (e.g., the paradox of the stone). Arguments for God’s existence: the ontological argument (Anselm, Descartes, Kant’s objections), the cosmological argument (Aquinas’ first three ways, the Kalam argument, Hume’s criticisms), and the teleological/design argument (Paley, Hume’s criticisms, the fine-tuning argument). The problem of evil: the logical and evidential problems for theism, and theodicies (Augustinian, Irenaean, process theology). Religious language: verification

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