📚 Year 13 Cambridge Science: Key Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | 剑桥A-Level科学核心词汇术语速记指南
Mastering scientific terminology is often half the battle in A-Level exams. This guide breaks down essential Year 13 Cambridge Science vocabulary across physics, chemistry and biology, pairing each term with concise explanations and memory hooks. Use these bilingual snapshots to turn abstract jargon into lasting knowledge.
攻克A-Level科学，往往一半的功夫花在术语上。这份指南拆解了Year 13剑桥物理、化学、生物的核心词汇，每个术语都配有简明释义与记忆线索。通过这些双语快照，让抽象术语变成牢固的知识。
1. Chemical Bonding and Structure | 化学键与结构
Bonding determines a substance’s physical properties, from melting point to conductivity. The following terms appear constantly in Cambridge exam questions.
化学键决定了物质的熔点、导电性等物理性质。以下术语在剑桥试卷中反复出现。
Ionic bond: The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions formed by electron transfer. Lattice energy is a measure of its strength.
离子键： 由电子转移形成的带相反电荷离子之间的静电吸引力。晶格能是衡量其强度的指标。
Covalent bond: A shared pair of electrons between atoms. Polar covalent bonds arise from unequal sharing due to electronegativity difference.
共价键： 原子间共享的一对电子。由于电负性差导致共享不均，形成极性共价键。
Electronegativity: The ability of an atom to attract the bonding electron pair towards itself in a covalent bond. Increases across a period and decreases down a group.
电负性： 原子在共价键中吸引成键电子对的能力。同周期从左到右增大，同族从上到下减小。
Metallic bonding: Electrostatic attraction between a lattice of positive ions and a sea of delocalised electrons. Explains malleability and electrical conductivity.
金属键： 正离子晶格与离域电子海之间的静电吸引。解释了金属的可锻性和导电性。
2. Thermodynamics | 热力学
Energetics and equilibrium are core to physical chemistry. These thermodynamic terms help you predict reaction feasibility.
能量学和平衡是物理化学的核心。这些热力学术语帮助你判断反应的自发性。
Enthalpy change, ΔH: The heat energy transferred in a reaction at constant pressure. Exothermic reactions have negative ΔH.
焓变 ΔH： 恒压条件下反应传递的热量。放热反应 ΔH 为负。
Entropy, S: A measure of the disorder or randomness of a system. Gases have higher entropy than solids.
熵 S： 系统混乱度或随机度的量度。气体的熵高于固体。
Gibbs free energy, ΔG = ΔH – TΔS: A reaction is feasible when ΔG is negative. Temperature can swing the balance via the TΔS term.
吉布斯自由能 ΔG = ΔH – TΔS： 当 ΔG 为负时反应可自发进行。温度通过 TΔS 项影响结果。
Activation energy, Eₐ: The minimum energy required for a collision to lead to a reaction. Catalysts lower Eₐ without being consumed.
活化能 Eₐ： 碰撞引发反应所需的最低能量。催化剂降低活化能而自身不消耗。
3. Cell Biology | 细胞生物学
Eukaryotic cells contain specialised organelles, each with a vital job. Quick recall of their functions is a must for any biology paper.
真核细胞含有各种特化的细胞器，各有重要功能。快速回忆其功能是生物试卷的必备技能。
Mitochondrion (plural mitochondria): The site of aerobic respiration, producing ATP. Its inner membrane is folded into cristae to increase surface area.
线粒体： 有氧呼吸的场所，产生 ATP。内膜折叠成嵴以增大表面积。
Ribosome: A macromolecular complex that carries out protein synthesis. 70S ribosomes are found in prokaryotes, 80S in eukaryotes.
核糖体： 负责蛋白质合成的大分子复合物。原核生物含70S核糖体，真核生物含80S核糖体。
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER): Studded with ribosomes; synthesises and transports proteins destined for secretion.
粗面内质网： 表面附有核糖体，合成并运输将分泌到细胞外的蛋白质。
Golgi apparatus: Modifies, sorts and packages proteins into vesicles for transport. Often described as the cell’s post office.
高尔基体： 修饰、分拣蛋白质并将其包装到囊泡中进行运输，常被比作细胞的邮局。
4. Genetics | 遗传学
Genetics terminology is precise, and confusing dominant with allele can cost marks. Lock in these definitions.
遗传学术语非常精确，混淆显性与等位基因会丢分。请牢记这些定义。
Gene: A length of DNA that codes for a specific polypeptide or functional RNA.
基因： 编码特定多肽或功能性RNA的一段DNA。
Allele: One of the different versions of a gene. For example, the gene for flower colour can have purple and white alleles.
等位基因： 同一基因的不同版本。例如花色基因可有紫色和白花等位基因。
Genotype vs Phenotype: Genotype is the genetic constitution of an organism; phenotype is the observable characteristics, influenced by genotype and environment.
基因型 vs 表型： 基因型是生物体的遗传组成；表型是观察到的特征，受基因型和环境共同影响。
Homozygous and Heterozygous: Homozygous individuals have two identical alleles for a trait; heterozygous individuals have two different alleles.
纯合与杂合： 纯合子具有两个相同的等位基因；杂合子具有两个不同的等位基因。
5. Mechanics | 力学
Newtonian mechanics underpins the whole of A-Level physics. These terms define motion and forces in a rigorous way.
牛顿力学是A-Level物理的基础。这些术语严谨地定义了运动与力。
Momentum: The product of mass and velocity (p = mv). Momentum is conserved in a closed system with no external forces.
动量： 质量与速度的乘积 (p = mv)。无外力的封闭系统中动量守恒。
Impulse: The change in momentum, equal to force × time. The area under a force-time graph gives impulse.
冲量： 动量的变化量，等于力 × 时间。力-时间图下的面积表示冲量。
Torque (moment of a force): The turning effect of a force about a pivot, calculated as force × perpendicular distance. Key to rotational equilibrium.
力矩（扭矩）： 力绕支点的转动效果，计算为力 × 垂直距离。是转动平衡的关键。
Centripetal force: The resultant force acting on an object moving in a circular path, directed towards the centre. F = mv²/r.
向心力： 作用在圆周运动物体上的合力，方向指向圆心。F = mv²/r。
6. Waves and Optics | 波与光学
Wave behaviour explains everything from interference patterns to fibre optics. Memorise these wave properties for quick problem solving.
波动行为解释了从干涉图样到光纤通讯的种种现象。记住这些波的特性以快速解题。
Diffraction: The spreading of waves when they pass through a gap or around an obstacle. The effect is most pronounced when the gap size is comparable to the wavelength.
衍射： 波通过缝隙或绕过障碍物时发生的扩散。当缝隙尺寸与波长可比时现象最显著。
Interference: Superposition of two or more waves. Constructive interference occurs when waves are in phase; destructive when out of phase.
干涉： 两列或多列波的叠加。同相时发生相长干涉，反相时发生相消干涉。
Polarisation: Restriction of wave oscillations to a single plane. Only transverse waves can be polarised, proving light is a transverse wave.
偏振： 将波的振动限制在一个平面内。只有横波能偏振，这证明了光是横波。
Refractive index: The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to its speed in a medium. Determines the bending of light at an interface via Snell’s law.
折射率： 真空中光速与介质中光速的比值。通过斯涅尔定律决定光在界面的弯折。
7. Electricity and Magnetism | 电磁学
Fields and circuits bring abstract vector concepts to life. Lock down the vocabulary of electromagnetism for both calculations and explanations.
场与电路让抽象的矢量概念变得具体。掌握电磁学的词汇，既用于计算也用于解释。
Magnetic flux (Φ): The product of magnetic flux density and the area perpendicular to the field. Measured in webers (Wb).
磁通量 Φ： 磁感应强度与垂直场方向面积的乘积。单位是韦伯 (Wb)。
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction: The induced e.m.f. in a circuit is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage.
法拉第电磁感应定律： 电路中感应出的电动势与磁链变化率成正比。
Lenz’s law: The direction of the induced current opposes the change in magnetic flux that caused it. This is a consequence of energy conservation.
楞次定律： 感应电流的方向总是阻碍引起感应电流的磁通量变化。这是能量守恒的体现。
Capacitance: The charge stored per unit potential difference, C = Q/V. A capacitor stores energy in the electric field between its plates.
电容： 单位电势差下储存的电荷量，C = Q/V。电容器在其极板间的电场中储存能量。
8. Organic Chemistry | 有机化学
Organic nomenclature and reaction mechanisms rely on a precise set of terms. Master these to talk confidently about functional groups and intermediates.
有机物的命名和反应机理依赖于一系列精确术语。掌握这些术语，自信讨论官能团和中间体。
Functional group: An atom or group of atoms that gives a molecule its characteristic reactions. Examples include -OH (alcohol) and -COOH (carboxylic acid).
官能团： 赋予分子特征反应的原子或原子团。例如 -OH (醇) 和 -COOH (羧酸)。
Structural isomer: Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangement of atoms. Includes chain, position and functional group isomerism.
结构异构体： 分子式相同但原子排列不同的分子。包括碳链异构、位置异构和官能团异构。
Free radical: A species with an unpaired electron, making it highly reactive. Formed in homolytic fission and involved in radical substitution.
自由基： 带有未成对电子的物种，反应性极高。由均裂产生，参与自由基取代反应。
Electrophile and nucleophile: An electrophile is an electron-pair acceptor (Lewis acid); a nucleophile is an electron-pair donor (Lewis base).
亲电试剂与亲核试剂： 亲电试剂是电子对接受体（路易斯酸）；亲核试剂是电子对给予体（路易斯碱）。
9. Ecology | 生态学
Ecology terms describe the interactions between organisms and their environment. Precise definitions are essential for data analysis and essay questions.
生态学术语描述生物与环境的相互作用。精确的定义对于数据分析和论述题至关重要。
Population: A group of organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time, capable of interbreeding.
种群： 同一物种在同一时间生活在同一区域、能够相互交配的一群生物。
Community: All the populations of different species living and interacting in a particular area.
群落： 在特定区域内生活并相互作用的所有不同物种种群的总和。
Ecosystem: A dynamic system made up of a community of organisms and their abiotic environment, linked by energy flow and nutrient cycling.
生态系统： 由生物群落与其非生物环境通过能量流动和物质循环构成的动态系统。
Ecological niche: The role and position of a species within its ecosystem, encompassing its habitat, resource use and interactions.
生态位： 物种在其生态系统中的角色和地位，包括其栖息地、资源利用及相互作用。
10. Memory Hack Principles | 记忆原则速记技巧
Even the best definitions need a reliable retrieval system. These cognitive science-backed techniques make vocabulary stick.
再精准的定义也需要可靠的提取系统。这些经认知科学验证的技巧让词汇记得牢。
Chunking: Group related terms into meaningful clusters. For example, link ‘enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs’ as a thermodynamics triad rather than isolated items.
组块化： 将相关术语归为有意义的组群。例如把焓、熵、吉布斯自由能编成热力学三件套而非孤立记忆。
Mnemonics and acronyms: Create memorable phrases from first letters. ‘LEO says GER’ (Loss of Electrons is Oxidation, Gain is Reduction) anchors redox concepts.
助记符与首字母缩略词： 用首字母创造难忘的句子。’LEO says GER’（失电子是氧化，得电子是还原）能牢牢固定氧化还原概念。
Spaced repetition: Review terms at increasing intervals, starting shortly after learning. Active recall beats passive re-reading every time.
间隔重复： 以逐渐拉长的间隔复习术语，从学习后不久开始。主动回忆永远优于被动重读。
Dual coding and mind maps: Combine words with simple diagrams. Sketching a mitochondrion while reciting its function engages both visual and verbal pathways.
双重编码与思维导图： 将词语与简图结合。一边画线粒体简图一边复述其功能，同时激活视觉和语言通路。
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