Year 13 CIE Geography: Key Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | Year 13 CIE 地理：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 13 CIE Geography: Key Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | Year 13 CIE 地理：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering CIE A Level Geography goes far beyond memorising place names and statistics – it demands confident and precise use of subject-specific terminology. Whether you are explaining coastal sediment cells, evaluating hazard perception, or analysing global value chains, the right term can turn a good answer into an excellent one. This guide groups essential Year 13 terms by topic, offers simple definitions, and shares clever memory hooks so you can recall them under exam pressure.

掌握 CIE A Level 地理远不止背诵地名和统计数据——它要求你自信、精准地使用学科术语。无论是解释海岸沉积物单元、评估灾害感知，还是分析全球价值链，恰当的术语能把一个不错的答案变成优秀答案。本指南按主题汇总了 Year 13 核心词汇，给出简明定义，并分享聪明的记忆钩子，帮助你在考试压力下轻松调用。

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1. Coastal Systems | 海岸系统术语

Sediment cell – A stretch of coastline within which sediment movement is largely self-contained, bounded by headlands or deep water. Think of a ‘closed pocket’ where sand circulates but rarely escapes.

沉积物单元 (Sediment cell) – 一段海岸线，其内部的沉积物运移基本自成体系，被岬角或深水区所限制。把它想象成一个 ‘封闭口袋’，沙子在里面循环却很少逃逸。

Fetch – The uninterrupted distance over which wind blows across water, generating wave energy. A longer fetch produces more powerful waves. Mnemonic: ‘Fetch’ rhymes with ‘stretch’ – it is the stretch of open water.

风区长度 (Fetch) – 风在水面上不受阻碍地吹过的距离，是产生波浪能量的基础。风区越长，波浪越强。助记：Fetch 与 stretch 押韵——它就是开阔水域 ‘延伸’ 的长度。

Eustatic change – A global change in sea level caused by variations in the volume of water in the oceans (e.g. ice melting) or changes in ocean basin capacity. Contrast with isostatic change, which is local land-level adjustment (e.g. post-glacial rebound). Key: ‘Eu’ = global (like ‘EU’ – many countries); ‘Iso’ = same spot.

海面升降变化 (Eustatic change) – 由海水体积变化（如冰川融化）或海盆容积改变引起的全球性海平面变动。对比 地壳均衡变化 (isostatic change)，后者是局地性的地壳高度调整（如冰后回弹）。窍门：’Eu’ 联想到 ‘EU’（欧盟）代表全球；’Iso’ 联想 ‘同一地点’。

Subaerial processes – Processes acting on the land surface, including weathering and mass movement, that weaken and shape coastal cliffs. These are ‘weapons from above’, not from the sea.

陆面过程 (Subaerial processes) – 作用于陆地表面的过程，包括风化和块体运动，它们削弱并塑造海岸悬崖。这些是来自上方的 ‘武器’，而非来自海洋。

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2. Hazardous Environments | 灾害环境术语

Hazard perception – The way individuals or societies view a natural hazard, shaped by past experience, culture, and education. Perception determines whether people prepare, ignore, or even ‘fatalistically’ accept risk.

灾害感知 (Hazard perception) – 个人或社会看待自然灾害的方式，受过往经历、文化及教育影响。感知决定了人们是准备防灾、忽视风险，还是以 ‘宿命论’ 的态度接受风险。

Resilience – The capacity of a community to withstand, adapt to, and recover quickly from a hazard event. Think ‘bounce-back ability’. High resilience links to strong governance and economic resources.

韧性 (Resilience) – 一个社区承受、适应灾害并从中迅速恢复的能力。可理解为 ‘反弹能力’。高韧性与强治理和经济资源密切相关。

Liquefaction – During strong earthquake shaking, water-saturated loose sediment temporarily loses strength and behaves like a liquid, causing buildings to sink or tilt. Memory hook: ‘Liquefy’ = turn to liquid.

液化 (Liquefaction) – 强烈地震摇晃时，饱水的松散沉积物暂时失去强度，表现得像液体，导致建筑物下沉或倾斜。记忆钩子：’Liquefy’ 就是变成液体。

Pyroclastic flow – A dense, superheated mixture of volcanic gas, ash, and rock fragments that races down a volcano’s slopes at terrifying speed. It is the deadliest volcanic hazard – think ‘pyro’ (fire) + ‘clastic’ (broken pieces).

火山碎屑流 (Pyroclastic flow) – 由火山气体、火山灰和岩石碎片组成的稠密超高温混合物，以可怕的速度沿火山斜坡奔涌而下。这是最致命的火山灾害——想到 ‘pyro’（火）+ ‘clastic’（碎屑）。

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3. Global Interdependence | 全球相互依赖术语

Global shift – The relocation of manufacturing production from developed to developing countries, notably East Asia and Latin America, driven by lower labour costs and deregulation. Think ‘factory migration on a planetary scale’.

全球转移 (Global shift) – 制造业从发达国家向发展中国家（尤其是东亚和拉丁美洲）的重新布局，其动力来自低廉的劳动力成本与宽松管制。想象 ‘工厂在全球尺度上的迁移’。

Newly industrialised country (NIC) – A nation that has experienced rapid industrialisation and economic growth, narrowing the gap with developed economies, e.g. South Korea, Singapore. BRICS is a related acronym for emerging powers (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa).

新兴工业化国家 (NIC) – 经历了快速工业化和经济增长，缩小了与发达经济体差距的国家，如韩国、新加坡。金砖国家 (BRICS) 是相关缩写，指新兴经济大国（巴西、俄罗斯、印度、中国、南非）。

Outsourcing and offshoring – Outsourcing is contracting another firm to handle business processes; offshoring moves operations to another country, often for lower costs. Tip: ‘Outsource’ = out of the company; ‘offshore’ = out of the country.

外包 (Outsourcing) 与离岸外包 (Offshoring) – 外包是将业务流程签约给另一家公司；离岸外包是把业务运营转移到另一国家，通常为降低成本。窍门：’Outsource’ 指拿出公司；’Offshore’ 指拿出国家。

Transnational corporation (TNC) – A large firm that operates in multiple countries, coordinating production and sales across borders. TNCs are major drivers of globalisation. Think of a ‘globe-spanning octopus’.

跨国公司 (TNC) – 在多个国家运营，跨境协调生产与销售的大型公司。跨国公司是全球化的主要推手。联想到 ‘遍布全球的章鱼’。

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4. Population and Migration | 人口与迁移术语

Demographic dividend – The accelerated economic growth that occurs when a country’s working-age population (15–64) is large relative to dependants. It is a ‘window of opportunity’, but only if jobs are available.

人口红利 (Demographic dividend) – 当一个国家劳动适龄人口（15–64 岁）相对于受供养人口较多时出现的经济增长加速。这是一扇 ‘机会之窗’，但前提是有足够的就业岗位。

Push–pull model – A framework for understanding migration where push factors repel people from an origin (e.g. conflict, unemployment), while pull factors attract them to a destination (e.g. safety, higher wages). Use the ‘two P’s’ – push and pull.

推拉模型 (Push–pull model) – 理解人口迁移的一个框架：推力因素将人们推出原籍地（如冲突、失业），拉力因素将他们吸引到目的地（如安全、高工资）。记住’推’和’拉’两个 P。

Chain migration – Migration sustained by social links, where earlier migrants ease the path for friends and relatives, building clustered communities. Imagine a ‘human chain’ pulling people along.

链式迁移 (Chain migration) – 由社会网络维系的迁移，先前的移民为亲友扫清道路，形成聚居社区。想象一条 ‘人链’ 把人拉过去。

Refugee and internally displaced person (IDP) – A refugee crosses an international border due to well-founded fear of persecution; an IDP has been forced to flee home but remains within their country’s borders. The key difference is the border crossing.

难民与境内流离失所者 (IDP) – 难民因确有根据的受迫害恐惧而跨越国际边界；境内流离失所者被迫逃离家园但仍留在本国境内。关键区别在于是否跨越边界。

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5. Urban Settlements | 城市聚落术语

Million city and megacity – A million city has over 1 million inhabitants; a megacity exceeds 10 million. The fast growth of megacities often leads to ‘hyper-urbanisation’. Mnemonic: ‘mega’ means huge, like a megabyte.

百万城市 (Million city) 与超级城市 (Megacity) – 百万城市人口超过 100 万；超级城市超过 1000 万。超级城市的快速增长常导致 ‘过度城市化’。助记：’mega’ 意为巨大，就像 megabyte。

Urban regeneration – The comprehensive renewal of declining urban areas through investment in infrastructure, housing, and jobs, aiming to reverse economic and social decay. Think ‘urban heart surgery’.

城市再生 (Urban regeneration) – 通过对基础设施、住房和就业的投资，对衰落的城市地区进行全面更新，旨在扭转经济与社会衰退。可理解为 ‘城市心脏手术’。

Gentrification – The transformation of a working-class inner-city area by incoming affluent groups, who renovate property and reshape the social character. Debate: revives neighbourhoods but displaces original residents. Think ‘gentry’ moving in.

绅士化 (Gentrification) – 由迁入的富裕群体改造的工人阶级内城地区，他们翻修物业并重塑社会形态。争议：振兴社区，但也挤走原居民。联想到 ‘绅士 (gentry)’ 入住。

Central business district (CBD) – The core commercial and economic zone of a city, marked by high land values, tall buildings, and peak accessibility. It is the city’s ‘engine room’.

中央商务区 (CBD) – 城市核心的商业与经济区域，地价高、建筑高、可达性最强。这是城市的 ‘机房’。

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6. Economic Transition | 经济转型术语

Post-industrial economy – An economy where manufacturing has declined and service industries (finance, education, health, ICT) dominate employment and wealth creation. Shift from ‘making things’ to ‘providing services’.

后工业经济 (Post-industrial economy) – 制造业衰落，服务业（金融、教育、健康、信息通信技术）主导就业和财富创造的经济体。从 ‘制造产品’ 转向 ‘提供服务’。

Multiplier effect – A process where an initial injection of investment or employment leads to further rounds of spending, income, and job creation in a region. Example: a new factory boosts local shops and services. Think ‘snowball of growth’.

乘数效应 (Multiplier effect) – 初始投资或就业注入带动的多轮支出、收入和就业创造过程。例如：新工厂带动本地商店和服务业。联想到 ‘增长的雪球’。

Economic diversification – Broadening the range of industries and sectors in a region to reduce over-reliance on one dominant activity, thus building resilience. Key for resource-dependent economies.

经济多元化 (Economic diversification) – 拓展一个地区产业与部门范围，以减少对单一主导活动的依赖，从而增强韧性。对资源依赖型经济尤为关键。

Informal sector – Unregulated, unregistered economic activities that operate outside state taxation and labour laws, common in developing cities. Characteristics: small-scale, cash-based, often self-employed. Contrast with the formal sector.

非正规部门 (Informal sector) – 在国家征税和劳动法规之外运作的未登记、不受监管的经济活动，常见于发展中国家城市。特征：小规模、现金交易，常为自雇。与正规部门相对。

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7. Environmental Management | 环境管理术语

Sustainability – Meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, balancing environmental, social, and economic goals. Core concept: the ‘three pillars’ – planet, people, profit.

可持续性 (Sustainability) – 在不损害后代满足自身需求的能力的前提下满足当前需求，平衡环境、社会与经济目标。核心理念：’三大支柱’——地球、人类、利润。

Carbon footprint – The total greenhouse gas emissions (mainly CO₂) caused directly and indirectly by an individual, organisation, or product. Often measured in tonnes of CO₂ equivalent. Think ‘the weight of your carbon shadow’.

碳足迹 (Carbon footprint) – 个人、组织或产品直接与间接造成的温室气体排放总量（主要是 CO₂），通常以二氧化碳当量吨计。想象 ‘碳阴影的重量’。

Deforestation and afforestation – Deforestation is the permanent clearance of forest; afforestation is planting trees on previously non-forested land to create new forest. Mnemonic: ‘de-‘ means away; ‘af-‘ means add forest.

森林砍伐与造林 (Deforestation and afforestation) – 森林砍伐是永久清除森林；造林是在先前无林的土地上植树以营建新森林。助记：’de-‘ 表示去除；’af-‘ 表示添加森林。

Climate change mitigation versus adaptation – Mitigation aims to reduce or prevent greenhouse gas emissions (e.g. renewables). Adaptation adjusts to the expected impacts (e.g. flood defences). Memory trick: ‘Mitigation = minimise causes; Adaptation = adjust to consequences’.

气候变化减缓与适应 (Mitigation vs. Adaptation) – 减缓旨在减少或防止温室气体排放（如可再生能源）。适应是调整以应对预期影响（如防洪设施）。记忆法：’减缓 = 最小化原因；适应 = 适应后果’。

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8. Geographical Skills | 地理技能术语

GIS (Geographic Information System) – A computer system that captures, stores, analyses, and displays layered geographically referenced data. Think ‘smart maps that ask questions and show answers’. Widely used for site selection, hazard mapping, and resource management.

地理信息系统 (GIS) – 一种用于采集、存储、分析并显示分层地理参考数据的计算机系统。想象 ‘会提问并给出答案的智能地图’。广泛用于选址、灾害制图与资源管理。

Remote sensing – Gathering information about the Earth’s surface from a distance, typically via satellites or drones, without making physical contact. Enables monitoring of land-use change, deforestation, and urban sprawl. Remember ‘sensing from afar’.

遥感 (Remote sensing) – 通过卫星或无人机等远距离手段、不进行物理接触而获取地球表面信息。能够监测土地利用变化、森林砍伐与城市蔓延。记住 ‘从远处感应’。

Chi-squared test and Spearman’s rank – Statistical tests used in geographical investigations. Chi-squared tests association between categorical variables; Spearman’s rank measures the strength of correlation between ranked variables. Memorise: ‘Chi for categories; Spearman for ranks’.

卡方检验与斯皮尔曼等级相关系数 (Chi-squared test and Spearman’s rank) – 地理调查中使用的统计检验。卡方检验用于检验分类变量间的关联；斯皮尔曼等级相关系数衡量等级变量之间的相关强度。记忆：’卡方对应类别；斯皮尔曼对应等级’。

Primary versus secondary data – Primary data is collected first-hand by the researcher (e.g. field measurements, questionnaires). Secondary data comes from existing sources (e.g. census, maps, published reports). Think ‘Primary = personal; Secondary = sourced’.

一手数据与二手数据 (Primary vs. secondary data) – 一手数据由研究者亲自采集（如野外测量、问卷）。二手数据来自现有来源（如人口普查、地图、公开报告）。记住 ‘一手 = 亲自动手；二手 = 已有来源’。

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9. Development and Inequality | 发展与不平等术语

Human Development Index (HDI) – A composite indicator measuring a country’s average achievement in three dimensions: health (life expectancy), education (years of schooling), and standard of living (GNI per capita). Score ranges 0–1. HDI captures more than just income.

人类发展指数 (HDI) – 一个综合指标，衡量一国在三个维度的平均成就：健康（预期寿命）、教育（受教育年限）和生活水平（人均国民总收入）。分值范围 0–1。HDI 捕捉的不仅仅是收入。

Gini coefficient – A measure of income inequality within a population, ranging from 0 (perfect equality) to 1 (perfect inequality). A rising Gini means the rich–poor gap is widening. Visualise: ‘0 is the starting line for all; 1 is the finish line for one’.

基尼系数 (Gini coefficient) – 衡量人口内部收入不平等程度的指标，从 0（绝对平等）到 1（绝对不平等）。基尼系数上升意味着贫富差距扩大。形象记忆：’0 是所有人的起跑线；1 是只对一个人开放的终点线’。

Absolute versus relative poverty – Absolute poverty is a fixed threshold (e.g. $2.15/day) below which basic needs are not met. Relative poverty is defined in relation to the average standard of living in a given society; even wealthy countries have relative poverty. Key: ‘Absolute is about survival; Relative is about social inclusion’.

绝对贫困与相对贫困 (Absolute vs. relative poverty) – 绝对贫困是用一个固定门槛（如每日 2.15 美元）界定，低于此线基本需求得不到满足。相对贫困是相对于特定社会的平均生活水平而定；富裕国家也存在相对贫困。关键：’绝对关乎生存；相对关乎社会融入’。

Rostow’s stages of growth – A linear model of economic development outlining five stages: traditional society, preconditions for take-off, take-off, drive to maturity, and age of high mass consumption. Criticised for being Eurocentric but useful for understanding industrialisation. Mnemonic: ‘Traditional trains take off, mature, and consume’.

罗斯托增长阶段模型 (Rostow’s stages of growth) – 一个线性经济发展模型，划分五个阶段：传统社会、起飞准备、起飞、走向成熟、高额大众消费时代。虽被批评为欧洲中心主义，但有助于理解工业化进程。助记：’传统列车准备起飞，走向成熟后开始高消费’。

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10. Climate and Atmosphere | 气候与大气术语

Albedo – The proportion of solar radiation reflected by a surface. Fresh snow has high albedo (~0.9); dark ocean water has low albedo (~0.1). Albedo feedback is critical in climate change – melting ice reduces reflectivity, causing further warming. Think ‘albedo = how bright a surface is’.

反照率 (Albedo) – 地表反射太阳辐射的比例。新雪反照率高（约 0.9）；深色海水反照率低（约 0.1）。反照率反馈对气候变化至关重要——冰融化降低反射率，导致进一步变暖。把 ‘albedo’ 联想为 ‘表面有多亮’。

Hadley cell – A large-scale atmospheric convection loop in the tropics: warm air rises at the equator, travels poleward, and descends around 30° latitude, creating deserts and trade winds. Visualise ‘two doughnuts of circulation on either side of the equator’.

哈得来环流 (Hadley cell) – 热带地区的一个大规模大气对流循环：暖空气在赤道上升，向极地移动，在南北纬约 30° 下沉，形成沙漠和信风。想象 ‘赤道两侧两个甜甜圈形的环流’。

ITCZ (Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone) – A belt of low pressure near the equator where trade winds meet, forcing air to rise, generating intense rainfall and thunderstorms. It migrates seasonally following the overhead sun. Remember ‘IT = it rains a lot there’.

热带辐合带 (ITCZ) – 赤道附近的低气压带，信风在此汇聚，迫使空气上升，产生强降水和雷暴。它随太阳直射点季节迁移。记住 ‘IT 就是那里雨很多’。

Anthropogenic climate change – Climate change directly or indirectly induced by human activities, notably the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and agriculture, altering the composition of the atmosphere. ‘Anthropo-‘ means human, so think ‘human-made climate change’.

人为气候变化 (Anthropogenic climate change) – 由人类活动直接或间接引发的气候变化，特别是化石燃料燃烧、森林砍伐和农业活动改变了大气成分。’Anthropo-‘ 意为人类，因此联想为 ‘人类造成的气候变化’。

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Published by TutorHao | Geography Revision Series | aleveler.com

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