📚 Year 13 Edexcel Philosophy: Key Terms & Mnemonics Rapid Revision Guide | 爱德思哲学词汇术语速记指南
The Year 13 Edexcel Philosophy syllabus demands precise understanding of abstract terminology across logic, epistemology, ethics, philosophy of religion, and free will. This bilingual guide breaks each term into digestible explanations with memorable hooks—etymological roots, acronyms, and vivid images—so you can rapidly internalize the vocabulary needed for essay-based exam success.
Year 13 爱德思哲学大纲要求精准掌握逻辑学、认识论、伦理学、宗教哲学与自由意志等领域的抽象术语。这份双语指南将每个术语拆解为易消化的解释，并配有词源、首字母诀或画面联想，帮助你快速内化写作考试必备的核心词汇。
1. Logic & Argument Terminology | 逻辑与论证术语
Argument — a structured set of statements where premises are intended to support a conclusion. Think ‘P→C’ (premises pointing to conclusion).
论证 — 由前提支撑结论的一组陈述。记作“前提→结论”。
Valid — an argument is valid if, assuming the premises are true, the conclusion must be true. The structure works even if premises are false. Mnemonic: ‘Valid track – the rails guarantee arrival, no matter the cargo.’
有效 — 若前提为真则结论必然为真，强调形式正确。记忆口诀：“有效轨道保证到达，不管车上装的是真是假。”
Sound — a valid argument with all true premises. Sound = Valid + True premises.
可靠 — 有效且所有前提为真。可靠 = 有效 + 真实前提。
Deductive argument — aims to provide a guarantee of truth; if premises are true, the conclusion cannot be false. (General → specific)
演绎论证 — 旨在提供必然性担保的论证，从一般推到特殊。
Inductive argument — aims to make the conclusion probable, not certain. (Specific → general). Recall: ‘In-duction suggests In-crease in probability.’
归纳论证 — 结论只是很可能为真，从特殊推到一般。记法：“归纳增加概率”。
Necessary condition — a condition that must be present for an event to occur, e.g. oxygen for fire. ‘No X, no Y’.
必要条件 — 事件发生必须具备的条件，如氧气之于火。口诀：“无之必不然”。
Sufficient condition — a condition that guarantees the event, e.g. decapitation for death. ‘If X, then Y happens’.
充分条件 — 保证事件发生的条件，如斩首之于死亡。口诀：“有之必然”。
2. Epistemology & Metaphysics Essentials | 认识论与形而上学基础术语
A priori — knowledge justified independently of experience. Think ‘prior to experience’.
先验 — 不依赖于经验即可辩护的知识。记作“先于经验”。
A posteriori — knowledge justified through experience. Mnemonic: ‘post experience’.
后验 — 必须经由经验辩护的知识。
Analytic truth — true by virtue of meaning alone, e.g. ‘All bachelors are unmarried men’. No need to check the world.
分析真理 — 仅凭词义即为真，无需参照世界。
Synthetic truth — true based on how the world is, e.g. ‘Water boils at 100°C’. Requires empirical check.
综合真理 — 真假取决于世界的实际状态，需经验验证。
Rationalism — the view that reason is the primary source of knowledge. Key figures: Plato, Descartes. ‘Ratio’ = reason.
理性主义 — 强调理性是知识的主要来源。词根：ratio = 理性。
Empiricism — the view that sense experience is the foundation of knowledge. Locke, Hume. ‘Empirical’ means observable.
经验主义 — 主张感官经验是知识的基础。经验即可观察。
Realism (metaphysical) — the belief that universals or abstract objects exist independently of the mind. Also, realism about the external world.
实在论 — 认为共相或抽象对象独立于心灵存在。
Nominalism — the rejection of universals; only particular things exist. ‘Name-ism’ – only names, no real shared essence.
唯名论 — 否认共相的真实存在，只承认个体事物。唯名即只有名称。
3. Free Will & Determinism Keywords | 自由意志与决定论术语
Determinism — the thesis that every event is causally necessitated by prior events and the laws of nature. Mnemonic: ‘De-terminus’ – boundary already set.
决定论 — 每个事件都由先前事件与自然法则必然决定。界限早已划定。
Hard determinism — determinism is true, therefore free will does not exist. No free will, no moral responsibility.
强决定论 — 既然决定论为真，自由意志就不存在，道德责任也即幻影。
Libertarianism (metaphysical) — humans have free will and determinism is false. The agent could have done otherwise.
自由意志论 — 人有自由意志，决定论为假，行为者本可另有选择。
Compatibilism (soft determinism) — free will is compatible with determinism; acting freely means acting according to one’s own desires without external coercion. Mnemonic: ‘Compatible partners: determined on the outside, free on the inside.’
相容论 — 自由意志与决定论可以共存；自由即按自己欲望行动且无外在强制。
Moral responsibility — the status of being accountable for one’s actions, presupposing some control. Key debate: can we be responsible without libertarian free will?
道德责任 — 为自己行为负责的状态，通常以某种控制为前提。
4. Philosophy of Religion: Arguments for God | 宗教哲学：上帝存在论证术语
Ontological argument — argues from the concept of God to God’s existence (Anselm: ‘that than which nothing greater can be conceived’). A priori, deductive. Remember: ‘Onto-logic – Being’s logic.’
本体论论证 — 从上帝的概念推导其存在（安瑟伦：不可设想有更伟大之物者）。先验演绎。记法：本体即存有的逻辑。
Cosmological argument — argues from the existence of the cosmos to a necessary first cause (Aquinas’ Five Ways, Kalam). ‘Cosmos’ + ‘logos’.
宇宙论论证 — 从宇宙的存在推导必然的第一因（阿奎那五路、卡拉姆）。宇宙+逻各斯。
Teleological/Design argument — infers a designer from the apparent order and purpose in nature (Paley’s watchmaker). ‘Telos’ = purpose. Mnemonic: ‘Tele-scope sees design.’
目的论/设计论证 — 从自然界的秩序与目的推导设计者（佩利的钟表匠）。目的即设计。
Fine-tuning argument — the universe’s physical constants are so precisely set for life that a divine fine-tuner is probable. ‘Dial turned precisely.’
精调论证 — 宇宙的物理常数被精确设定得恰好能孕育生命，因而可能有精调者。
Moral argument — from the existence of objective moral laws to a divine lawgiver (Kant, C.S. Lewis). ‘Moral law implies lawgiver.’
道德论证 — 从客观道德律的存在推导神圣立法者。
Problem of evil — the apparent incompatibility between an omnipotent, omnibenevolent God and the existence of evil. Logical or evidential form. Mnemonic: ‘EPO – Evil Puzzles Omnipotence.’
恶的问题 — 全能全善的上帝与世上之恶表面上的矛盾。分为逻辑版与证据版。
Theodicy — an attempt to justify God in the face of evil (Augustinian, Irenaean). ‘Theo-dicy’ = God’s justice.
神正论 — 面对恶时为上帝辩护的尝试。神之正义。
5. Religious Language & Meaning | 宗教语言与意义
Cognitive language — statements that express factual claims and can be true or false. ‘Cog’ = to know.
认知语言 — 表达事实性主张、可判真假的陈述。
Non-cognitive language — statements that express emotions, commands, or attitudes, not truth-apt.
非认知语言 — 表达情感、命令或态度的语句，不具真值。
Univocal language — using a term in exactly the same sense, e.g. ‘God is wise’ and ‘Socrates is wise’ with identical meaning.
单义语言 — 同一词语完全同义使用。
Equivocal language — using a term in completely different senses, making religious talk meaningless. Mnemonic: ‘Equal-voice’ but different meanings.
歧义语言 — 同一词语意义完全不同，易导致宗教语言无意义。
Analogy (Aquinas) — a middle way between univocity and equivocity; terms are used proportionally (proportionality) or with reference to a primary instance (attribution).
类比 — 介于单义与歧义之间；词语按比例或归因使用。
Via negativa — describing God by denying all finite attributes (negative theology). ‘Negative way’.
否性之道 — 通过否定一切有限属性来描述上帝。
Verification principle — a statement is meaningful only if it is analytically true or empirically verifiable (Logical Positivism).
证实原则 — 只有分析真理或可经验证实的陈述才有意义。
Falsification principle — a statement is meaningful only if there is evidence that could count against it (Flew’s gardener). ‘Falsify to signify meaning.’
证伪原则 — 只有存在可能反驳它的证据，陈述才有意义。
Blik (Hare) — a non-cognitive, foundational attitude or framework that shapes one’s way of seeing the world, not open to falsification.
布利克 — 一种非认知的基础态度或框架，塑造世界观，不可证伪。
6. Meta-Ethics Terminology | 元伦理学术语
Moral realism — there are objective moral facts that exist independently of our beliefs. ‘Real morals out there.’
道德实在论 — 存在客观的道德事实，独立于我们的信念。
Moral anti-realism — denies objective moral facts; moral judgments are projections, expressions, or prescriptions.
道德反实在论 — 否认客观道德事实，认为道德判断是投射、表达或规定。
Naturalism (ethical) — moral properties are reducible to natural properties (e.g. pleasure, happiness). ‘Good = natural X.’
自然主义 — 道德属性可还原为自然属性（如快乐）。
Non-naturalism (Moore) — goodness is a simple, unanalyzable, non-natural property. ‘Good is sui generis.’
非自然主义 — 善是单纯的、不可分析的非自然属性。
Open question argument — for any naturalistic definition of ‘good’, we can meaningfully ask ‘Is it good?’, showing that the definition fails to capture the concept. ‘Open question, closed definition.’
开放问题论证 — 任何对“善”的自然主义定义，我们都能有意义地问“它善吗？”，表明定义未穷尽概念。
Intuitionism (Moore) — we grasp moral truths through a special faculty of intuition, not through sense experience.
直觉主义 — 我们通过特殊的直觉能力把握道德真理，而非感官经验。
Emotivism (Ayer, Stevenson) — moral statements express emotions and attempt to influence others. ‘Hurray!’ or ‘Boo!’ theory.
情感主义 — 道德陈述表达情绪并试图影响他人。“喝彩/嘘声”理论。
Error theory (Mackie) — moral discourse is cognitive but systematically false because objective values do not exist. ‘We make moral errors.’
错误论 — 道德言谈是认知性的，但因客观价值不存在而系统性为假。
Is-ought gap (Hume) — one cannot logically derive an ‘ought’ from an ‘is’; descriptions do not entail prescriptions. ‘No prescriptive Ought from descriptive Is.’
实然-应然鸿沟 — 不能从事实陈述逻辑地导出价值判断。
7. Normative Ethical Theories | 规范伦理学理论术语
Utilitarianism (Bentham, Mill) — the right action maximises overall happiness (hedonic calculus). ‘Greatest happiness for the greatest number.’ Mnemonic: ‘Utili-train: everyone on board for maximum pleasure track.’
功利主义 — 正确行为能最大化总体幸福。口诀：“最大多数人的最大幸福”。
Act utilitarianism — each act is evaluated individually by its consequences. ‘Act by act, calculate utility.’
行为功利主义 — 每个行为单独按后果计算效用。
Rule utilitarianism — follow rules that, if generally adopted, would maximise happiness. ‘Strong Rule: keep rails smooth.’
规则功利主义 — 遵循若能普遍化将最大化幸福的规则。
Categorical imperative (Kant) — a universal moral law that must be obeyed without exception; formulations include universalisability and treating humanity as an end. ‘Imperative without an ‘if’.’
定言命令 — 必须无条件遵循的普遍道德律；公式包括可普遍化与人是目的。
Hypothetical imperative — a conditional command: ‘If you want X, do Y’. Morality is not hypothetical for Kant.
假言命令 — 条件式命令：“若想要X，就做Y”。
Virtue ethics (Aristotle) — focuses on the agent’s character and virtues rather than rules or consequences. Eudaimonia (flourishing) is the goal.
美德伦理学 — 聚焦行为者品格与美德，而非规则或后果。目的为 eudaimonia (人生繁盛)。
Doctrine of the mean — virtue lies between two extremes (vices of excess and deficiency). Courage between rashness and cowardice.
中道学说 — 美德处于过度与不及两个极端之间。勇敢在鲁莽与怯懦之间。
Phronesis — practical wisdom, the ability to discern the right action in specific situations. ‘Phronesis = phone your reason.’
实践智慧 — 在具体情境中判别正确行为的能力。
8. Applied Ethics Keywords | 应用伦理学核心词汇
Sanctity of life — the principle that human life is intrinsically valuable and must be protected from conception. ‘Sacred boundary.’
生命神圣 — 人类生命具有内在价值，须从受孕起加以保护。
Quality of life — a criterion that evaluates life based on its experiential wellbeing rather than sheer existence. ‘Quality over quantity.’
生命质量 — 以体验福祉而非单纯存活来评价生命。
Personhood — attributes conferring moral status, such as self-consciousness, rationality, or capacity for relationships. ‘What makes a person.’
位格 — 赋予道德地位的属性，如自我意识、理性或关系能力。
Doctrine of double effect — an act with both good and bad effects is permissible if the bad effect is merely foreseen but not intended. Mnemonic: ‘Double effect: intend the good, allow the bad.’
双重效应原则 — 一个行为兼有善恶效果时，若恶果仅是预见而非意图，则行为可允许。
Trolley
Published by TutorHao | Year 13 哲学 Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导