Year 13 Edexcel Sociology: Key Terms Revision Guide | Year 13 Edexcel 社会学：关键词汇速记指南

📚 Year 13 Edexcel Sociology: Key Terms Revision Guide | Year 13 Edexcel 社会学：关键词汇速记指南

Mastering key terms is the foundation of success in Edexcel Year 13 Sociology. This guide not only defines the most important concepts but also provides memory shortcuts, real-world examples, and links between theories to help you recall them quickly in the exam. Each term is presented with a concise definition and a practical mnemonic or visualisation technique rooted in cognitive psychology, so you can move from memorisation to confident application.

掌握关键词汇是 Edexcel Year 13 社会学取得高分的基础。本指南不仅给出核心概念的定义，还提供记忆捷径、现实案例以及理论之间的关联，帮助你在考试中快速提取。每个术语都配有简明释义和基于认知心理学的实用口诀或图像化技巧，让你从死记硬背转向自信运用。

1. Theoretical Perspectives | 理论视角

Functionalism views society as a system of interrelated parts that work together to maintain stability. Key thinkers include Durkheim, who emphasised social solidarity, and Parsons, who described the ‘organic analogy’. To remember this, think of a clock: all gears must function for the clock to tell time correctly. The mnemonic ‘FUN-SOC’ (Functionalism, Unity, Norms, Stability, Organic analogy, Consensus) links the core ideas.

功能主义视社会为一个由相互关联的部分组成的系统，各部分共同维持稳定。代表人物包括强调社会团结的涂尔干和提出「有机类比」的帕森斯。为了记忆，可以把社会想象成一个时钟：所有齿轮必须正常运转才能准确报时。口诀「FUN-SOC」（功能、团结、规范、稳定、有机类比、共识）将核心思想串联起来。

Marxism argues that society is structured by class conflict between the bourgeoisie (owners of production) and the proletariat (workers). Gramsci’s concept of hegemony explains how ruling-class ideas become accepted as ‘common sense’. Use the phrase ‘Class Clash’ to recall the dynamic, and visualise a factory owner towering over workers to remember the base-superstructure model.

马克思主义认为社会由资产阶级（生产资料所有者）和无产阶级（工人）之间的阶级冲突所塑造。葛兰西的霸权概念解释了统治阶级的思想如何被接受为「常识」。用「Class Clash」（阶级碰撞）这个词组来记住动态关系，并想象一个工厂主俯瞰工人的画面，以回忆起基础-上层建筑模型。

Feminism examines gender inequalities. Liberal feminism seeks legal reform; radical feminism focuses on patriarchy as the root of oppression; Marxist feminism links women’s subordination to capitalism. Create a triangle mind map with ‘Lib’, ‘Rad’, ‘Mar’ at the corners, each pointing to a single keyword: law, patriarchy, capitalism.

女权主义审视性别不平等。自由女权主义寻求法律改革；激进女权主义聚焦于父权制这一压迫根源；马克思主义女权主义将女性从属地位与资本主义联系起来。画一个三角形思维导图，三个角分别标上「Lib」「Rad」「Mar」，各指向一个关键词：法律、父权制、资本主义。

Interactionism focuses on small-scale, everyday interactions and the meanings individuals attach to them. Labelling theory, developed by Becker, is a key application: an act only becomes deviant when labelled as such. Remember ‘Label = Reality’ to emphasise how definitions shape social life.

互动主义强调小范围、日常的互动以及个体赋予它们的意义。贝克尔提出的标签理论是核心应用：一个行为只有被贴上标签后才成为越轨。记住「标签即现实」，以突出定义如何塑造社会生活。

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2. Research Methods | 研究方法

Validity refers to whether a research method measures what it claims to measure. High validity means findings are a true reflection of social reality. Think of a thermometer: if it reads 20°C when it is actually 30°C, it is not valid. Use the phrase ‘True Picture’ as a memory hook.

效度指研究方法是否测量了它声称要测量的东西。高效度意味着研究结果真实反映了社会现实。想象一个温度计：实际 30°C 却显示 20°C，那就是无效的。用「真实图像」作为记忆钩子。

Reliability is about consistency; if the same method is repeated, it should yield the same results. Split-half reliability checks internal consistency by comparing two halves of a test. Remember ‘R for Repeat’ and visualise a photocopier producing identical copies every time.

信度关乎一致性；如果重复使用同一方法，应该得到相同结果。分半信度通过比较一个测试的两半来检验内部一致性。记住「R 代表 Repeat（重复）」，并想象一台复印机每次都复印出相同的副本。

Triangulation combines multiple methods or data sources to cross-check findings. It can be methodological (using questionnaires and interviews) or data triangulation (different times, places). Draw a triangle with ‘Method 1’, ‘Method 2’, ‘Findings’ at each vertex to recall the concept instantly.

三角交叉法结合多种方法或数据来源以交叉验证研究结果。可以是方法的（问卷加访谈）或数据的（不同时间、地点）。画一个三角形，三个顶点分别标上「方法1」「方法2」「结果」，即可立刻回忆起概念。

Operationalisation is the process of turning abstract concepts into measurable variables. For example, ‘social class’ may be operationalised by income, occupation, or education. The phrase ‘Make It Measurable’ and the image of a ruler transforming an idea into a number are useful memory tools.

操作化是将抽象概念转变为可测量变量的过程。例如，「社会阶级」可以通过收入、职业或教育程度来操作化。短语「让它可测量」以及一把尺子将想法变成数字的图像，是有效的记忆工具。

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3. Education | 教育

Cultural capital (Bourdieu) refers to the knowledge, language, and attitudes that middle-class children possess, which gives them an advantage in education. To remember, link ‘capital’ to ‘currency’ – middle-class children spend this cultural currency to buy success. The mnemonic ‘CASH’ (Cultural Assets Shape Habitus) reinforces the link to habitus.

文化资本（布迪厄）指中产阶级儿童拥有的知识、语言和态度，这使他们在教育中占据优势。要记住这一概念，将「资本」和「货币」联系起来——中产阶级儿童用这种文化货币购买成功。口诀「CASH」（文化资产塑造惯习）强化了与惯习的联系。

Material deprivation refers to a lack of physical resources like housing, diet, and income that can negatively affect educational achievement. Imagine a student trying to study in a cold, overcrowded room without textbooks – this mental picture captures the term vividly. Remember ‘Money Matters’ for the central idea.

物质剥夺指缺乏住房、饮食、收入等实体资源，这会对教育成就产生负面影响。想象一个学生在寒冷、拥挤、没有课本的房间里努力学习——这个画面能生动地抓住这个术语。核心思想用「金钱很重要」来记住。

Labelling in education (Becker, Rist) occurs when teachers attach definitions to students, such as ‘bright’ or ‘troublesome’, which can become a self-fulfilling prophecy. Use the phrase ‘Label It, Live It’ and recall the classic Pygmalion effect experiment to reproduce the evaluation points quickly in an exam.

教育中的标签（贝克尔、里斯特）发生在教师给学生贴上类似「聪明」或「麻烦」的标签时，这些标签可能成为自我实现的预言。记住「贴上标签，活出标签」，并回想经典的皮格马利翁效应实验，就能在考试中迅速写出评估要点。

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4. Families and Households | 家庭与住户

The symmetrical family (Young and Willmott) describes a family form where roles are shared more equally between partners. It is linked to the ‘march of progress’ view. Use the image of a seesaw perfectly balanced to represent symmetry, and tag it with the year ‘1973’ (their key publication) as a numerical anchor.

对称家庭（杨和威尔莫特）描述的是伴侣之间更平等分担角色的家庭形式，与「进步的脚步」观点相关。用一个完美平衡的跷跷板来代表对称性，并标注年份「1973」（他们的主要出版年份）作为数字锚点。

Patriarchy is a system of society where men hold the power and women are subordinated. Radical feminists like Millett locate patriarchy in the family. Think ‘Patri-archy’ = ‘Father rule’ and sketch a family tree where the top position is always male. The word itself contains the memory clue.

父权制是一个男性掌握权力、女性处于从属地位的社会系统。像米利特这样的激进女权主义者将父权制定位于家庭之中。思考「Patri-archy」=「父系统治」，画出一棵顶端永远是男性的家谱。单词本身就包含了记忆线索。

Individualisation thesis (Beck, Giddens) argues that traditional roles and structures have been replaced by personal choice and ‘pure relationships’ based on emotional satisfaction. Recall the slogan ‘My Life, My Rules’ and visualise a person building their own path with Lego blocks, each block a free choice.

个体化命题（贝克、吉登斯）认为传统角色和结构已被个人选择和基于情感满足的「纯粹关系」所取代。回想口号「我的人生我做主」，并想象一个人用乐高积木搭建自己的道路，每一块积木代表一个自由选择。

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5. Crime and Deviance | 犯罪与越轨

Anomie (Durkheim) is a state of normlessness where society’s shared rules break down, often during rapid social change. Think ‘A-norm-ie’ (absence of norms) and visualise a compass spinning wildly without a magnetic north. Merton adapted anomie to explain crime as a strain between goals and means.

失范（涂尔干）是一种规范缺失的状态，社会的共同规则瓦解，常出现在快速社会变化时期。记作「A-norm-ie」（规范的缺失），想象一个没有磁北极的指南针疯狂旋转。默顿借用失范概念，将犯罪解释为目标与手段之间的紧张。

Labelling theory (Becker) argues that deviance is not inherent in an act but is a label applied by society. The concept of the ‘master status’ shows how a deviant label overrides all other identities. Memorise ‘It’s not the act, it’s the reaction’ and picture a stamp that marks someone as ‘criminal’ permanently.

标签理论（贝克尔）指出越轨不在于行为本身，而是社会贴上的标签。「主要身份」概念展示了越轨标签如何覆盖所有其他身份。记住「不在于行为，而在于反应」，并想象一个永久标记某人为「罪犯」的印章。

Moral panic (Cohen) occurs when a group or behaviour is defined as a threat to societal values, amplified by the media, leading to deviancy amplification. The mnemonic ‘MODS’ – Moral threat, Overreaction, Deviancy amplification, Stigma – covers the cycle. Recall the Mods and Rockers case study.

道德恐慌（科恩）发生在某个群体或行为被界定为对社会价值的威胁，被媒体放大，进而导致越轨放大时。口诀「MODS」——道德威胁、过度反应、越轨放大、污名化——概括了这个循环。回想摩登族和摇滚族案例研究。

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6. Beliefs in Society | 社会信仰

Disenchantment (Weber) describes the process by which rational, scientific thinking replaces magical and religious worldviews. Think ‘Dis-enchant’ = removing magic. Picture a fairy-tale forest being replaced by a laboratory to visually anchor the shift from enchantment to rationality.

祛魅（韦伯）描述了理性、科学思维取代魔法和宗教世界观的过程。记作「Dis-enchant」= 消除魔法。想象一个童话森林被实验室所取代，以视觉化锚定从魅惑到理性的转变。

Civil religion (Bellah) refers to a set of shared beliefs and rituals that bind a nation together, such as the Pledge of Allegiance in the US. Use the phrase ‘Worship the Nation’ and visualise a flag replacing a sacred symbol in a ceremony. This connects directly to functionalist ideas of social integration.

公民宗教（贝拉）指将一国凝聚在一起的共享信仰和仪式，例如美国的效忠宣誓。用「崇拜国族」这个短语，并想象在仪式中国旗取代了神圣象征。这直接与功能主义的社会整合思想相连。

Religious market theory (Stark and Bainbridge) views religious organisations as ‘firms’ competing for followers. It explains high participation in the US through choice and competition. Think ‘Churches R Us’ and imagine a supermarket of beliefs where people ‘shop’ for a faith that fits their needs.

宗教市场理论（斯塔克和班布里奇）将宗教组织视为竞争信徒的「公司」。它通过选择和竞争解释了美国的高参与度。想象一个信仰超市，人们在其中「选购」适合自己需求的信仰，记住「Churches R Us（教堂就是你我的商店）」。

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7. Global Development | 全球发展

Dependency theory (Frank) argues that developing countries are kept in a state of underdevelopment by exploitation from wealthy nations in the core. The imagery of a ‘chain’ linking periphery to core, with resources flowing one way, captures the concept. Remember ‘D for Drain’ – wealth is drained from poor to rich.

依附理论（弗兰克）认为发展中国家之所以处于欠发达状态，是因为受到核心富裕国家的剥削。一条链条将外围与核心连接、资源单向流动的影像可以抓住这个概念。记住「D 代表 Drain（流失）」——财富从穷国流向富国。

Neoliberalism in development promotes free markets, privatisation, and reduced state intervention, linked to the Washington Consensus. Use the three-word chant ‘Free, Privatise, Cut’ (free trade, privatise industries, cut public spending) and recall the SAPs (Structural Adjustment Programmes) imposed by the IMF.

发展中的新自由主义推行自由市场、私有化和减少国家干预，与华盛顿共识相关。用三字真言「自由、私有化、削减」（自由贸易、产业私有化、削减公共开支），并回想国际货币基金组织强加的结构调整计划。

Sustainable development (Brundtland Report) is development that meets present needs without compromising future generations. The mnemonic ‘3P’ – People, Planet, Profit – balances social, environmental, and economic goals. Visualise a three-legged stool; remove one leg and sustainability collapses.

可持续发展（布伦特兰报告）是既满足当代需求又不损害后代满足需求能力的发展。口诀「3P」——人、地球、利润——平衡了社会、环境和经济目标。想象一把三条腿的凳子；拿掉一条腿，可持续性就会倒塌。

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8. Media | 媒体

Hypodermic syringe model suggests media injects messages directly into a passive audience, producing a uniform effect. The violence debate relies on this model. Visualise a giant needle injecting ideas and the phrase ‘Direct Hit’ to recall the passive audience assumption. Remember to critique it with uses and gratifications later.

皮下注射针筒模式认为媒体直接将信息注入被动的受众，产生统一效果。暴力争论就依赖于这一模式。想象一个巨大的针筒在注射想法，用「直接命中」来记住被动受众的假设。记住之后用使用与满足理论来批判它。

Moral panics (Cohen, see Crime) are also central to media studies, where the media exaggerate a threat and create folk devils. Use the same mnemonic MODS, but add a newspaper front page with a sensational headline as a visual. The media acts as the amplifier.

道德恐慌（科恩，参见犯罪部分）也是媒体研究的核心概念，媒体夸大威胁并制造民间恶魔。沿用口诀 MODS，但加上一份有着耸动标题的报纸头版作为视觉图像。媒体充当了放大器。

Cultural imperialism argues that Western media products dominate global culture, eroding local traditions. Remember ‘McWorld’ – the global spread of McDonald’s, Disney, and Hollywood. Picture a world map being gradually painted with the same brand logos to signal homogenisation.

文化帝国主义认为西方媒体产品主导了全球文化，侵蚀了地方传统。记住「麦当劳化世界」——麦当劳、迪士尼和好莱坞的全球蔓延。想象世界地图被逐渐涂上同样的品牌标志，以此表示同质化。

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9. Stratification and Differentiation | 分层与分化

Social mobility refers to movement between social strata. Intergenerational mobility compares parents and children; intragenerational mobility tracks an individual’s own career. The phrase ‘Up the Ladder’ paired with a ladder diagram showing generations (G1, G2) helps separate the types. Horizontal mobility is movement within the same level.

社会流动指社会阶层之间的移动。代际流动对比父母与子女；代内流动追踪个人自身职业变化。配上一幅显示代际（G1, G2）的梯子图，「爬上梯子」这句话有助于区分两种类型。横向流动是同一层级内的移动。

Life chances (Weber) refer to the opportunities people have to acquire desired goods and experiences, shaped by class, status, and power. Think ‘Chances = Choices’ and draw a key that unlocks different doors (education, health, housing). The more keys a person has, the more doors open.

生活机会（韦伯）指人们获得期望中的物品和经历的机会，由阶级、地位和权力塑造。记住「机会=选择」，画一把能打开不同门的钥匙（教育、健康、住房）。一个人拥有的钥匙越多，打开的门就越多。

Intersectionality (Crenshaw) analyses how overlapping social identities – such as race, gender, class – create unique forms of discrimination. The metaphor of a traffic intersection where a person can be hit by multiple vehicles (racism, sexism) simultaneously captures this. Use ‘X marks the spot’ and think of the letter X as crossing lines of identity.

交叉性（克伦肖）分析重叠的社会身份——如种族、性别、阶级——如何创造独特的歧视形式。用一个交通路口比喻，一个人可能同时被多辆车（种族主义、性别歧视）撞击，就抓住了这一点。用「X 标记点」并想象字母 X 代表身份交叉的线条。

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10. Exam Memory Techniques | 考试记忆技巧

Active recall is more effective than re-reading. After studying this guide, close it and write down every term you remember, then check for gaps. Create a ‘Blurting Sheet’ where you dump all key terms on a blank page in a timed burst, mimicking exam pressure. This strengthens long-term retention.

主动回忆比重读更有效。学习完本指南后，合上它，写下你能记住的所有术语，然后检查遗漏。制作一张「倾吐纸」，在计时压力下将所有关键词倒在一张空白纸上，模拟考试压力。这能加强长期记忆。

For each theory, prepare a ’30-word skeleton’ paragraph that includes the key term, a thinker, and a brief explanation. For example: ‘Anomie (Durkheim) – normlessness arising from rapid change, causing deviance. Merton extended it to strain theory.’ This skeleton can be expanded in the exam to earn AO1 and AO2 marks.

为每一个理论准备一段「30字骨架」，包含关键词、一位思想家以及简短解释。例如：「失范（涂尔干）——快速变化导致的规范缺失，引发越轨。默顿将其扩展为紧张理论。」这段骨架可以在考试中扩写，拿到 AO1 和 AO2 分。

Use the ‘Link and Locate’ method: place each term on a topic mind map and draw a line to a related concept from another unit (e.g., link ‘cultural capital’ in Education to ‘cultural imperialism’ in Media). Synoptic links are rewarded at A Level, and this method also strengthens your conceptual network for easier retrieval.

使用「连接与定位」法：将每个术语放在主题思维导图上，用一条线连接到另一个单元的相关概念（例如将教育中的「文化资本」与媒体中的「文化帝国主义」连接起来）。A Level 考试鼓励综合性联系，而这种方法同时能强化概念网络，便于提取。

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