📚 Year 13 OCR Law: Key Terms Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 13 OCR 法律：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering legal terminology is essential for success in Year 13 OCR Law. This guide breaks down the key terms you need under major topic areas, with clear explanations and memory hooks to help you recall and apply them accurately in exams. Each term is presented in English first, followed by its Chinese equivalent to support bilingual learning.
掌握法律术语是 Year 13 OCR 法律考试取得成功的关键。本指南按主要专题领域为你拆解核心术语，配以清晰解释和记忆窍门，帮助你在考试中准确回忆和运用。每个术语先以英文解释，再附中文对应版本，支持双语学习。
1. Judicial Precedent | 司法先例
Stare decisis – Latin for ‘stand by things decided’. This is the foundation of judicial precedent, meaning lower courts must follow the legal principles established by higher courts in previous cases.
遵循先例 – 拉丁语意为“坚持已有决定”。这是司法先例的基础，意味着下级法院必须遵循上级法院在以往案件中确立的法律原则。
Ratio decidendi – The binding part of a judgment. It is the legal reason for the decision, and it creates the precedent that future courts must follow if the material facts are similar.
判决理由 – 判决中有约束力的部分。它是判决的法律原因，并创立了先例，如果关键事实相似，未来法院必须遵循。
Obiter dicta – ‘Things said by the way’. These are comments made by the judge that are not directly relevant to the decision. They are not binding but can be persuasive in later cases.
附随意见 – “顺便说的话”。指法官发表的与判决无直接关联的评论。它们不具有约束力，但可在后续案件中具有说服力。
Distinguishing – A technique used by a court to avoid following a precedent when the facts of the current case are materially different from the earlier one.
区分 – 法院用于避免遵循先例的一种技巧，当手头案件的事实与先前案件有重大差异时使用。
Overruling – When a higher court in a later case decides that the legal principle stated in an earlier case from a lower court was wrong. The earlier precedent is no longer good law.
推翻 – 当上级法院在后来的案件中裁定，下级法院在先例中陈述的法律原则是错误的。原先例不再是良法。
Reversing – When an appeal court changes the decision of a lower court in the same case. It does not affect the precedent set by the lower court, but the result of that specific case is altered.
改判 – 当上诉法院在同一案件中改变下级法院的判决。这不影响下级法院设定的先例，但该特定案件的结果被改变。
2. Statutory Interpretation | 法律解释
Literal rule – Courts give words their plain, ordinary meaning, even if the outcome seems harsh or absurd. The judge does not try to fill gaps.
字面规则 – 法院给词语赋予其平实、普通的意义，即使结果看似严苛或荒谬。法官不试图填补漏洞。
Golden rule – A modification of the literal rule. If the literal meaning leads to an absurd result, the court can choose an alternative meaning that avoids absurdity.
黄金规则 – 字面规则的改进。如果字面含义导致荒谬结果，法院可选择另一种避免荒谬的含义。
Mischief rule – The court examines what gap or ‘mischief’ the statute was meant to remedy, and interprets the words to suppress that mischief.
弊端规则 – 法院审查该制定法旨在弥补的漏洞或“弊端”，并解释词语以弥补该弊端。
Purposive approach – A broader approach that looks at the overall purpose of the legislation, often used when applying EU law or Human Rights Act provisions.
目的性方法 – 一种更广泛的方法，着眼于立法的整体目的，通常在适用欧盟法律或人权法案条款时使用。
Ejusdem generis – A rule of language: when a list of specific words is followed by general words, the general words are limited to things of the same class as the specific ones.
同类规则 – 一条语言规则：当一连串特定词语后跟着概括性词语时，概括性词语限于与特定词语同类别的事物。
Noscitur a sociis – A word is known by the company it keeps; the meaning of a word can be gathered from the surrounding words.
以词连义 – 通过词语的搭配来推知其含义；一个词的含义可从周围词语中推断出来。
3. Criminal Law: Actus Reus and Mens Rea | 刑法：犯罪行为与犯罪意图
Actus reus – The external element of a crime: the guilty act. It can include a voluntary act, omission (where there is a duty to act), or a state of affairs.
犯罪行为 – 犯罪的外部要素：有罪的行为。它可以包括自愿的行为、不作为（在负有作为义务时）或事态。
Mens rea – The internal element: the guilty mind. The level of fault required varies by offence, from intention down to negligence.
犯罪意图 – 内部要素：有罪的心理状态。所要求的过错程度因犯罪而异，从意图到疏忽。
Direct intent – The defendant’s aim or purpose is to bring about the prohibited consequence (Mohan).
直接意图 – 被告的目标或目的是造成被禁止的后果（莫汉案）。
Oblique intent – The defendant did not desire the consequence, but it was a virtually certain result of his actions and the defendant foresaw it as virtually certain (Woollin).
间接意图 – 被告并不希望发生该后果，但后果是其行为几乎必然的结果，且被告也预见到其几乎必然发生（伍林案）。
Recklessness – The conscious taking of an unjustified risk (Cunningham subjective recklessness: foresight of the risk and going ahead anyway).
轻率 – 有意识地冒不合理风险（坎宁安主观轻率：预见到风险并仍然行事）。
Coincidence of actus reus and mens rea – Both must exist at the same time. However, the ‘continuing act’ doctrine (Fagan v MPC) or ‘series of acts’ (Thabo Meli) can merge them.
犯罪行为与犯罪意图同时发生 – 两者必须同时存在。然而，“持续行为”原则（法甘案）或“系列行为”（塔博梅利案）可将它们结合起来。
4. Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person | 人身非致命犯罪
Assault – Intentionally or recklessly causing the victim to apprehend immediate and unlawful personal violence. No touching is required.
企图伤害（恐吓） – 故意或轻率地使受害人担忧将发生即时且非法的暴力。无需实际接触。
Battery – Intentionally or recklessly applying unlawful physical force to another. Any touching, however slight, can be a battery.
殴打 – 故意或轻率地对他人施加非法的身体力量。任何触碰，无论多么轻微，都可构成殴打。
Assault occasioning actual bodily harm (s.47 OAPA 1861) – Assault or battery that causes ‘hurt or damage which is more than merely transient or trifling’. Includes psychiatric harm (Miller).
袭击致实际身体伤害（1861年侵害人身罪法第47条） – 袭击或殴打导致“不仅仅是短暂或微不足道的伤害或损害”。包括精神伤害（米勒案）。
Unlawful wounding or inflicting grievous bodily harm (s.20) – Maliciously (intention or subjective recklessness) wounding or inflicting GBH. A wound means a break in the continuity of the whole skin.
非法伤人致严重身体伤害（第20条） – 恶意（意图或主观轻率）地伤人致严重身体伤害。伤口指整层皮肤的连续性被破坏。
Causing grievous bodily harm with intent (s.18) – The most serious non-fatal offence. Requires specific intent to do GBH or to resist or prevent lawful arrest.
蓄意造成严重身体伤害（第18条） – 最严重的非致命犯罪。要求特定的犯罪意图，即意图造成严重身体伤害或意图抗拒或防止合法逮捕。
5. Property Offences | 财产犯罪
Theft (S.1 Theft Act 1968) – Dishonestly appropriating property belonging to another with the intention of permanently depriving the other of it.
盗窃罪（1968年盗窃罪法第1条） – 不诚实地将属于他人的财产据为己有，并意图永久性地剥夺他人对该财产的权利。
Appropriation – Any assumption of the rights of an owner; includes taking, keeping or dealing with property as owner. Even consent does not prevent appropriation if it is obtained by deception (Gomez; Hinks).
据为己有 – 任何行使物主权利的行为；包括获取、保留或处置财产。即使有同意，如果通过欺骗获得，仍可构成据为己有（戈麦斯案；辛克斯案）。
Dishonesty test (Ivey v Genting Casinos) – Determine the actual state of the defendant’s knowledge or belief as to the facts; then assess whether the conduct was dishonest by the objective standards of ordinary decent people.
不诚实检验（艾维诉根廷赌场案） – 首先确定被告对事实的实际认知或信念状态；然后以普通正派人士的客观标准评判行为是否不诚实。
Robbery (S.8) – Theft accompanied by force or the threat of force, immediately before or at the time of stealing, in order to steal.
抢劫罪（第8条） – 盗窃时，为了盗窃目的，在窃取当时或紧接窃取之前，使用武力或以武力相威胁。
Burglary (S.9) – Entering a building or part of a building as a trespasser, with intent to steal, inflict GBH, or do unlawful damage, or having entered, stealing or inflicting GBH.
入室盗窃罪（第9条） – 作为侵入者进入建筑物或建筑物的一部分，意图盗窃、造成严重身体伤害或进行非法损坏；或进入后实施了盗窃或造成严重身体伤害。
6. General Defences | 一般抗辩
Self-defence – A complete defence available where the defendant uses reasonable force to protect himself, another, or property. The force must be proportionate in the circumstances as the defendant honestly believed them to be (s.76 Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008, codifying Palmer).
正当防卫 – 一项完全抗辩，适用于被告使用合理武力保护自己、他人或财产的情形。武力必须与被告真诚相信的情况相称（2008年刑事司法与移民法第76条，将帕尔默案原则法典化）。
Duress by threats – The defendant is forced to commit a crime because of a threat of death or serious injury. It does not apply to murder or attempted murder (Howe; Gotts). The threat must be imminent and the defendant must show reasonable steadfastness (Graham test).
胁迫（威胁型） – 被告因死亡或严重伤害的威胁而被迫犯罪。不适用于谋杀或谋杀未遂（豪案；戈茨案）。威胁必须是即时的，且被告必须表现出合理的坚定性（格雷厄姆检验）。
Intoxication – Voluntary intoxication can deny the mens rea of a specific intent crime (e.g. murder, s.18 OAPA) but not of a basic intent crime (DPP v Majewski). Dutch courage (drinking to commit a crime) is always a defence.
醉酒 – 自愿醉酒可以否定特定意图犯罪（如谋杀、第18条犯罪）的犯罪意图，但不能否定基本意图犯罪的犯罪意图（DPP诉马耶夫斯基案）。借酒壮胆（为犯罪而饮酒）始终可作为抗辩。
Insanity (M’Naghten Rules) – A defence based on a defect of reason, caused by a disease of the mind, so that the defendant did not know the nature and quality of the act, or did not know it was wrong. Results in a special verdict of ‘not guilty by reason of insanity’.
精神错乱（麦克诺顿规则） – 因心智疾病导致理性缺陷，致使被告不知道自己行为的性质和品质，或不知道行为是错误时，可提出此抗辩。结果是“因精神错乱而无罪”的特别裁决。
7. Law Making: Legislative Process | 法律制定：立法程序
Green Paper – A consultative document put out by the government setting out proposals for reform and inviting public comment.
绿皮书 – 由政府发布的咨询文件，提出改革建议并征求公众意见。
White Paper – A document stating the government’s firm proposals for legislation, often following the consultation on a Green Paper.
白皮书 – 阐述政府关于立法的确定提案的文件，通常是在绿皮书咨询之后发布。
Bill – A draft Act of Parliament. It passes through stages in both Houses: First Reading, Second Reading, Committee Stage, Report Stage, Third Reading, then to the other House, and finally Royal Assent.
法案 – 一部议会的法律草案。它在两院经过各阶段：一读、二读、委员会阶段、报告阶段、三读，然后进入另一院，最后获得御准。
Parliamentary sovereignty – The principle that Parliament is the supreme law-making body; it can make or unmake any law and cannot bind its successors.
议会主权 – 议会是最高立法机构的原则；它可以制定或废除任何法律，且不能约束其后届议会。
Delegated legislation – Laws made by persons or bodies to whom Parliament has delegated authority (e.g. Orders in Council, statutory instruments, by-laws). It is controlled by parliamentary and judicial review.
授权立法 – 由议会授予权力的个人或机构制定的法律（如枢密院令、法定文件、地方法规）。其受议会审查和司法审查控制。
8. Law Reform | 法律改革
Law Commission – An independent statutory body set up by the Law Commissions Act 1965 to keep the law under review and recommend reform. It produces consultation papers and final reports with draft Bills.
法律委员会 – 根据1965年法律委员会法设立的独立法定机构，负责不断审查法律并提出改革建议。它发布咨询文件和最终报告，并附有法案草案。
Codification – Bringing together all the law on a topic (both statute and common law) into one single Act of Parliament, making it clearer and more accessible.
法典化 – 将某一主题的所有法律（包括制定法和普通法）汇集到一部议会法之中，使其更清晰、更易查阅。
Consolidation – Combining several existing statutes on one topic into one statute without changing the substantive law. It simplifies the law but does not reform it.
法律汇编 – 将同一主题的多部现行制定法合并为一部制定法，而不改变实体法。它简化了法律，但并非改革。
Repeal – Removing an outdated or unnecessary law. The Law Commission has a rolling programme of statute law repeals to clear away deadwood.
废止 – 移除过时或不必要的法律。法律委员会有一个持续的制定法废止计划，以清除冗余法律。
9. Tort Law: Negligence | 侵权法：过失侵权
Duty of care – The defendant must owe a duty to the claimant. The modern test arises from Caparo Industries v Dickman: foreseeability of damage, proximity between the parties, and it must be fair, just and reasonable to impose a duty.
注意义务 – 被告必须对原告负有注意义务。现代检验来自卡帕罗工业诉迪克曼案：损害的可预见性、当事人之间的接近性，以及课以义务必须是公平、公正且合理的。
Breach of duty – The defendant must have fallen below the standard of the reasonable person. Factors include the magnitude of risk (Bolton v Stone), the practicality of precautions (Latimer), the social value of the activity (Watt v Hertfordshire), and the special characteristics of the defendant (learners held to standard of competent driver: Nettleship v Weston).
违反义务 – 被告必须未达到合理人的标准。考虑因素包括：风险的大小（博尔顿诉斯通案）、预防措施的可行性（拉蒂默案）、活动的社会价值（瓦特诉赫特福德郡案），以及被告的特殊特征（学习者也要达到有能力的驾驶员标准：内特尔希普诉韦斯顿案）。
Causation – Factual causation is tested by the ‘but for’ test (Barnett v Chelsea & Kensington Hospital). Legal causation requires that the defendant’s breach was a more than minimal cause (or material contribution: Bonnington Castings) and that there is no intervening act breaking the chain of causation.
因果关系 – 事实因果关系用“若非”检验（巴内特案）。法律因果关系要求被告的违反义务行为必须是超出最低限度的原因（或实质性贡献：博宁顿铸造案），且没有介入行为打断因果链。
Damage – The damage must be of a type that is reasonably foreseeable (The Wagon Mound). The ‘thin skull’ rule makes the defendant liable for unexpected extent of personal injury, but not pure economic loss (unless there is a special relationship).
损害 – 损害必须属于可合理预见的类型（瓦冈·芒德号案）。薄颅骨规则使被告对人身伤害的意外程度负责，但不对纯粹经济损失负责（除非存在特殊关系）。
10. Occupiers’ Liability | 占有者责任
Occupiers’ Liability Act 1957 – Protects lawful visitors. Occupiers owe a ‘common duty of care’ to see that visitors are reasonably safe in using the premises for the permitted purpose. Children require extra care (Glasgow Corp v Taylor), and tradesmen must guard against risks peculiar to their trade (Roles v Nathan).
1957年占有者责任法 – 保护合法访客。占有者负有“一般注意义务”，确保访客在许可目的范围内使用场所时是合理安全的。儿童需要特别照顾（格拉斯哥公司诉泰勒案），专业工匠应防范其行业特有的风险（罗尔斯诉内森案）。
Occupiers’ Liability Act 1984 – Covers trespassers. A duty exists only if the occupier knows of the danger and knows that a trespasser might come into the vicinity, the risk is one the occupier should reasonably protect against, and it fails to do so. Warnings may discharge the duty.
1984年占有者责任法 – 保护侵入者。义务存在于：占有者知道危险的存在，并且知道侵入者可能接近该危险；该风险是占有者应合理防范的；而占有者未能防范。警告可解除该义务。
Occupier – A person who has sufficient control over the premises (Wheat v E Lacon). There can be more than one occupier.
占有者 – 对场所拥有足够控制权的人（惠特诉拉康案）。可以有多名占有者。
11. Human Rights Act 1998 | 1998年人权法案
Section 2 – UK courts must take into account judgments of the European Court of Human Rights, but are not bound by them.
第2条 – 英国法院必须考虑欧洲人权法院的判决，但不受其约束。
Section 3 – Primary and secondary legislation must be read and given effect, so far as possible, in a way compatible with the Convention rights.
第3条 – 基本立法和次级立法必须尽可能地以一种与公约权利相容的方式被解读和赋予效力。
Section 4 (Declaration of incompatibility) – If a higher court cannot interpret legislation compatibly, it may issue a declaration that the Act is incompatible. This does not invalidate the law; it signals to Parliament that a change is needed.
第4条（不一致宣告） – 如果高等法院无法将立法解释为相容，可发布该立法不一致的宣告。这不使法律无效；它向议会发出信号，表示需要修改。
Qualified rights – Rights like Article 8 (private life), Article 9 (religion), Article 10 (expression), Article 11 (assembly) can be restricted if it is prescribed by law, necessary in a democratic society, and pursues a legitimate aim.
需限制的权利 – 如第8条（私生活）、第9条（宗教）、第10条（表达）、第11条（集会）等权利，在法律有规定、属民主社会所需且追求合法目的时，可受限制。
Absolute rights – Rights like Article 3 (freedom from torture) and Article 7 (no punishment without law) cannot be derogated from under any circumstance.
绝对权利 – 如第3条（免受酷刑）和第7条（法无明文规定不为罪）的权利，在任何情况下都不可克减。
12. EU Law and Retained EU Law | 欧盟法律与保留的欧盟法律
Direct applicability – Some EU law automatically becomes part of UK law without any further enactment (e.g. Treaty provisions, regulations). After Brexit, this concept is now relevant mainly for retained EU law.
直接适用性 – 某些欧盟法律无需进一步立法即可自动成为英国法律的一部分（例如条约条款、条例）。脱欧后，此概念目前主要对保留的欧盟法律有影响。
Direct effect – Individuals could rely on EU law rights in national courts if the provision was clear, unconditional, and did not require further implementation (Van Gend en Loos). Retained EU law largely preserves these rights unless expressly amended.
直接效力 – 如果条款足够清晰、无条件且无需进一步实施，个人可在国内法院援引欧盟法律权利（范根德鲁斯案）。保留的欧盟法律在很大程度上保留了这些权利，除非被明确修订。
Retained EU law (REUL) – Following the UK’s withdrawal, most EU-derived domestic legislation and directly effective EU rights were converted into UK law by the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 to ensure legal continuity. REUL can now be amended or repealed by Parliament.
保留的欧盟法律 – 继英国退出后，根据2018年《欧盟（退出）法》，大多数源自欧盟的国内立法和具有直接效力的欧盟权利被转化为英国法律，以确保法律连续性。保留的欧盟法律现在可由议会修改或废除。
Supremacy of EU law – Before Brexit, EU law took precedence over conflicting UK statutes. The concept of supremacy no longer applies to new legislative conflicts, but retained EU law retains its pre-Brexit supremacy status until specifically reformed.
欧盟法律最高效力 – 脱欧前，欧盟法律优先于与之冲突的英国制定法。该最高效力概念不再适用于新的立法冲突，但保留的欧盟法律在被具体改革前，仍保留其脱欧前的最高效力地位。
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