Year 13 SQA Psychology: Core Knowledge Review | Year 13 SQA 心理学：核心知识点梳理

📚 Year 13 SQA Psychology: Core Knowledge Review | Year 13 SQA 心理学：核心知识点梳理

Preparing for the Year 13 SQA Psychology examination requires a solid grasp of key topics across research methods, cognitive processes, biological rhythms, stress, and social influence. This revision guide summarises essential concepts, models, and studies to help you consolidate your understanding and tackle exam questions effectively.

准备 Year 13 SQA 心理学考试需要牢固掌握研究方法、认知过程、生物节律、压力和社会影响等核心主题。本复习指南总结了基本概念、模型和研究，帮助你巩固理解并有效应对考试问题。

1. Research Methods and Ethics | 研究方法与伦理

Psychological research employs experimental methods, where the independent variable (IV) is manipulated to measure its effect on the dependent variable (DV), while controlling extraneous variables to establish cause-effect relationships. Strengths include high internal validity and replicability; weaknesses involve low ecological validity and potential demand characteristics.

心理学研究采用实验方法，操纵自变量 (IV) 以测量其对因变量 (DV) 的影响，同时控制额外变量以建立因果关系。优点包括较高的内部效度和可重复性；缺点包括生态效度低和潜在的需求特征。

Non-experimental methods such as naturalistic observations, questionnaires, and case studies are used when manipulation is unethical or impractical. Data gathered can be rich but often lack control, making causal inference difficult. Ethical guidelines set by the British Psychological Society (BPS) require informed consent, right to withdraw, confidentiality, and protection from harm, with debriefing used after deceptive procedures.

当操纵不符合伦理或不可行时，会采用自然观察、问卷和案例研究等非实验方法。收集的数据可能很丰富，但往往缺乏控制，难以推断因果关系。英国心理学会 (BPS) 规定的伦理准则要求知情同意、有权退出、保密和免受伤害，并在使用欺骗程序后进行事后解释 (debriefing)。

2. Data Analysis and Statistics | 数据分析与统计

Descriptive statistics summarise data: the mean (x̄) indicates central tendency, while the standard deviation (s) quantifies spread. The formula for standard deviation is:

描述性统计概括数据：均值 (x̄) 表示集中趋势，而标准差 (s) 量化离散程度。标准差公式为：

s = √(∑(x – x̄)² / (n-1))

A normal distribution is bell-shaped and symmetrical, with 68% of scores within ±1 standard deviation from the mean. Inferential statistics, using a significance level of p < 0.05, determine if results are likely due to chance. The choice of test (e.g., t-test, chi-square) depends on data type and design.

正态分布呈钟形且对称，68% 的分数落在均值 ±1 个标准差范围内。推断统计使用 p < 0.05 的显著性水平，判断结果是否可能由偶然因素造成。检验的选择（如 t 检验、卡方检验）取决于数据类型和设计。

3. Memory: Multi-Store and Working Memory Models | 记忆：多存储模型与工作记忆模型

Atkinson and Shiffrin’s (1968) multi-store model describes memory as three separate stores: sensory memory (SM), short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). Information moves from SM to STM through attention, and from STM to LTM via rehearsal. Limitations include the model’s simplicity and the passive nature of STM.

Atkinson 和 Shiffrin (1968) 的多存储模型将记忆描述为三个独立存储库：感觉记忆 (SM)、短时记忆 (STM) 和长时记忆 (LTM)。信息通过注意从 SM 进入 STM，再通过复述从 STM 进入 LTM。该模型局限在于过于简化且将 STM 视为被动存储。

Baddeley and Hitch’s (1974) working memory model (WMM) replaces the unitary STM with a multi-component system: the central executive (attentional control), phonological loop (verbal/auditory information), visuospatial sketchpad (visual/spatial), and episodic buffer (integrates information). WMM explains dual-task performance and memory deficits better than the multi-store model.

Baddeley 和 Hitch (1974) 的工作记忆模型 (WMM) 用一个多成分系统取代了单一 STM：

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