📚 Year 13 WJEC French: Grammar Formula Quick-Reference Handbook | WJEC A2 法语:语法公式速查手册
This article serves as a rapid revision tool for Year 13 WJEC French learners. It distils essential grammatical structures into clear ‘formulas’ and ‘rules’ that are vital for reading, writing and speaking tasks at A2 level. Each section presents a core grammar point with its formation, key triggers and examples, allowing you to scan, remember and apply them under exam conditions.
本文是为 Year 13 WJEC 法语考生准备的快速复习指南。我们将核心语法结构提炼为清晰的“公式”与“定理”,这些对于 A2 阶段的读、写、说任务至关重要。每个部分都给出语法点的构成方式、关键触发词和实例,方便你在考试压力下快速查阅、记忆并运用。
1. Present Subjunctive: Formation and Key Expressions | 现在虚拟式:构成及关键表达
The subjunctive mood is used to express doubt, desire, necessity and uncertainty after a wide range of conjunctions and main-clause verbs. The present subjunctive stem is derived from the 3rd-person plural of the present indicative (ils/elles form) minus the -ent ending, to which subjunctive endings are added.
虚拟语气用于表达怀疑、愿望、必要性和不确定性,常出现在一系列连词和主句动词之后。现在虚拟式的词干取自直陈式现在时第三人称复数(ils/elles 变位)去掉词尾 -ent,再加上虚拟式词尾。
Formula: que + (subject) + [stem from ils/elles present] + -e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent
公式: que + (主语) + [直陈式 ils/elles 词干] + -e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent
Common irregular stems include: être → soi-, avoir → ai-, aller → aill-, faire → fass-, pouvoir → puiss-, savoir → sach-. For instance, ‘Il faut que tu sois à l’heure’ (You must be on time) uses the irregular stem soi- plus -s.
常见的不规则词干包括:être → soi-、avoir → ai-、aller → aill-、faire → fass-、pouvoir → puiss-、savoir → sach-。例如“Il faut que tu sois à l’heure”(你必须准时)使用了不规则词干 soi- 加上词尾 -s。
Typical triggers that require the subjunctive are: bien que, pour que, avant que, à condition que, de peur que, quoique, jusqu’à ce que, sans que. Expressions like ‘je doute que’, ‘je ne pense pas que’, ‘il est essentiel que’ also demand the subjunctive.
要求使用虚拟式的典型触发词有:bien que、pour que、avant que、à condition que、de peur que、quoique、jusqu’à ce que、sans que。像“je doute que”、“je ne pense pas que”、“il est essentiel que”等表达同样需要虚拟式。
2. Perfect Subjunctive: Formula and Usage | 过去虚拟式:公式与用法
The perfect subjunctive refers to an anterior action that may or may not be completed, used when the main clause expresses doubt or emotion about a past event. It consists of the present subjunctive of either avoir or être (as auxiliary) followed by the past participle of the main verb.
过去虚拟式表示一个可能已经完成或尚未完成的先前动作,用于主句对过去事件表达怀疑或情感时。它由助动词 avoir 或 être 的现在虚拟式加上主要动词的过去分词构成。
Formula: que + (subject) + (présent subjonctif d’avoir/être) + participe passé
公式: que + (主语) + (avoir/être 的现在虚拟式) + 过去分词
With être verbs, remember the past participle agrees with the subject in gender and number. For example: ‘Je suis étonné que tu ne sois pas venu hier.’ (I’m surprised you didn’t come yesterday.) Here ‘sois’ is the subjunctive of être, and ‘venu’ agrees with the masculine subject ‘tu’.
以 être 作助动词的动词,过去分词要与主语在性数上配合。例如:“Je suis étonné que tu ne sois pas venu hier.”(我惊讶你昨天没来。)这里 sois 是 être 的虚拟式,venu 与阳性主语 tu 配合。
Key scenarios for the perfect subjunctive: after conjunctions like ‘bien que’, ‘à moins que’, ‘avant que’ when the subordinate clause refers to a completed action; after expressions of emotion in the past tense, such as ‘je regrettais que’, ‘j’étais triste que’, etc.
过去虚拟式的主要使用场景:在连词如 bien que、à moins que、avant que 之后,当从句表示已完成动作时;在表达过去情感的句式之后,如 je regrettais que、j’étais triste que 等。
3. Conditional Perfect: Conjugation and Hypotheses | 条件式过去时:变位与假设
The conditional perfect expresses a hypothetical past action that would have occurred if a condition had been met. It follows the same construction as the perfect tense but with the conditional form of avoir or être.
条件式过去时表达一个过去本可能发生但条件未满足的假设动作。它的构成方式与复合过去时相同,但使用 avoir 或 être 的条件式现在时作为助动词。
Formula: (subject) + conditionnel présent de l’auxiliaire + participe passé
公式: (主语) + 助动词的条件式现在时 + 过去分词
The conditional auxiliary forms are: j’aurais, tu aurais, il aurait, nous aurions, vous auriez, ils auraient; or je serais, tu serais, etc. Example: ‘J’aurais fini mes devoirs si j’avais eu le temps.’ (I would have finished my homework if I had had the time.)
条件式现在时的助动词变位为:j’aurais、tu aurais、il aurait、nous aurions、vous auriez、ils auraient;或者 je serais、tu serais 等。示例:“J’aurais fini mes devoirs si j’avais eu le temps.”(要是我有那个时间,我早就把作业做完了。)
Si clause patterns for unreal past conditions use the pluperfect in the si clause and the conditional perfect in the main clause. This is a frequent exercise in WJEC essays and oral tasks.
在表达过去非真实条件的 si 从句中,si 从句使用愈过去时,主句使用条件式过去时。这是 WJEC 写作与口语任务中的常见考点。
4. Future Perfect (Futur Antérieur): When and How | 先将来时:用法与构成
The futur antérieur is used to describe an action that will have been completed by a certain point in the future. It is composed of the simple future of avoir or être and the past participle.
先将来时用于描述在未来某一时间点之前将会完成的动作。它由助动词 avoir 或 être 的简单将来时加上过去分词构成。
Formula: (subject) + futur simple de l’auxiliaire + participe passé
公式: (主语) + 助动词的简单将来时 + 过去分词
Example: ‘Quand tu arriveras, nous aurons déjà mangé.’ (When you arrive, we will have already eaten.) The sequence of tenses is crucial: after ‘quand’, ‘lorsque’, ‘dès que’, ‘aussitôt que’ referring to the future, the futur antérieur is often used in the subordinate clause and the futur simple in the main clause, or vice versa, depending on the sequence.
示例:“Quand tu arriveras, nous aurons déjà mangé.”(等你到的时候,我们已经吃完了。)时态搭配很关键:在 quand、lorsque、dès que、aussitôt que 等表示将来时间的连词后面,从句中常使用先将来时,主句用简单将来时,或者反过来,取决于动作的先后顺序。
Still, the rule is: to express a future action that precedes another future action, use futur antérieur for the earlier one and futur simple for the later one. Being precise about this sequence earns high marks in written expression.
不过基本原则是:要表达一个动作在另一个将来动作之前完成,较早的动作使用先将来时,较晚的动作使用简单将来时。准确把握这种先后顺序可以为书面表达赢得高分。
5. Pluperfect: The Had Done Formula | 愈过去时:“已经做过”的公式
The pluperfect (plus-que-parfait) expresses an action that had occurred before another past action. It is formed with the imperfect of avoir or être plus the past participle. It often appears in reported speech, si clauses and in narrative prose.
愈过去时表示在一个过去的动作之前已经发生的动作。它由语式未完成过去时(imparfait)形式的 avoir 或 être 加上过去分词构成。常见于间接引语、si 从句和叙述性文章。
Formula: (subject) + imparfait de l’auxiliaire + participe passé
公式: (主语) + 助动词的未完成过去时 + 过去分词
E.g., ‘Elle avait déjà quitté la maison quand le téléphone a sonné.’ (She had already left the house when the phone rang.) The imparfait auxiliary forms are: j’avais, tu avais, il avait, nous avions, vous aviez, ils avaient; or j’étais, etc. Agreement rules with être verbs apply just as in the perfect tense.
例如:“Elle avait déjà quitté la maison quand le téléphone a sonné.”(电话响的时候她已经离开了家。)未完成过去时的助动词变位为:j’avais、tu avais、il avait、nous avions、vous aviez、ils avaient;或者 j’étais 等。以 être 作助动词的动词仍需配合性数。
In si clauses for hypothetical past, the pluperfect is used in the ‘si’ part: ‘Si j’avais su, je serais venu plus tôt.’ (If I had known, I would have come earlier.) This is essential for mastering the ‘irreality’ conditions.
在表达过去假设的 si 从句中,si 部分使用愈过去时:“Si j’avais su, je serais venu plus tôt.”(要是我早知道,我就会早点来了。)掌握这一点对于理解“非现实条件”至关重要。
6. Sequence of Tenses in Indirect Speech | 间接引语中的时态配合
When reporting someone’s words in the past, the tense of the original speech often shifts. This is known as the ‘concordance des temps’. The general rule is: present → imperfect, future → conditional, perfect/imperfect → pluperfect, and present subjunctive → imperfect subjunctive (though the latter is increasingly avoiding in speech but still needed in formal writing).
当使用过去时态转述他人的话时,原话的时态通常要发生转变,这称为“时态配合”。一般规则是:直陈式现在时 → 未完成过去时,简单将来时 → 条件式现在时,复合过去时/未完成过去时 → 愈过去时,现在虚拟式 → 未完成虚拟式(虽然后者在口语中逐渐少用,但在正式书面语中仍需要)。
Formally, the formula involves a reporting verb in a past tense (il a dit que, elle m’a expliqué que) followed by the adjusted tense. For the imperfect subjunctive, while it is rare in spoken French, at A2 level it is wise to recognise it, particularly for literary analysis. The imperfect subjunctive is formed from the passé simple stem plus endings -sse, -sses, -^t, -ssions, -ssiez, -ssent. But for the WJEC exam, knowledge of imperfect subjunctive is passive; forming present and perfect subjunctives is more practical.
正式场合下,公式需要主句的转述动词为过去时(il a dit que、elle m’a expliqué que),后接调整过的时态。对于未完成虚拟式,虽然口语中罕见,但在 A2 阶段最好能识别它,特别是在文学作品分析中。未完成虚拟式由简单过去时的词干加上词尾 -sse、-sses、-^t、-ssions、-ssiez、-ssent 构成。不过 WJEC 考试中对未完成虚拟式的要求以辨认理解为主;构成现在虚拟式和过去虚拟式更为实用。
A practical example: ‘Il a annoncé qu’il partirait le lendemain.’ (He announced that he would leave the next day.) Here the original ‘Je partirai’ becomes ‘partirait’ (future → conditional). Another: ‘Elle m’a dit qu’elle était fatiguée ce jour-là.’ (She told me she was tired that day.) The original ‘Je suis fatiguée’ becomes ‘était’.
实战示例:“Il a annoncé qu’il partirait le lendemain.”(他宣布他第二天会出发。)这里原话的“Je partirai”变成了“partirait”(将来时 → 条件式)。又如:“Elle m’a dit qu’elle était fatiguée ce jour-là.”(她告诉我那天她很累。)原话的“Je suis fatiguée”变成了“était”。
7. Relative Pronouns: Qui, Que, Dont, Lequel… | 关系代词:qui、que、dont、lequel 等
Relative pronouns connect two clauses and help avoid repetition. The choice depends on the grammatical function of the noun being replaced. The core members are qui (subject), que (direct object), dont (object of de), and lequel/laquelle/lesquels/lesquelles (object of prepositions other than de or for clarification).
关系代词连接两个从句,帮助避免重复。选择哪个代词取决于被代替名词的语法功能。核心成员有:qui(主语)、que(直接宾语)、dont(由 de 引导的间接宾语)以及 lequel 系列(用于除 de 以外的介词后,或用于澄清关系)。
Quick logic: subject → qui; direct object → que; ‘de’ + noun → dont; preposition + thing → lequel prép + lequel
快速逻辑:主语 → qui;直接宾语 → que;“de + 名词” → dont;介词 + 事物 → 介词 + lequel 等
Example: ‘La femme qui parle est ma tante.’ (The woman who is speaking is my aunt.) ‘Le livre que j’ai lu est passionnant.’ (The book that I read is gripping.) ‘La ville dont je rêve est Paris.’ (The city I dream of is Paris.) With persons, ‘à qui’ or ‘de qui’ can be used, but with things the compound relative is mandatory: ‘la table sur laquelle j’ai posé mon verre’.
示例:“La femme qui parle est ma tante.”(正在说话的那位女士是我阿姨。)“Le livre que j’ai lu est passionnant.”(我读过的那本书扣人心弦。)“La ville dont je rêve est Paris.”(我梦想的城市是巴黎。)指人时可用 à qui 或 de qui,但指物时则必须使用复合关系代词:“la table sur laquelle j’ai posé mon verre”(我在上面放了我杯子的那张桌子)。
Remember that dont replaces ‘de + noun’ and can be used with verbal expressions requiring de: ‘avoir besoin de’ → ‘le stylo dont j’ai besoin’. This construction is frequently tested in gap-fill exercises.
记住 dont 代替“de + 名词”,并且可用于任何要求用 de 的动词表达式:“avoir besoin de” → “le stylo dont j’ai besoin”(我需要的那支笔)。这个结构经常在填空题中考查。
8. Subjunctive after Conjunctions: A List of Triggers | 连词后接虚拟式:触发词清单
Certain conjunctions always trigger the subjunctive. These can be grouped into categories: purpose (pour que, afin que), concession (bien que, quoique), condition (à condition que, pourvu que), fear (de peur que, de crainte que), time (avant que, jusqu’à ce que, en attendant que), and restriction/negation (sans que, à moins que).
某些连词总是要求后面的从句使用虚拟式。这些连词可以分类:目的类(pour que、afin que)、让步类(bien que、quoique)、条件类(à condition que、pourvu que)、恐惧类(de peur que、de crainte que)、时间类(avant que、jusqu’à ce que、en attendant que)以及限制/否定类(sans que、à moins que)。
Memorisation formula: purpose, concession, condition, fear, anteriority, restriction → subjunctive required
记忆公式:目的、让步、条件、恐惧、在先、限制 → 必须使用虚拟式
Note that ‘après que’ traditionally took the subjunctive in older French, but the Académie française now accepts the indicative, so WJEC expects the indicative after ‘après que’. ‘Avant que’ often includes an expletive ‘ne’ in formal language, but not required. E.g., ‘Je finirai avant qu’il (ne) parte.’
注意“après que”在较旧的法语中曾使用虚拟式,但法兰西学院现已接受直陈式,因此 WJEC 期望在“après que”后使用直陈式。在正式语体中,“avant que”之后常加一个赘词“ne”,但并非必需。例如:“Je finirai avant qu’il (ne) parte.”(我会在他离开之前完成。)
An effective strategy for writing tasks is to learn a handful of these conjunctions actively and deploy them to show off complex structures, e.g. ‘Bien qu’il fasse froid, nous sortirons.’ (Although it is cold, we will go out.)
对写作任务的一个有效策略是主动掌握其中几个连词,并使用它们来展示复杂句式,例如:“Bien qu’il fasse froid, nous sortirons.”(虽然天气冷,我们还是会外出。)
9. Passive Voice: Formation and When to Use | 被动语态:构成与使用时机
The passive voice shifts the focus from the doer to the receiver of an action. It is formed with the auxiliary être in the appropriate tense and the past participle, which agrees with the subject. The agent is introduced by ‘par’ (often for a specific action) or ‘de’ (states, emotions).
被动语态将焦点从动作的实施者转移到接受者。它由助动词 être 在相应时态下加上过去分词构成,过去分词需与主语配合。施动者由“par”(多用于具体动作)或“de”(状态、情感)引出。
Formula: (subject) + être (conjugated) + participe passé (agrees with subject) + [par/de + agent]
公式: (主语) + être (变位) + 过去分词 (与主语配合) + [par/de + 施动者]
Examples: ‘La souris est mangée par le chat.’ (The mouse is eaten by the cat.) ‘Ce roman a été écrit par un auteur inconnu.’ (This novel was written by an unknown author.) With ‘de’, ‘La salle est remplie de spectateurs.’ (The hall is filled with spectators.)
示例:“La souris est mangée par le chat.”(老鼠被猫吃掉了。)“Ce roman a été écrit par un auteur inconnu.”(这部小说是位匿名作家写的。)使用“de”时:“La salle est remplie de spectateurs.”(大厅里挤满了观众。)
The passive is not always necessary; French often prefers ‘on’ or a reflexive form to express the passive meaning. However, you should recognise and be able to form it for reading comprehension and formal writing. Avoid overusing it in free composition, as a well-placed passive is elegant but a string of them sounds unnatural.
被动语态并非总是必需;法语常倾向于用“on”或自反形式来表达被动含义。但你必须能够识别并构成它,以应对阅读理解和正式写作。不要在自由作文中过度使用,因为一个恰到好处的被动句显得优雅,而一连串被动句则显得不自然。
10. Expressions of Time + Subjunctive vs. Indicative | 时间表达后接虚拟式与直陈式
Certain time-related expressions trigger the subjunctive when the action is anticipated and not yet a fact, while others remain in the indicative. The classic ‘formula’ involves distinguishing between ‘quand’ (indicative for future happened) and ‘avant que’ (subjunctive because it is not a fact).
某些时间表达在动作尚未成为事实,只是预期时会触发虚拟式,而另一些则保留直陈式。经典的“公式”是区分“quand”(表示将来已确定性的事实,用直陈式)和“avant que”(因为不是事实,用虚拟式)。
Subjunctive-triggering time conjunctions: avant que, jusqu’à ce que, en attendant que, d’ici (à ce) que. Indicative-using ones: quand, lorsque, après que, dès que, aussitôt que, pendant que, tandis que.
触发虚拟式的时间连词:avant que、jusqu’à ce que、en attendant que、d’ici (à ce) que。使用直陈式的有:quand、lorsque、après que、dès que、aussitôt que、pendant que、tandis que。
Example of the logic: ‘Je resterai jusqu’à ce que tu reviennes.’ (I will stay until you come back.) – the return is uncertain. Contrast: ‘Je te téléphonerai quand j’arriverai.’ (I will call you when I arrive.) – my arrival is certain. This distinction often appears in grammar exercises.
逻辑示例:“Je resterai jusqu’à ce que tu reviennes.”(我会一直待到直到你回来。)—— 回来是不确定的。相比之下:“Je te téléphonerai quand j’arriverai.”(我到的时候会给你打电话。)—— 我的到达是确定的。这个区分经常在语法练习中出现。
11. Complex Negatives: ne…que, ne…plus, ne…jamais, etc. | 复杂否定结构:ne…que、ne…plus、ne…jamais 等
Negation in French goes beyond ‘ne…pas’ and encompasses a series of restrictive and emphatic patterns. The formula is typically ‘ne’ before the conjugated verb and the second part after it. In compound tenses, the second part is placed between the auxiliary and the past participle (e.g., je n’ai jamais vu) except for personne and nulle part which follow the past participle.
法语中的否定结构远不止“ne…pas”,还包含一系列限制性和强调性句型。公式通常是“ne”置于变位动词前,第二部分置于其后。在复合时态中,第二部分放在助动词和过去分词之间(如 je n’ai jamais vu),但 personne 和 nulle part 例外,它们跟在过去分词之后。
Key pairings: ne…pas (not), ne…plus (no longer), ne…jamais (never), ne…rien (nothing), ne…personne (no one), ne…que (only), ne…aucun(e) (not any), ne…ni…ni (neither…nor)
核心搭配:ne…pas (不)、ne…plus (不再)、ne…jamais (从不)、ne…rien (没什么)、ne…personne (没人)、ne…que (仅仅)、ne…aucun(e) (没有任何)、ne…ni…ni (既不…也不)
Example: ‘Il ne mange que des légumes.’ (He only eats vegetables.) Notice that ‘ne…que’ is not a negation but a restriction meaning ‘only’. Another: ‘Je n’ai rien compris.’ (I understood nothing.) For ‘personne’, the word order changes: ‘Je n’ai vu personne.’ (I saw no one.) And ‘aucun’ must agree in gender: ‘Je n’ai aucune idée.’ (I have no idea.)
示例:“Il ne mange que des légumes.”(他只吃蔬菜。)注意“ne…que”并非否定,而是表示“仅仅”的限制。又如:“Je n’ai rien compris.”(我什么也没懂。)对于“personne”,词序有变化:“Je n’ai vu personne.”(我谁也没看见。)“aucun”需要性数配合:“Je n’ai aucune idée.”(我没有任何想法。)
Be mindful of the additional ‘ne’ used after ‘crainte’ or with ‘plus’ in comparisons (ne…plus que). Mastery of these negatives enriches essay style and is tested regularly.
注意在表示“害怕”之后会多出一个“ne”,或者在比较级中与“plus”连用时(ne…plus que)。掌握这些否定结构能丰富文章风格,也是常考内容。
12. Si Clauses: All Tenses Combinations | Si 从句:所有时态组合
Si clauses express conditions. The tense combinations are highly formulaic, and WJEC expects you to handle all three basic patterns plus mixed forms. The formula typically does not use the future or conditional in the si clause itself.
学 si 从句表达条件。时态组合非常有公式性,WJEC 希望你掌握全部三种基本模式以及混合形式。通常 si 从句本身不使用将来时或条件式。
Type 1 (real future): si + présent → futur simple (or impératif)
Type 2 (unreal present): si + imparfait → conditionnel présent
Type 3 (unreal past): si + plus-que-parfait → conditionnel passé
混合类型: si + imparfait (persistent state) → conditionnel passé; si + plus-que-parfait → conditionnel présent (假如过去条件为真,现在就会有某种结果)
Examples: ‘Si tu viens, je serai content.’ (If you come, I will be happy.) ‘Si j’étais riche, je voyagerais.’ (If I were rich, I would travel.) ‘Si j’avais su, je ne serais pas venu.’ (If I had known, I would not have come.) Mixed: ‘Si tu avais écouté, tu saurais la réponse.’ (If you had listened, you would know the answer.)
示例:“Si tu viens, je serai content.”(如果你来,我会很高兴。)“Si j’étais riche, je voyagerais.”(如果我有钱,我就会去旅行。)“Si j’avais su, je ne serais pas venu.”(要是我早知道,我就不会来了。)混合型:“Si tu avais écouté, tu saurais la réponse.”(要是你听了,你现在就知道答案了。)
In formal writing, avoid redundant ‘si’ + conditional inside the si clause. Keep the formula clean. Use these structures to build complex, cogent arguments in the 300-word essay.
在正式写作中,避免在 si 从句里面使用条件式。保持公式干净。运用这些结构在 300 词短文中构建复杂而有说服力的论证。
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