AS AQA PE: Key Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Guide | AS AQA 体育：词汇术语速记指南

📚 AS AQA PE: Key Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Guide | AS AQA 体育：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering the specific terminology is essential for success in AQA AS Physical Education. This quick guide presents high-frequency vocabulary across all key topics, pairing each English definition immediately with its Chinese equivalent to strengthen recall and comprehension. Use it as a daily reference to boost your confidence in both multiple‑choice and extended‑answer questions.

掌握专业术语是攻克 AQA AS 体育考试的关键。本速记指南梳理了各大核心主题中的高频词汇，每个英文释义紧接中文对照，帮助你强化记忆与理解。坚持每日翻阅，能有效提升你在选择题与长篇答题中的信心。

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1. Anatomy & Physiology Terms | 解剖学与生理学术语

Heart Rate (HR) – The number of times the heart beats per minute (bpm). A lower resting heart rate usually indicates greater cardiac efficiency and aerobic fitness.

心率 (Heart Rate) – 心脏每分钟跳动的次数 (bpm)。较低的静息心率通常意味着更高的心脏效率和有氧适能。

Stroke Volume (SV) – The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with each contraction. Trained individuals can achieve a higher SV at rest and during exercise.

每搏输出量 (Stroke Volume) – 左心室每次收缩时泵出的血量。训练者安静时和运动中都能达到更高的每搏输出量。

Cardiac Output (Q) – The total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute, calculated as Stroke Volume × Heart Rate (Q = SV × HR).

心输出量 (Cardiac Output) – 心脏每分钟泵出的总血量，由每搏输出量 × 心率计算得出 (Q = SV × HR)。

Blood Pressure – The force exerted by blood against the artery walls, expressed as systolic (during contraction) over diastolic (during relaxation) pressure, e.g. 120/80 mmHg.

血压 (Blood Pressure) – 血液对动脉管壁施加的压力，用收缩压（心脏收缩时）/ 舒张压（心脏舒张时）表示，如 120/80 mmHg。

Tidal Volume (TV) – The amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a single normal breath. It increases significantly during exercise to meet oxygen demands.

潮气量 (Tidal Volume) – 单次正常呼吸时吸入或呼出的空气量。运动中为满足氧需求，潮气量显著增加。

Minute Ventilation (VE) – The total volume of air moved in and out of the lungs per minute; Minute Ventilation = Tidal Volume × Breathing Frequency (f).

每分通气量 (Minute Ventilation) – 每分钟进出肺的空气总量；每分通气量 = 潮气量 × 呼吸频率。

VO₂ max – The maximum volume of oxygen an individual can utilise per minute per kilogram of body weight. It is a gold‑standard measure of aerobic capacity.

最大摄氧量 (VO₂ max) – 个体每分钟每公斤体重所能利用的最大氧量，是衡量有氧能力的黄金指标。

Haemoglobin – An iron‑rich protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen and transports it to the working muscles.

血红蛋白 (Haemoglobin) – 红细胞中富含铁的蛋白质，能与氧结合并将其运输到工作肌肉。

Lactic Acid / Lactate – A by‑product of anaerobic glycolysis. It quickly dissociates into lactate and hydrogen ions; accumulation of H⁺ increases muscle acidity and contributes to fatigue.

乳酸 / 乳酸盐 (Lactic Acid / Lactate) – 无氧糖酵解的副产物，迅速解离为乳酸盐和氢离子；氢离子堆积升高肌肉酸度，导致疲劳。

EPOC (Excess Post‑exercise Oxygen Consumption) – The increased volume of oxygen consumed during recovery after strenuous exercise, used to restore the body to its resting state; consists of a fast and a slow component.

运动后过量氧耗 (EPOC) – 大强度运动后恢复期内额外消耗的氧气，用于使身体恢复至安静状态，包含快速与慢速两部分。

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2. Skill Acquisition Terms | 技能习得术语

Skill – A learned, goal‑directed action that brings about a predetermined result with maximum certainty and minimum outlay of time and energy.

技能 (Skill) – 习得的、目标导向的动作，以最大确定性和最少时间/能量消耗达成预定结果。

Ability – A largely inherited, stable trait that underpins the performance of a variety of skills, e.g. hand‑eye coordination, agility.

能力 (Ability) – 主要遗传的、稳定的特质，支撑多种技能的发挥，如手眼协调、敏捷性。

Open Skill – Performed in an unpredictable, changing environment where the performer has to adapt to external factors, e.g. a football pass.

开放技能 (Open Skill) – 在不可预测、不断变化的环境中执行，执行者需根据外部因素做出调整，例如足球传球。

Closed Skill – Performed in a stable, predictable environment where the performer is in control of the timing, e.g. a free throw in basketball.

闭锁技能 (Closed Skill) – 在稳定、可预测的环境中执行，由执行者掌控时机，例如篮球罚球。

Gross Skill – Involves large muscle groups and produces big, powerful movements, e.g. tackling in rugby.

粗大技能 (Gross Skill) – 动用大肌肉群，产生大幅度、有力量的动作，如橄榄球中的擒抱。

Fine Skill – Involves small muscle groups and precise movements requiring accuracy, e.g. a dart throw.

精细技能 (Fine Skill) – 动用小肌肉群，需要精确性与准确度的动作，如掷飞镖。

Discrete Skill – Has a clear beginning and end, with a single brief action, e.g. a tennis serve.

分立技能 (Discrete Skill) – 起止点清晰，由单个简短动作组成，例如网球发球。

Serial Skill – A sequence of discrete skills strung together to form a more complex movement, e.g. a triple jump.

序列技能 (Serial Skill) – 一连串分立技能串连成较复杂的动作，如三级跳远。

Continuous Skill – No clear beginning or end; the movement continues in a repetitive pattern, e.g. running, cycling.

连续技能 (Continuous Skill) – 无明确起止点，动作模式循环重复，如跑步、骑行。

Feedback – Intrinsic – Information about the performance received through the performer’s own sensory systems, e.g. kinaesthetic feel.

反馈 – 内在反馈 – 执行者通过自身感觉系统获得的表现信息，如动觉感受。

Feedback – Extrinsic (Augmented) – Information received from an external source, usually a coach or video; can be Knowledge of Results (KR) or Knowledge of Performance (KP).

反馈 – 外在反馈 (增强反馈) – 从外部来源（通常为教练或视频）获得的信息，可分为结果反馈 (KR) 和过程反馈 (KP)。

Guidance – Supplying information to help a performer learn or improve; types include visual (demonstration), verbal, manual (physical support) and mechanical (use of aids).

指导 (Guidance) – 提供信息以帮助学习者掌握或提升技能；类型包括视觉（示范）、言语、手动（身体辅助）和机械（器材辅助）。

Stages of Learning – Cognitive (beginner tries to understand, many errors), Associative (practice, fewer errors, begins to detect own mistakes), Autonomous (skill is automatic, little conscious thought).

学习的三个阶段 – 认知阶段（初学理解、多错误）、联结阶段（练习后减少错误、开始自纠）、自主阶段（动作自动化、几乎无需思考）。

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3. Sport Psychology Terms | 运动心理学术语

Arousal – The level of psychological and physiological activation, ranging from deep sleep to intense excitement. It is linked to the ‘fight or flight’ response.

唤醒 (Arousal) – 心理与生理的激活程度，可从深睡到极度兴奋。它与“战斗或逃跑”反应有关。

Inverted U Hypothesis – Proposes that performance improves with arousal up to an optimal point; beyond that, further arousal leads to a decline in performance.

倒 U 型假说 – 认为随着唤醒水平升高，表现改善直至最佳点；超过该点后，唤醒继续升高会导致表现下降。

Drive Theory – Suggests a linear relationship between arousal and performance, where higher arousal boosts the dominant response. Most evident in well‑learned skills.

驱力理论 – 认为唤醒与表现呈线性关系，高唤醒增强优势反应，在高度熟练的技能中尤为明显。

Catastrophe Theory – Combines arousal and cognitive anxiety; once arousal exceeds the optimum, performance drops dramatically rather than gradually if cognitive anxiety is high.

突变理论 – 结合唤醒与认知焦虑；若认知焦虑高，当唤醒超过最佳点，表现会急剧崩溃而非缓慢下降。

State Anxiety – A temporary emotional state in response to a perceived threat, characterised by feelings of nervousness and worry.

状态焦虑 (State Anxiety) – 面对感知到的威胁时出现的暂时性情绪状态，表现为紧张与担忧。

Trait Anxiety – A stable personality characteristic; individuals high in trait anxiety are predisposed to perceive more situations as threatening.

特质焦虑 (Trait Anxiety) – 稳定的人格特征；高特质焦虑者倾向于将更多情境视为威胁。

Intrinsic Motivation – Engaging in an activity for the inherent satisfaction, enjoyment and challenge, rather than for external rewards.

内在动机 – 出于活动本身的满足感、乐趣与挑战而参与，而非为了外部奖励。

Extrinsic Motivation – Drive to perform an activity to earn tangible or intangible rewards, such as trophies, praise or money.

外在动机 – 因有形或无形奖励（奖杯、表扬、金钱）而驱动的行为。

Achievement Motivation – A personality factor that determines an athlete’s tendency to approach or avoid competitive situations; linked to Need to Achieve (Nach) and Need to Avoid Failure (Naf).

成就动机 – 决定运动员趋向或回避竞争情境的人格因素，关联追求成功动机 (Nach) 与避免失败动机 (Naf)。

Social Facilitation – The positive effect of the presence of an audience on performance, usually when the skill is well‑learned or simple.

社会助长 – 观众在场对表现产生的积极影响，通常发生在高度熟练或简单的技能中。

Social Inhibition & Evaluation Apprehension – Performance worsens in front of others, particularly when skills are new or complex, due to fear of being judged (evaluation apprehension).

社会抑制与评价顾虑 – 因害怕被他人评价（评价顾虑），当众表现变差，尤其在新学或复杂技能中更明显。

Cohesion – The degree to which members of a group stick together and remain united in pursuing common goals, including task and social cohesion.

团队凝聚力 – 群体成员为追求共同目标而团结一致的程度，包括任务凝聚力与社交凝聚力。

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4. Exercise Physiology Terms | 运动生理学术语

ATP‑PC System (Phosphocreatine) – An anaerobic energy system that provides immediate energy for high‑intensity activity lasting up to 10 seconds, using stored ATP and phosphocreatine without producing lactic acid.

ATP‑PC 系统（磷酸肌酸） – 无氧能量系统，利用体内储存的 ATP 和磷酸肌酸立即供能，支撑大约 10 秒的高强度活动，不产生乳酸。

Glycolytic System (Lactic Acid System) – An anaerobic system that breaks down glucose or glycogen to produce ATP; operates predominantly during high‑intensity efforts lasting 10–90 seconds, resulting in lactate accumulation.

糖酵解系统（乳酸系统） – 无氧系统，分解葡萄糖或糖原产生 ATP；主要支撑持续 10–90 秒的大强度运动，并导致乳酸堆积。

Aerobic System – The energy pathway that uses oxygen to break down carbohydrates and fats, producing large amounts of ATP for prolonged, low‑ to moderate‑intensity exercise.

有氧系统 – 利用氧气分解碳水化合物和脂肪的供能途径，为长时间、中低强度运动产生大量 ATP。

OBLA (Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation) – The exercise intensity at which blood lactate concentration begins to rise exponentially, typically around 4 mmol/L; often used to estimate lactate threshold.

血乳酸堆积起点 (OBLA) – 血乳酸浓度开始急剧上升的运动强度，通常在约 4 mmol/L；常用于估测乳酸阈。

Steady State – A condition where oxygen supply meets oxygen demand, allowing the performer to continue without accumulating significant lactic acid.

稳态 – 摄氧量满足需氧量的状态，运动者可持续运动而不明显堆积乳酸。

Oxygen Deficit – The shortfall of oxygen supply at the start of exercise when anaerobic energy systems are relied upon before aerobic systems fully activate.

氧亏 – 运动初期有氧系统尚未充分启动时，依靠无氧系统供能所造成的氧气供应的暂时缺口。

Fast Component of EPOC – The initial rapid phase of recovery, responsible for replenishing phosphocreatine and resaturating myoglobin with oxygen.

EPOC 快速部分 – 恢复初期快速阶段，用于补充磷酸肌酸并使肌红蛋白重新氧合。

Slow Component of EPOC – The prolonged recovery phase linked to elevated heart rate, body temperature and the conversion of lactate back to glucose (Cori cycle).

EPOC 慢速部分 – 因心率、体温居高不下以及乳酸经科里循环转化为葡萄糖而导致的较长时间恢复阶段。

Periodisation – The systematic planning of training into cycles (macrocycle, mesocycle, microcycle) to optimise performance and avoid overtraining.

周期化 – 将训练系统地划分为大周期、中周期、小周期，以优化表现并避免过度训练。

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5. Biomechanics Terms | 生物力学基础术语

Newton’s First Law (Inertia) – A body remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force.

牛顿第一定律（惯性） – 物体保持静止或匀速直线运动，除非受到外力作用。

Newton’s Second Law (Acceleration) – The acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to its mass: F = m × a.

牛顿第二定律（加速度） – 物体的加速度与所受合力成正比，与质量成反比：F = m × a。

Newton’s Third Law (Action‑Reaction) – For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction; e.g. pushing against the blocks in a sprint start.

牛顿第三定律（作用力与反作用力） – 每一个作用力都存在大小相等、方向相反的反作用力，如短跑起跑时蹬离起跑器。

Velocity – The rate of change of displacement (speed in a given direction). Measured in m/s.

速度 (Velocity) – 位移的变化率（指定方向的速率），单位为 m/s。

Momentum – The product of mass and velocity (p = m × v); it describes the quantity of motion an object possesses.

动量 (Momentum) – 质量与速度的乘积 (p = m × v)，描述物体具有的运动量。

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