AS CIE Music: Quick Guide to Memorising Terminology | AS CIE 音乐：词汇术语速记指南

📚 AS CIE Music: Quick Guide to Memorising Terminology | AS CIE 音乐：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering musical terminology is essential for success in the AS CIE Music examination. From score markings to analytical vocabulary, a solid grasp of Italian, French, and German terms, as well as English descriptors, allows you to communicate musical ideas precisely in both listening and written papers. This guide presents efficient memory strategies, grouped by category, to help you internalise key terms quickly and retain them for the exam.

掌握音乐术语对于 AS CIE 音乐考试的成功至关重要。从乐谱标记到分析性词汇，熟练掌握意大利语、法语和德语术语以及英语描述词，能够帮助你在听力和写作试卷中精确地传达音乐观点。本指南按类别提供高效的记忆策略，帮助你快速内化关键术语并在考试中牢记不忘。

1. Dynamics: Volume and Change | 力度：音量与变化

Dynamics indicate how loudly or softly a passage should be played. The core Italian markings are abbreviated on the score, and a clear mental map of their hierarchy is a must. Remember that relative terms such as ‘piu’ (more) and ‘meno’ (less) modify the base dynamic, while gradual changes use words like crescendo and diminuendo.

力度标记指示乐段应演奏得多响或多弱。核心的意大利语标记在乐谱上使用缩写，清晰掌握它们的层级关系是必须的。记住像 ‘piu’（更）和 ‘meno’（较少）这样的相对词会修饰基础力度，而渐进变化则使用 crescendo 和 diminuendo 等词汇。

Abbreviation	Italian Term	English Meaning	中文
pp	pianissimo	very soft	极弱
p	piano	soft	弱
mp	mezzo-piano	moderately soft	中弱
mf	mezzo-forte	moderately loud	中强
f	forte	loud	强
ff	fortissimo	very loud	极强
cresc. or crescendo	crescendo	gradually getting louder	渐强
dim. or diminuendo	diminuendo	gradually getting softer	渐弱

A memory aid: imagine a ‘piano’ as a soft whisper, so ‘p’ = soft. Then add more ‘p’s or ‘f’s to intensify the effect, just like piling up pillows or raising your voice. For crescendo, think of a growing moon – both become larger over time.

记忆辅助：把 ‘piano’ 想象成轻声细语，因此 ‘p’ = 弱。然后叠加更多的 ‘p’ 或 ‘f’ 来加强效果，就像堆枕头或提高音量。对于 crescendo，联想逐渐变大的月亮——两者都随着时间变强。

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2. Tempo and Speed | 速度与节拍

Tempo markings set the pulse of a piece. Many are Italian words that also express a particular character. Linking each term to a walking or heartbeat speed can make them stick. For example, ‘andante’ literally means ‘going’ or ‘walking’, suggesting a comfortable, flowing pace.

速度标记设定了乐曲的脉动。许多是意大利语词汇，同时也表达特定的性格。将每个术语与步行或心跳速度联系起来，有助于记忆。例如，’andante’ 本义为“行走的”，暗示一种舒适、流畅的步调。

Term	Meaning	中文
Largo	very slow, broad	广板
Adagio	slow, leisurely	柔板
Andante	at a walking pace	行板
Moderato	moderate speed	中板
Allegro	fast, cheerful	快板
Presto	very fast	急板
Accelerando (accel.)	gradually getting faster	渐快
Ritardando (rit.) / Rallentando (rall.)	gradually slowing down	渐慢
Rubato	flexible tempo for expression	弹性速度

Try attaching a physical action to each: sway slowly for Largo, stroll for Andante, and jog for Allegro. Motor memory reinforces the concept and helps you recall the term under exam pressure.

尝试给每一种速度配上一个身体动作：Largo 缓慢摇摆，Andante 散步，Allegro 慢跑。动作记忆能强化概念，帮助你在考试压力下回忆出术语。

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3. Expression and Mood | 表情与情绪

Expression markings tell the performer what spirit or atmosphere to convey. Words like ‘dolce’ (sweetly) and ‘agitato’ (agitated) are often tested in listening questions. Grouping them by emotional quality can turn a long list into manageable clusters.

表情记号告诉演奏者应传达何种精神或氛围。诸如’dolce’（甜美地）和’agitato’（激动地）之类的词汇常在听力题中考到。按情感特质将它们分组，能把冗长的清单变成易于管理的群组。

Cluster 1 – Calm and Gentle: dolce (sweet), tranquillo (calm), legato (smooth), cantabile (singing). Cluster 2 – Lively and Bright: vivace (lively), giocoso (playful), brillante (brilliant). Cluster 3 – Intense and Heavy: espressivo (expressive), maestoso (majestic), appassionato (passionate), agitato (agitated).

第一组 – 平静与温和：dolce（甜美）、tranquillo（安静）、legato（连贯）、cantabile（如歌）。第二组 – 活泼与明亮：vivace（活泼）、giocoso（嬉戏）、brillante（辉煌）。第三组 – 强烈与沉重：espressivo（富有表情）、maestoso（庄严）、appassionato（热情）、agitato（激动）。

A useful trick is to associate each term with a specific painting or scene; for instance, tranquillo evokes a still lake at dawn, while agitato feels like a stormy sea. The visual link makes the word much easier to retrieve.

一个有效的技巧是把每个术语与一幅特定的画或一个场景联系起来；例如 tranquillo 让人想到黎明的静湖，而 agitato 则像暴风雨中的大海。视觉联结让单词更容易被提取。

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4. Articulation and Touch | 运音法与触键

Articulation defines how individual notes are executed. The contrast between legato and staccato is fundamental, but CIE candidates also need to recognise accents, tenuto, and various bowing or tonguing instructions for instruments.

运音法定义了单个音符如何被演奏。连奏（legato）与断奏（staccato）的对比是基础，但 CIE 考生还需要识别重音、保持音（tenuto）以及针对乐器的各种弓法或吐音指示。

Term	Symbol	Meaning	中文
legato	slur line	smoothly connected	连奏
staccato	dot above/below note	short and detached	断奏
tenuto	line above/below note	held for full value, slightly stressed	保持音
accent (>)	> above note	emphasised attack	重音
sforzando (sfz)	sfz	sudden strong accent	突强
pizzicato (pizz.)	pizz.	pluck the string	拨弦
arco	arco	with the bow (after pizz.)	用弓拉奏

To memorise the difference, think of ‘staccato’ as stabbing a pizza with a fork – short and sharp. ‘Legato’ is like spreading butter smoothly. Physical analogies drastically reduce confusion in the exam.

要记住它们的区别，可以把 ‘staccato’ 想象成用叉子戳比萨——短促而尖锐。’Legato’ 则像均匀涂抹黄油。身体动作类比能大幅减少考试中的混淆。

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5. Ornaments and Embellishments | 装饰音

Ornaments are decorative notes that embellish a melody. The AS syllabus expects you to identify common symbols and their realisation in Baroque, Classical, and Romantic works. Focus on the visual pattern of each ornament, not just the name.

装饰音是美化旋律的装饰性音符。AS 大纲要求你识别常见符号及其在巴洛克、古典和浪漫时期作品中的实际演奏方式。重点放在每种装饰音的视觉图案上，而不仅仅是名称。

The trill (tr) is a rapid alternation between the written note and the note above. The turn (sideways S) wraps around the main note. The mordent (short zigzag) is a single rapid alternation – upper mordent goes up, lower mordent has a vertical line through it and goes down. The appoggiatura is a small grace note that leans on the main note, taking half its value.

颤音 (tr) 是本音与上方二度音的快速交替。回音（横放的 S 形）围绕主音环绕。波音（短锯齿线）是单次快速交替——上波音向上，下波音带一竖线穿过并向下。倚音是一个小的装饰音符，倚靠主音，占据主音一半的时值。

A mnemonic: “Trills are Tremendously Rapid; Turns Twist around; Mordents make a Miniature Move.” Pair this with listening to real excerpts, and your ear will catch them quickly.

助记口诀：”颤音急速交替 (Trills Tremendously Rapid)；回音扭来扭去 (Turns Twist)；波音微小移动 (Mordents Miniature Move)。” 将此与实际片段听辨结合，你的耳朵很快就能抓住它们。

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6. Melody and Pitch | 旋律与音高

Melodic terms describe the shape, range, and movement of a tune. You need vocabulary for conjunct (stepwise) and disjunct (leaping) motion, as well as intervals. Knowing interval names in both conventional and alternative forms is useful: a perfect 5th can also be called a ‘P5’.

旋律术语描述曲调的形状、音域和运动方式。你需要掌握级进（conjunct）和跳进（disjunct）的词汇，以及音程。了解音程的传统名称和替代名称很有用：纯五度也可被称为 ‘P5’。

Common intervals: minor 2nd (m2) – semitone; major 2nd (M2) – whole tone; minor 3rd (m3) – three semitones; major 3rd (M3) – four semitones; perfect 4th (P4) – five semitones; perfect 5th (P5) – seven semitones; octave (P8). Associate each with a familiar song opening, such as ‘Twinkle Twinkle’ for a perfect 5th.

常见音程：小二度 (m2) – 半音；大二度 (M2) – 全音；小三度 (m3) – 三个半音；大三度 (M3) – 四个半音；纯四度 (P4) – 五个半音；纯五度 (P5) – 七个半音；八度 (P8)。将每个音程与一首熟悉的歌曲开头关联，例如纯五度对应《小星星》。

Other melodic features include sequence (repetition at a different pitch), ostinato (repeated pattern), and phrasing (musical ‘sentences’). Think of an ostinato as ‘obstinate’ – it stubbornly repeats.

其他旋律特征包括模进（在不同音高上重复）、固定音型（重复的音型）和分句（音乐“句子”）。可将 ostinato 联想为“固执的”——它顽固地重复。

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7. Harmony and Chords | 和声与和弦

Harmony vocabulary covers chord types, cadences, and functional progressions. Candidates must identify chords as major, minor, diminished, or augmented, and recognise perfect, imperfect, plagal, and interrupted cadences. Using Roman numerals keeps analysis clear.

和声词汇涵盖和弦类型、终止式和功能和声进行。考生必须识别大、小、减、增三和弦，并辨认完全终止、不完全终止、变格终止和阻碍终止。使用罗马数字能让分析保持清晰。

A major triad consists of a root, major 3rd, and perfect 5th (e.g., C-E-G). A minor triad has a lowered 3rd. Diminished triads have a minor 3rd and diminished 5th. Augmented triads have a major 3rd and augmented 5th. For memory, ‘diminished is doubly sad’ – both intervals shrink.

大三和弦由根音、大三度和纯五度构成（如 C-E-G）。小三和弦的三音降低。减三和弦为小三度+减五度。增三和弦为大三度+增五度。记忆技巧：’diminished’（减）是双重悲伤——两个音程都缩水。

Cadence table:

Cadence	Chords (in major)	Effect	中文
Perfect (V-I)	V (G-B-D) → I (C-E-G)	complete, final	完全终止
Imperfect (I-V, ii-V, IV-V etc.)	ends on V	unfinished, expectant	不完全终止
Plagal (IV-I)	IV (F-A-C) → I (C-E-G)	‘Amen’ feeling	变格终止
Interrupted (V-vi)	V → vi (A-C-E in C major)	surprise, avoids the tonic	阻碍终止

Remember ‘Plagal sounds like a prayer’, and ‘Interrupted interrupts your expectation’. Simple stories make the theory stick.

记住“变格终止像祈祷”，而“阻碍终止打断你的期待”。简单的故事能让理论扎根。

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8. Texture and Density | 织体与密度

Texture describes the layers of sound and how they interact. The three broad types – monophonic, homophonic, and polyphonic – form the backbone, but more specific terms like ‘melody-dominated homophony’ and ‘contrapuntal’ often appear in CIE mark schemes.

织体描述声音的层次及其相互作用

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