AS Edexcel French: Formulas and Theorems Quick Reference Handbook | AS Edexcel 法语:公式定理速查手册

📚 AS Edexcel French: Formulas and Theorems Quick Reference Handbook | AS Edexcel 法语:公式定理速查手册

In AS Edexcel French, mastering grammar often feels like learning a set of reliable formulas and theorems. This handbook compiles the essential ‘formulas’ – grammatical structures, conjugation blueprints, and usage rules – that will help you construct sentences accurately and confidently. Each section presents a core principle in a clear, equation-like format, followed by bilingual explanations and examples to support your revision for the reading, writing, listening and speaking papers.

在 AS Edexcel 法语考试中,掌握语法就像学习一套可靠的公式和定理。这本速查手册汇集了核心“公式”——语法结构、变位蓝图和使用规则——帮助你准确、自信地组织句子。每个小节都以清晰的、类似等式的方式展示一个核心原则,并配有中英双语解释和例句,支持你在阅读、写作、听力和口语部分的复习。

1. Present Tense Conjugation Formulas | 现在时变位公式

Regular -er verbs follow the pattern: stem (infinitive minus -er) + endings (-e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent). This is the most fundamental formula for describing current actions or general truths.

规则 -er 动词遵循公式:词干(不定式去掉 -er)+ 词尾(-e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent)。这是描述当前动作或普遍真理的最基本公式。

For -ir verbs like ‘finir’, the endings are -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent. For -re verbs like ‘vendre’, the endings are -s, -s, -, -ons, -ez, -ent. The key theorem: the stem is obtained by removing the infinitive ending, and the personal endings are added according to the subject pronoun.

对于像 ‘finir’ 这类 -ir 动词,词尾是 -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent。对于像 ‘vendre’ 的 -re 动词,词尾是 -s, -s, -, -ons, -ez, -ent。关键定理:词干通过去掉不定式词尾得到,然后根据主语代词添加人称词尾。

Subject -er (parler) -ir (finir) -re (vendre)
je parle finis vends
tu parles finis vends
il/elle parle finit vend
nous parlons finissons vendons
vous parlez finissez vendez
ils/elles parlent finissent vendent

Important irregular verbs such as être, avoir, aller and faire must be memorised as separate ‘axioms’, but even they often show partial regularities. Use the formula: irregular stem + irregular endings = present tense of high-frequency verbs. For instance, ‘être’ uses stems sui-, es-, est-, som-, êt-, sont-.

重要的不规则动词如 être、avoir、aller 和 faire 必须作为单独的“公理”记忆,但即使它们也常常显示出部分规律。使用公式:不规则词干 + 不规则词尾 = 高频动词的现在时。例如,’être’ 使用词干 sui-, es-, est-, som-, êt-, sont-。


2. Passé Composé Formation Theorem | 复合过去时构成定理

The passé composé is formed using the present tense of the auxiliary verb (avoir or être) plus the past participle. This is the fundamental theorem for expressing completed actions in the past.

复合过去时由助动词 (avoir 或 être) 的现在时加上过去分词构成。这是表达过去已完成动作的基本定理。

Passé Composé = auxiliary (avoir/être, present) + past participle

The choice of auxiliary follows a mnemonic ‘Dr & Mrs Vandertramp’ rule for verbs of movement and reflexive verbs that take être. All reflexive verbs use être. The past participle agrees with the subject when être is used: add -e for feminine, -s for plural, -es for feminine plural.

助动词的选择遵循记忆口诀“Dr & Mrs Vandertramp”规则,即表示移动的反身动词使用 être。所有自反动词都用 être。当使用 être 时,过去分词要与主语性数一致:阴性加 -e,复数加 -s,阴性复数加 -es。

For regular -er verbs, past participle ends in -é; -ir verbs in -i; -re verbs in -u. Many irregular participles must be learned (e.g., fait, pris, ouvert). The theorem for agreement with avoir: past participle agrees with preceding direct object if it comes before the verb.

对于规则 -er 动词,过去分词以 -é 结尾;-ir 动词以 -i 结尾;-re 动词以 -u 结尾。许多不规则分词需要记忆(如 fait, pris, ouvert)。使用 avoir 时的配合定理:如果直接宾语置于动词之前,过去分词要与之性数一致。


3. Imparfait and Passé Composé Usage Theorem | 未完成过去时与复合过去时用法定理

The imparfait describes ongoing, habitual or background actions, while the passé composé marks specific, completed events. This theorem helps you decide which past tense to use in storytelling.

未完成过去时描述正在进行的、习惯性的或背景动作,而复合过去时标示特定的、已完成的事件。这条定理帮助你在叙述时决定使用哪个过去时态。

Formation of imparfait: take the ‘nous’ form of the present tense, remove -ons, add endings -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient. The only exception is être, whose stem is ét-.

未完成过去时的构成:取现在时 ‘nous’ 的变位形式,去掉 -ons,加上词尾 -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient。唯一的例外是 être,其词干为 ét-。

When describing weather, feelings, or age in the past, always use imparfait. When a new event interrupts a background activity, the interruptor is in passé composé and the ongoing action in imparfait. This ‘interruption theorem’ is key to narrative cohesion.

描述过去的天气、感受或年龄时,总是使用未完成过去时。当一个新事件打断背景活动时,打断动作使用复合过去时,持续动作用未完成过去时。这条“打断定理”是叙述连贯性的关键。


4. Subjunctive Mood Trigger Formula | 虚拟式触发公式

The subjunctive is not a tense but a mood, required when the main clause expresses doubt, necessity, emotion, or a subjective judgement. The formula: main clause (trigger expression) + que + subjunctive clause.

虚拟式不是时态而是一种语式,当主句表达怀疑、必要性、情感或主观判断时需要用到。公式:主句(触发表达式)+ que + 虚拟式从句。

il faut que / bien que / pour que / avant que + subjunctive

Triggers such as ‘il est important que’, ‘je doute que’, ‘je suis désolé que’ all introduce the subjunctive. The theorem: feelings and doubt cause a subjunctive shift. However, verbs of certainty like ‘je suis sûr que’ use the indicative.

像“il est important que”、“je doute que”、“je suis désolé que”这类触发语都要求虚拟式。定理:感受和怀疑引发虚拟式转变。但表示确定性的动词如“je suis sûr que”使用直陈式。

To form the present subjunctive, take the ‘ils’ form of the present indicative, remove -ent, add endings -e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent. A few common irregulars: être (sois, soit…), avoir (aie, ait…), aller (aille, aille…).

构成现在时虚拟式:取直陈式现在时 ‘ils’ 的词形,去掉 -ent,加上词尾 -e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent。一些常见的不规则变位:être (sois, soit…), avoir (aie, ait…), aller (aille, aille…)。


5. Conditional Mode Formula | 条件式构成公式

The conditional is used to express hypothetical situations or polite requests. It is formed by adding the imperfect endings to the future stem. The theorem ensures that if you know the future simple, you can derive the conditional.

条件式用来表达假设情况或礼貌请求。它由将来时词干加上未完成过去时的词尾构成。这条定理确保只要你掌握了简单将来时,就能推导出条件式。

Conditional = future stem + imparfait endings (-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient)

For regular -er and -ir verbs, the future stem is the infinitive (e.g., parler-). For -re verbs, the final e is dropped. Irregular stems are the same as those in the future (e.g., ser-, aur-, ir-, vien-, pourr-). The conditional of devoir and vouloir expresses ‘should’ and ‘would like’ respectively.

规则 -er 和 -ir 动词的将来词干就是不定式(如 parler-);-re 动词去掉词尾 e。不规则词干与将来时相同(如 ser-, aur-, ir-, vien-, pourr-)。devoir 和 vouloir 的条件式分别表示“应该”和“想要”。


6. Relative Pronoun Selection Formula | 关系代词选择公式

Choosing between qui, que, dont, and lequel requires applying the formula: qui = subject of the relative clause, que = direct object, dont = object of de, and lequel/laquelle with prepositions. This theorem simplifies sentence linking.

在 qui、que、dont 和 lequel 之间进行选择需要运用公式:qui = 关系从句的主语,que = 直接宾语,dont = 作为 de 的宾语,而 lequel/laquelle 与介词连用。这一定理简化了句子连接。

Use ‘dont’ when the verb is followed by ‘de’ (parler de, avoir besoin de). The preposition + lequel formula is used after most other prepositions: avec lequel, pour laquelle, including ‘chez lequel’. Remember that ‘lequel’ agrees in gender and number with its antecedent.

当动词后跟 ‘de’ 时(如 parler de, avoir besoin de)使用 ‘dont’。介词 + lequel 公式用于其他多数介词之后:avec lequel, pour laquelle,包括“chez lequel”。注意“lequel”要与先行词性数一致。

In spoken French, ‘qui’ is often used instead of ‘lequel’ after a preposition when referring to people, but in formal writing at AS level, accurate preposition + lequel is preferred.

在口语中,当指人时介词后常用 ‘qui’ 替代 ‘lequel’,但在 AS 等级的正式写作中,更倾向于准确使用介词 + lequel。


7. Passive Voice Transformation Formula | 被动语态转换公式

The passive voice is formed using the auxiliary ‘être’ in the required tense plus the past participle of the main verb. The formula mirrors English: subject + form of être + past participle + par (agent).

被动语态由助动词“être”的适当时态加上主要动词的过去分词构成。公式与英语类似:主语 + être 的形式 + 过去分词 + par(施动者)。

être (any tense) + past participle + par + agent

The past participle must agree with the subject. Avoid using passive if an active alternative is better; however, for AS writing, demonstrating the passive formula earns marks for grammatical range. Example: ‘Le gâteau a été mangé par les enfants.’

过去分词必须与主语性数一致。如果有更好的主动替代说法,应避免使用被动;但是,在 AS 写作中,展示被动公式能获得语法广度的分数。例句:’Le gâteau a été mangé par les enfants.’(蛋糕被孩子们吃了。)


8. Negation Structure Formula | 否定结构公式

The standard negation wraps around the conjugated verb: ne + verb + pas. This basic structure is the gateway to more complex negations like ne… jamais, ne… rien, ne… plus, ne… personne.

标准否定结构围绕变位动词展开:ne + 动词 + pas。这种基础结构是通向更复杂否定的入口,如 ne… jamais, ne… rien, ne… plus, ne… personne。

ne + conjugated verb + pas/jamais/rien/plus…

In compound tenses, the negation encloses the auxiliary: ‘je n’ai pas mangé’. With infinitives, both parts go before the infinitive: ‘ne pas manger’. The theorem: ‘personne’ and ‘rien’ can be subjects and precede the verb, but the ‘ne’ remains attached.

在复合时态中,否定结构包围助动词:’je n’ai pas mangé’。与不定式连用时,两部分都放在不定式之前:’ne pas manger’。定理:’personne’ 和 ‘rien’ 可以作为主语并置于动词之前,但 ‘ne’ 依然保留。


9. Question Formation Formula | 疑问句构成公式

AS candidates must be able to form questions using three main methods: simple inversion, est-ce que, and intonation. The most formal formula is subject-verb inversion: verb + hyphen + subject pronoun.

AS 考生必须能够使用三种主要方法构成疑问句:简单倒装、est-ce que 和语调法。最正式的公式是主谓倒装:动词 + 连字符 + 主语代词。

Inversion: (question word) + verb + – + subject pronoun + rest?

With a noun subject, the formula becomes: noun + verb + – + subject pronoun. Example: ‘Marie travaille-t-elle ici ?’ For everyday speech, ‘est-ce que’ placed before the statement offers a simpler solution: ‘est-ce que + subject + verb’.

当主语是名词时,公式变为:名词 + 动词 + – + 主语代词。例句:’Marie travaille-t-elle ici ?’(玛丽在这里工作吗?)在日常口语中,在陈述句前加 ‘est-ce que’ 提供了更简单的解决办法:’est-ce que + 主语 + 动词’。

Negation in inverted questions keeps the two parts around the inverted unit: ‘Ne viendrez-vous pas ?’ This formal register is often tested in the AS writing paper.

倒装疑问句中的否定结构将两部分置于倒装结构周围:’Ne viendrez-vous pas ?’(您不来吗?)这种正式语域常在 AS 写作试卷中考查。


10. Adjective Agreement Theorem | 形容词配合定理

All French adjectives must agree in gender and number with the noun they modify. The theorem: masculine singular is the base form; add -e for feminine (often causing pronunciation changes), add -s for plural. Irregular forms need special attention.

所有法语形容词都必须与所修饰的名词保持性和数一致。定理:阳性单数是基础形式;阴性加 -e(常常导致发音变化),复数加 -s。不规则形式需要特别注意。

Positioning follows the BAGS rule: beauty, age, goodness, size adjectives usually precede the noun; others follow. The formula: BAGS adjective + noun, or noun + general adjective. Examples: ‘une belle fleur’ but ‘une fleur rouge’.

位置遵循 BAGS 规则:表示美丽、年龄、好坏、大小的形容词通常位于名词之前;其他形容词位于名词之后。公式:BAGS 形容词 + 名词,或 名词 + 一般形容词。例句:’une belle fleur’(一朵美丽的花)但 ‘une fleur rouge’(一朵红色的花)。

Multiple adjectives after a noun are linked by ‘et’ or follow without a conjunction if poetic, but AS writing requires controlled use. The agreement extends to past participles used as adjectives, reinforcing the formula: past participle + agreement.

名词后的多个形容词用 ‘et’ 连接,或者在诗化表达中可以不用连词,但 AS 写作要求控制性使用。配合规则扩展到用作形容词的过去分词,强化了公式:过去分词 + 配合。


11. Si Clause Sequence Theorem | 条件从句时态序列定理

‘Si’ clauses express conditions and consequences with strict tense sequences. The three main ‘if’ theorems are: si + present → future, si + imparfait → conditional, si + pluperfect → past conditional.

“Si”从句表达条件与结果,有严格的时态序列。三条主要的“如果”定理是:si + 现在时 → 将来时,si + 未完成过去时 → 条件式现在时,si + 愈过去时 → 条件式过去时。

Si + présent → futur simple / imperative

Example: ‘Si tu étudies, tu réussiras.’ This formula indicates a real possibility. The second theorem: ‘Si j’avais de l’argent, je voyagerais’ expresses an unreal or hypothetical present situation. The third, with pluperfect and past conditional, expresses regret: ‘Si j’avais su, je serais venu.’

例句:’Si tu étudies, tu réussiras.’(如果你学习,你会成功。)这条公式表示现实可能性。第二条定理:’Si j’avais de l’argent, je voyagerais’(如果我有钱,我会去旅行)表达不现实的或假设的现在情形。第三条,使用愈过去时和条件式过去时,表达遗憾:’Si j’avais su, je serais venu.’(如果我知道,我就会来了。)


12. Indirect Object Pronoun Placement Formula | 间接宾语代词位置公式

Object pronouns (me, te, lui, nous, vous, leur; le, la, les; y, en) follow a strict order before the verb. The formula: (me/te/se/nous/vous) + (le/la/les) + (lui/leur) + (y) + (en) + verb. This sequence is crucial for accurate French.

宾语代词(me, te, lui, nous, vous, leur; le, la, les; y, en)在动词前有严格的顺序。公式:(me/te/se/nous/vous) + (le/la/les) + (lui/leur) + (y) + (en) + 动词。这个顺序对法语的准确性至关重要。

Order: 1. direct/indirect 1st/2nd person > 2. direct 3rd person > 3. indirect 3rd person > 4. y > 5. en

In compound tenses, the pronouns go before the auxiliary. In the imperative affirmative, they follow the verb with hyphens and change order: ‘Donne-le-moi !’ Note how ‘me’ becomes ‘moi’ after the verb. This dual placement theorem must be applied correctly in all AS tasks.

在复合时态中,代词位于助动词之前。在肯定命令式中,代词放在动词之后并用连字符连接,顺序也发生变化:’Donne-le-moi !’ 注意 ‘me’ 在动词后变成 ‘moi’。这种双重位置定理必须在所有 AS 任务中正确运用。

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