📚 AS Edexcel Geography: Key Vocabulary Quick Remember Guide | AS Edexcel 地理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering subject-specific terminology is half the battle in AS Geography. Edexcel examiners look for precise, well‑deployed key terms that demonstrate real understanding. This guide breaks down must‑know vocabulary from tectonic hazards, coastal systems, globalisation and regenerating places, pairing each term with a simple memory hook. Read the English definition first, then flip to the Chinese version – the bilingual pairing speeds up recall and helps you think geographically in both languages.
掌握学科术语是 AS 地理制胜的关键。Edexcel 考官期望你精准、恰当地使用关键词汇，展现实质性的理解。本指南将构造灾害、海岸系统、全球化和地方再生中的必背术语一一拆解，并为每个词配上简单的记忆技巧。先看英文定义，再切换到中文——双语对照能加速记忆，并帮助你用两种语言进行地理思维。
1. Tectonic Hazards Starter Kit | 构造灾害入门术语
Focus — The point inside the Earth where fault rupture begins during an earthquake. Think of the ‘focal point’ of a camera: it is where the energy is concentrated.
震源——地震发生时岩石破裂的初始位置。把它想象成相机的“焦点”：能量汇聚之处。
Epicentre — The location on the surface directly above the focus. The prefix ‘epi‑’ means ‘upon’ or ‘above’, so the epicentre sits upon the focus.
震中——震源正上方的地表点。前缀“epi‑”表示“在……之上”，因此震中就位于震源之上。
Seismic waves — Energy waves that radiate out from an earthquake. Three key types in AS: P‑waves (push‑pull, fastest), S‑waves (shake sideways, cannot travel through liquid) and L‑waves (surface, most destructive).
地震波——从地震中辐射出的能量波。AS 阶段需要掌握三类：P 波（压缩波，最快）、S 波（横向晃动，无法穿过液体）和 L 波（表面波，破坏性最强）。
Plate boundary / margin — The edge where two tectonic plates meet. Four types feature in Edexcel: constructive (plates pull apart), destructive (oceanic sinks beneath continental), collision (two continental plates crumple up) and conservative (plates slide past each other). Think of a ‘destructive’ relationship where one plate ‘sinks under’ the pressure.
板块边界——两个板块相接的边缘。Edexcel 涉及四种类型：建设型（板块背离）、破坏型（海洋板块俯冲至大陆板块之下）、碰撞型（两个大陆板块挤压隆起）和保守型（板块水平错动）。用“破坏型”联想：一个板块在压力下“沉入”另一板块之下。
2. Earthquakes & Volcanoes Vocabulary | 地震与火山术语
Magnitude — The amount of energy released at the focus, measured on the moment magnitude scale (Mw). Remember: magnitude is about maths and energy, not human impact.
震级——震源释放的能量大小，用矩震级（Mw）衡量。记法：震级关乎数学和能量，而非人类损失。
Richter scale — An older logarithmic scale; each whole number step represents a 10‑fold increase in wave amplitude and roughly 30 times more energy. Still found in some resources, though Mw is now the scientific standard.
里氏震级——一种较老的对数标度；每增1级，波幅增大10倍，能量约增30倍。虽然 Mw 现在是科学标准，但里氏震级仍出现在一些资料中。
Mercalli scale — Measures intensity based on observed effects (I to XII). Roman numerals remind you it is descriptive, not instrumental. Intensity decreases with distance from the epicentre.
麦卡利震度——用 I 至 XII 度衡量地震影响的强度。罗马数字提醒你它属于描述性指标，而非仪器测量。离震中越远，震度越低。
Pyroclastic flow — A fast‑moving mixture of hot gas, ash and rock fragments that pours down a volcano’s slope. ‘Pyro’ means fire, ‘clastic’ means broken pieces – fire‑broken rock sweeping downhill.
火山碎屑流——炽热气体、火山灰和岩石碎块组成的高速混合物，沿火山坡倾泻。“pyro”指火，“clastic”指碎片——燃烧的碎岩席卷而下。
Lahar — A volcanic mudflow formed when volcanic material mixes with water (from ice melt, rainfall or crater lakes). Visualise a thick, cement‑like slurry burying everything in its path.
火山泥流——火山喷发物质与水（冰融水、降雨或火山口湖水）混合形成的泥流。想象一种水泥般的稠泥浆，掩埋沿途一切。
3. Coastal Processes & Waves | 海岸作用与波浪术语
Fetch — The distance of open water over which the wind blows. A longer fetch gives waves more energy; the UK’s south‑west coast has a huge Atlantic fetch.
风区长度（吹程）——风在开阔水面上吹拂的距离。风区越长，波能越大；英国西南海岸面向广阔的大西洋吹程。
Swash — The rush of water up a beach after a wave breaks. Swash carries sediment landward. Think of ‘swash – splash up the shore’.
冲流——波浪破碎后冲向海滩的水流。冲流将沉积物带向陆地方向。记法：“swash”像水“唰”地冲上滩面。
Backwash — The water that flows back down the beach under gravity. Backwash can drag sediment seaward. Strong backwash often indicates a steep beach profile.
回流——在重力作用下沿滩面回流的水流。回流可能将沉积物拖回海里。强劲的回流常意味着海滩坡度较陡。
Constructive wave — Low‑energy wave with a strong swash and weak backwash; it builds up the beach. Count ‘constructive = building’. Frequency is low (6–8 per minute), usually in calm weather.
建设性波浪——低能量波浪，冲流强、回流弱，能堆积海滩。“constructive”即“建设”，这种波浪塑造海滩。频率低（每分钟6–8次），多见于风平浪静时。
Destructive wave — High‑energy wave with a weak swash and powerful backwash; it erodes the beach. Destructive waves are tall, steep and frequent (10–14 per minute) during storms.
破坏性波浪——高能量波浪，冲流弱、回流强，侵蚀海滩。破坏性波浪在风暴中高大、陡峭且频率高（每分钟10–14次）。
4. Coastal Erosional Landforms | 海岸侵蚀地貌术语
Headland — A projection of resistant rock that sticks out into the sea. Headlands are left behind when softer rock is eroded more quickly. Remember ‘head’ as in sticking your head out.
岬角——由坚硬岩石组成的向海凸出地带。较软岩石被更快侵蚀后，岬角便残留突出。想象像伸头一样“伸”入海里。
Bay — A curved indent in the coastline formed in softer rock. Bays often have gentle, sandy beaches. Headlands and bays come as a pair – differential erosion makes them.
海湾——海岸线在软岩区形成的弧形凹陷。湾内常有平缓的沙滩。岬角和海湾成对出现——差异侵蚀造成了它们。
Wave‑cut platform — A gently sloping rocky surface at the base of a retreating cliff. The cliff retreats inland, leaving the platform exposed at low tide. Think of it as the cliff’s ‘stone footprint’.
波蚀平台——位于后退崖底的缓坡岩面。崖壁向内陆退却，平台在低潮时出露。可把它想象成悬崖留下的“石脚印”。
Cave–arch–stack–stump sequence — An evolutionary series of landforms. Waves erode a crack into a cave, which widens to an arch; the arch roof collapses leaving a stack, and further erosion reduces the stack to a stump. Memorise the sequence with ‘CASS’ – Cave, Arch, Stack, Stump.
洞穴–海拱–海蚀柱–海蚀残柱序列——一组递进演化的地貌。波浪侵蚀裂隙形成海蚀洞，扩展为海拱；拱顶坍塌留下海蚀柱，持续侵蚀将其削为残柱。用英文缩写“CASS”（Cave, Arch, Stack, Stump）记住这个顺序。
5. Coastal Depositional Landforms | 海岸堆积地貌术语
Spit — A long, narrow ridge of sand or shingle that extends from the shore across a bay or estuary. Spits are formed by longshore drift and often curve at the tip due to wind or river currents.
沙嘴——由沙或砾石组成的狭长脊，从岸边向湾内或河口延伸。沙嘴由沿岸漂沙形成，末端常因风或河流作用而弯曲。
Bar — An offshore ridge of sand or shingle that runs parallel to the coast, sometimes linking two headlands across a bay. A bar may enclose a lagoon. Think of a bar ‘barring’ the bay.
滨外沙坝——与海岸平行的近岸沙脊，有时横跨海湾连接两岬角。沙坝可能围出潟湖。想象它像一根门闩，“闩”住了海湾。
Tombolo — A bar that connects an island to the mainland. The classic example given in Edexcel texts is Chesil Beach linking the Isle of Portland to the Dorset coast.
连岛沙坝——将岛屿与大陆相连的沙坝。Edexcel 教材中典型例子是连接波特兰岛与多塞特海岸的切瑟尔海滩。
Sand dune — A mound or ridge of sand deposited by wind action on the upper beach or inland from the shore. Dunes are stabilised by vegetation such as marram grass; psammosere is the term for the successional sequence.
沙丘——风力作用在滩肩或内陆堆积的沙堆或沙脊。沙丘由滨草等植物固定；沙生演替序列的专业术语为“psammosere”。
6. Globalisation: Core Concepts | 全球化核心概念
Globalisation — The increasing interconnectedness of countries through flows of capital, goods, services, people and information. Edexcel expects you to discuss economic, cultural, political and environmental dimensions.
全球化——通过资本、商品、服务、人口和信息流动，国家间日益加深的相互联系。Edexcel 要求你能从经济、文化、政治和环境维度进行讨论。
Time‑space compression — The idea that improvements in transport and ICT have reduced the ‘friction of distance’, making places feel closer together. Imagine the world shrinking like a deflating globe.
时空压缩——交通与信息通信技术的改善降低了“距离摩擦”，使各地感觉更近。想象世界像泄气的地球仪一样缩小。
Glocalisation — The adaptation of a global product or service to suit local tastes. For example, McDonald’s offering McSpicy burgers in Asia. Blend ‘global’ and ‘local’.
全球在地化——全球产品或服务为适应本地口味而作出的调整。例如麦当劳在亚洲推出麦辣汉堡。将“global”与“local”融合记忆。
Cultural diffusion — The spread of cultural traits, ideas and lifestyles from one place to another. Westernisation is a powerful form of cultural diffusion, but reverse flows also exist (e.g. Bollywood’s global reach).
文化扩散——文化特征、观念和生活方式从一个地方传播到另一个地方。西方化是一种强有力的文化扩散，但也存在反向流动（如宝莱坞在全球的影响力）。
7. Globalisation: Economic & Trade Terms | 全球化经济与贸易术语
Transnational corporation (TNC) — A company with operations in more than one country. TNCs drive globalisation by creating supply chains, moving capital and spreading technology. Think ‘T’ for ‘trans‑border’.
跨国公司（TNC）——在多个国家开展业务的企业。跨国公司通过建立供应链、转移资本和传播技术推动全球化。记“trans”即“跨越边界”。
Free trade — International trade without tariffs, quotas or other restrictions. The Edexcel course often references the World Trade Organization (WTO) and free trade blocs like the European Union’s single market.
自由贸易——无关税、配额等限制的国际贸易。Edexcel 课程常提到世界贸易组织（WTO）以及欧盟单一市场等自由贸易区。
Protectionism — Policies that shield a country’s domestic industries from foreign competition, through tariffs, quotas and subsidies. Protect‑ionism aims to ‘protect’ local jobs.
贸易保护主义——通过关税、配额和补贴保护本国产业免受外来竞争的政策。“保护”主义旨在“保护”本地就业。
BRIC/BRICS — An acronym grouping Brazil, Russia, India, China (and South Africa since 2010). These emerging economies have become global players. Remember they are ‘brick’ builders of the new global economy.
金砖国家（BRICS）——巴西、俄罗斯、印度、中国（2010年加入南非）的合称。这些新兴经济体已成全球重要角色。联想它们是新全球经济的“砖瓦”建造者。
8. Regenerating Places: Key Vocabulary | 地方再生核心词汇
Regeneration — The long‑term improvement of a place through economic, social and environmental initiatives. Regeneration goes beyond cosmetic changes; it aims for lasting, inclusive transformation.
再生——通过经济、社会和环境举措对地方进行长期改善。再生不局限于外观修饰，而是追求持久、包容性的转变。
Gentrification — The process by which wealthier newcomers move into a run‑down area, renovating properties and changing the social character. It can improve the built environment but may displace existing communities. ‘Gentry’ hints at the class dimension.
绅士化——较富裕的新搬入者迁入旧城区、翻新房屋、改变社会特征的过程。它可改善建成环境，但可能使原住居民被迫迁离。“gentry”（上流阶层）暗示了阶级维度。
Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) — A UK government composite measure of deprivation across seven domains (income, employment, education, health, crime, barriers to housing and living environment). IMD scores are central to Edexcel’s ‘Regenerating Places’ topic.
多重剥夺指数（IMD）——英国政府衡量七大领域（收入、就业、教育、健康、犯罪、住房障碍和居住环境）剥夺程度的综合指标。IMD 分数是 Edexcel“地方再生”主题的核心数据。
Brownfield site — Previously developed land that is now disused or underused. Regeneration often prioritises brownfield sites to reduce urban sprawl. Think ‘brown’ as in old industrial land.
棕地——之前已开发、现已废弃或利用不足的土地。再生常优先使用棕地以减少城市扩张。“棕色”让人联想到旧工业用地。
Greenfield site — Undeveloped, rural land on the edge of an urban area. Greenfield development is often cheaper but more environmentally contentious. ‘Green’ signals untouched fields.
绿地——城市边缘未开发的乡村土地。绿地开发通常成本更低，但在环境上更具争议。“绿色”代表未被触碰的原野。
9. Fieldwork & Geographical Skills | 野外调查与地理技能术语
Primary data — Information collected first‑hand for a specific investigation (e.g. beach sediment measurements, questionnaire responses). Primary data gives you control but costs time.
一手资料——为特定调查而亲自收集的信息（如海滩沉积物测量、问卷调查）。一手资料由你掌控，但耗时较长。
Secondary data — Data obtained from existing sources such as census records, GIS layers or published maps. Secondary data is a quick way to add context but must be critically evaluated.
二手资料——从现有来源获取的数据，如人口普查记录、GIS 图层或公开地图。二手资料可快速补充背景，但需批判性评价。
Qualitative data — Non‑numerical information that describes qualities, feelings, or perceptions (e.g. interview transcripts, land‑use maps). Think ‘quality – descriptive’.
质性资料——描述性质、感受或感知的非数值信息（如访谈记录、土地利用图）。记住“质”即描述性。
Quantitative data — Numerical information that can be measured and analysed statistically (e.g. wave frequency, pebble size). Think ‘quantity – numbers’.
量化资料——可测量和统计分析的数字信息（如波频、卵石粒径）。记住“量”即数字。
Sampling strategy — The method used to select sites or individuals for data collection: random, systematic (e.g. every 5 metres along a transect) or stratified (based on pre‑identified sub‑groups). The choice affects reliability and validity.
采样策略——选择数据采集点或个体的方法：随机采样、系统采样（如沿样线每隔5米）或分层采样（基于预先确定的亚群）。方法选择影响数据的信度和效度。
10. Exam Command Words Decoded | 考试指令词破译
Explain — Give reasons for why something happens. Often requires linking cause and effect. A common 4‑mark prompt: ‘Explain why the rate of coastal erosion varies’.
Explain（解释）——说明某事发生的原因。常需将因果联系起来。常见4分题设问：’Explain why the rate of coastal erosion varies’。
Assess — Weigh up the importance or value of something, acknowledging both strengths and limitations. You must make a judgement based on evidence.
Assess（评估）——权衡某事物的重要性或价值，承认其优缺点。必须基于证据作出判断。
Evaluate — Similar to assess but often means you need to attach a ‘value’ or final judgement on success, effectiveness or significance. An evaluation usually expects a backed‑up conclusion.
Evaluate（评价）——与 assess 类似，但往往要求对成功与否、有效性或意义作出“价值”判断。评价通常需要有依据的结论。
Justify — Give evidence and reasoning to support a decision, plan or point of view. You are proving why your choice is the best one.
Justify（论证）——提供证据和推理支持某项决策、计划或观点。你在证明为什么自己的选择是最佳方案。
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