AS OCR Geography: Key Vocabulary Quick Memorisation Guide | AS OCR 地理：词汇术语速记指南

📚 AS OCR Geography: Key Vocabulary Quick Memorisation Guide | AS OCR 地理：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering key terminology is essential for success in AS OCR Geography. This guide provides concise definitions and effective memorisation techniques for the most important vocabulary across physical and human geography, geographical skills, and examination technique. Use it regularly to build confidence and recall under pressure.

掌握关键术语是 AS OCR 地理考试成功的关键。本指南提供简洁的定义和高效的记忆技巧，涵盖自然地理、人文地理、地理技能和考试技巧中最重要的词汇。经常使用可以建立信心，在压力下快速回忆。

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1. Core Physical Geography Systems | 自然地理系统核心术语

A geographical system is a set of interrelated components working together. AS OCR requires you to think in terms of open systems, which exchange both energy and matter across their boundaries—like the global water cycle or carbon cycle.

地理系统是一组相互关联、共同作用的组成部分。AS OCR 要求你以开放系统的思维来学习，这类系统与边界外交换能量和物质——例如全球水循环或碳循环。

Dynamic equilibrium occurs when inputs and outputs are balanced, so the system remains stable over time despite short-term fluctuations. A beach profile in summer and winter illustrates this well.

当输入和输出平衡时，系统达到动态平衡，尽管有短期波动，长期来看系统保持稳定。夏季和冬季的海滩剖面就是很好的例子。

Feedback loops are vital. Positive feedback amplifies change and moves the system away from balance, e.g. ice‑albedo feedback where melting ice reduces reflectivity and causes further warming. Negative feedback dampens change and restores stability, such as increased cloud cover reflecting more incoming solar radiation.

反馈循环至关重要。正反馈放大变化并使系统远离平衡，例如冰‑反照率反馈：冰融化降低反射率，导致进一步增温。负反馈抑制变化并恢复稳定，比如云量增加会反射更多入射太阳辐射。

Key water cycle terms: evapotranspiration (combined evaporation and transpiration), infiltration (water entering soil), percolation (water moving deeper into rock), runoff, throughflow, groundwater flow. In the carbon cycle, remember photosynthesis (CO₂ → biomass), respiration, decomposition, combustion of fossil fuels, and carbon sequestration.

关键水循环术语：蒸发蒸腾（蒸发和蒸腾的总和）、下渗（水进入土壤）、渗滤（水向岩层深处移动）、径流、壤中流、地下水流。碳循环中请记住：光合作用（CO₂ → 生物质）、呼吸作用、分解、化石燃料燃烧和碳封存。

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2. Key Human Geography Concepts | 人文地理核心理念

Place is a location that has been given meaning by human experiences and attachments. Space, by contrast, is more abstract—the geometric area in which places exist. Understanding this distinction is central to the Changing Spaces, Making Places topic.

地方是被人类经验和依恋赋予了意义的地点。相反，空间更抽象——是地方存在的几何区域。理解这一区别是“改变空间、营造地方”这一主题的核心。

Sense of place refers to the subjective feelings and perceptions people hold about a place. A person’s place identity can be influenced by physical geography, demographics, socio‑economic factors, culture, politics and the built environment.

地方感是指人们对某个地方持有的主观感受和认知。一个人的地方认同可受自然地理、人口结构、社会经济因素、文化、政治和建成环境的影响。

Globalisation increases worldwide interconnectedness through flows of capital, goods, people and information. This drives time‑space compression, where advances in transport and communication make distances feel smaller. Social inequality and exclusion often result when some groups benefit more than others.

全球化通过资本、商品、人员和信息的流动增进了世界范围内的相互联系。这推动了时空压缩，即交通和通信的进步使距离感缩小。当某些群体获益更多时，常会引发社会不平等和社会排斥。

Placemaking is the process of transforming a space into a place with a distinctive identity, often through community‑led design, art, and regeneration. Rebranding and regeneration strategies aim to alter both the physical fabric and the image of an area.

场所营造是将空间转变为具有独特认同感的地方的过程，通常通过社区主导的设计、艺术和复兴来实现。品牌重塑和复兴策略旨在改变区域的物质结构和形象。

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3. Coastal Landscapes Terminology | 海岸地貌术语

Coastal erosion is driven by wave processes: hydraulic action (sheer force of water), abrasion (sandpaper effect of sediment), attrition (rock fragments colliding and wearing down), and solution (chemical dissolving of calcium carbonate rocks). Sub‑aerial processes—weathering and mass movement—also weaken cliffs.

海岸侵蚀由波浪过程驱动：水力作用（水的直接冲击力）、磨蚀（沉积物的砂纸效应）、磨耗（岩石碎块碰撞磨损）和溶蚀（碳酸盐岩石的化学溶解）。陆上过程——风化和块体运动——也会削弱悬崖。

Transport is dominated by longshore drift, where swash pushes sediment up the beach at an angle and backwash returns it straight downslope, creating a zigzag pattern. Deposition occurs when wave energy drops, forming features like beaches, spits, bars, and tombolos.

搬运主要由沿岸漂移主导，冲流以一定角度将沉积物推上海滩，回流则沿斜坡直线退回，形成之字形移动。波浪能量降低时发生沉积，形成海滩、沙嘴、沙坝和连岛沙洲等特征。

Erosional landforms follow a development sequence: cracks become caves, caves erode into arches, arches collapse to leave stacks, and stacks further erode into stumps. Headlands and bays form where alternating bands of resistant and weak rock meet the sea.

侵蚀地貌遵循发育序列：裂隙发展成洞穴，洞穴侵蚀成拱门，拱门崩塌留下岩柱，岩柱进一步侵蚀成残柱。岬角和海湾则形成于抗蚀岩石与软弱岩石交替出露的海岸。

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4. Hazardous Earth and Tectonics | 灾害地球与构造术语

Tectonic hazards originate at plate boundaries. Divergent (constructive) boundaries move apart, forming rift valleys and mid‑ocean ridges. Convergent (destructive) boundaries involve subduction or continental collision, generating earthquakes, volcanoes, and fold mountains. Transform (conservative) boundaries slide past each other, building stress that is released as earthquakes.

构造灾害起源于板块边界。离散（建设性）边界板块分离，形成裂谷和洋中脊。汇聚（破坏性）边界涉及俯冲或大陆碰撞，产生地震、火山和褶皱山脉。转换（保守性）边界彼此滑动，积累的应力以地震形式释放。

Earthquake measurement: the focus is the underground point of rupture; the epicentre is the point directly above on the surface. Magnitude is recorded on the Moment Magnitude Scale (replacing Richter) and reflects energy released. Volcanic hazards include lava flows, pyroclastic flows, ash fall, and lahars.

地震测量：震源是地下破裂点；震中是地面上正对震源的点。震级用矩震级记录（取代里氏震级），反映释放的能量。火山灾害包括熔岩流、火山碎屑流、火山灰沉降和火山泥流。

The hazard risk equation is often expressed as:

Risk = Hazard × Vulnerability ÷ Capacity

Risk depends not just on the hazardous event itself, but also on how many people are exposed, how vulnerable they are (e.g., poor building quality, low income), and their capacity to cope and adapt.

风险不仅取决于灾害事件本身，还取决于人口暴露程度、社会脆弱性（如房屋质量差、收入低）以及应对和适应的能力。

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5. Climate Change Key Terms | 气候变化关键术语

The natural greenhouse effect keeps Earth warm enough for life. The enhanced greenhouse effect results from human emissions of CO₂, CH₄, and other gases, trapping more outgoing longwave radiation and warming the planet.

自然温室效应使地球保持生命所需的温度。强化温室效应由人类排放的 CO₂、CH₄ 等气体引起，它们捕获更多逸出的长波辐射，使地球变暖。

Albedo is the reflectivity of a surface; snow and ice have high albedo and reflect solar radiation, while dark oceans and forests have low albedo and absorb more. The ice‑albedo feedback is a powerful positive feedback: warming melts ice, lowering albedo, leading to further warming.

反照率是地表反射率；冰雪反照率高，反射太阳辐射，而黑暗的海洋和森林反照率低，吸收更多。冰‑反照率反馈是一种强大的正反馈：变暖融化冰雪，降低反照率，导致进一步变暖。

Carbon sinks such as oceans, forests, and permafrost absorb CO₂ from the atmosphere. Mitigation strategies aim to cut emissions (e.g., renewable energy, carbon capture); adaptation strategies adjust to climate impacts already underway (e.g., coastal managed realignment, drought‑resistant crops).

海洋、森林和永久冻土等碳汇从大气中吸收 CO₂。减缓策略目的是减少排放（如可再生能源、碳捕集）；适应策略针对已经发生的气候影响进行调整（如海岸管理迁移、抗旱作物）。

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6. Geographical Skills and Data | 地理技能与数据术语

Primary data is collected first‑hand by you through fieldwork—such as beach profiles, questionnaires, or environmental quality surveys. Secondary data comes from existing sources like census statistics, old maps, or satellite imagery.

原始数据是你通过实地考察直接收集的——如海滩剖面、问卷调查或环境质量调查。二手数据来自现有资料，如人口普查统计、旧地图或卫星图像。

Quantitative data is numerical (e.g., wave frequency, pebble size), while qualitative data is descriptive and non‑numerical (e.g., interview notes, photographs). Both are essential for a balanced investigation.

定量数据是数值型的（如波浪频率、卵石大小），定性数据是描述性、非数值的（如访谈记录、照片）。两者对于均衡的调查都必不可少。

Sampling strategies: random sampling gives every individual an equal chance; systematic sampling selects at regular intervals (e.g., every 5 metres) along a transect; stratified sampling divides the population into distinct groups and samples proportionally from each. GIS (Geographic Information System) layers spatial data—such as flood zones, land use, and transport networks—allowing complex analysis.

抽样策略：随机抽样使每个个体机会均等；系统抽样沿样带按固定间隔（如每5米）选取；分层抽样将总体划分为不同组群，然后从各组按比例抽取。GIS（地理信息系统）分层叠加空间数据——如洪泛区、土地利用和交通网络——实现复杂分析。

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7. Placemaking and Regeneration Vocabulary | 场所营造与再生词汇

Regeneration describes investment and intervention to reverse economic, social, and physical decline. It can involve new housing, transport links, and public services. Gentrification occurs when more affluent newcomers move into a previously low‑income area, altering its character and often raising property prices.

再生指通过投资和干预扭转经济、社会和物质环境的衰退。它可能涉及新建

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