📚 AS OCR Spanish: Quick Reference Handbook of Formulas and Rules | AS OCR 西班牙语：公式定理速查手册
This guide compiles the essential grammar ‘formulas’ and structural rules you need for AS OCR Spanish. Use it to rapidly review noun patterns, verb conjugation templates, pronoun placement, and more. Each section presents a clear rule in English followed by its Spanish equivalent, along with realistic examples.
本手册汇编了AS OCR西班牙语所需的核心语法“公式”与结构规则。用它快速复习名词模式、动词变位模板、代词位置等内容。每个部分先给出英文解释，再配以西班牙语示例，便于对照掌握。
1. Noun Gender and Number | 名词的性与数
Spanish nouns are either masculine or feminine. Most nouns ending in -o are masculine, while those ending in -a are feminine. Exceptions exist, such as ‘el día’ (day) and ‘la mano’ (hand).
西班牙语名词分为阳性和阴性。以 -o 结尾的名词多为阳性，以 -a 结尾的多为阴性。存在例外，如 ‘el día’（天）和 ‘la mano’（手）。
To form the plural, add -s if the noun ends in an unstressed vowel. Add -es if it ends in a consonant or a stressed vowel. The gender also affects determiners and adjectives.
构成复数时，若名词以非重读元音结尾则加 -s；以辅音或重读元音结尾则加 -es。名词的性也会影响限定词和形容词的形式。
el libro → los libros | la flor → las flores
el libro → 一些书 | la flor → 一些花
2. Definite and Indefinite Articles | 定冠词与不定冠词
The definite article (‘the’) agrees in gender and number: el (masculine singular), la (feminine singular), los (masculine plural), las (feminine plural). The indefinite article (‘a/an/some’) is: un, una, unos, unas.
定冠词（相当于英语 ‘the’）与名词的性数一致：el（阳性单数）、la（阴性单数）、los（阳性复数）、las（阴性复数）。不定冠词（相当于 ‘a/an/some’）为 un, una, unos, unas。
The definite article is used more frequently in Spanish than in English, often before abstract nouns and general concepts: ‘La paciencia es una virtud.’ (Patience is a virtue.)
西班牙语中定冠词使用比英语更广泛，常置于抽象名词和整体概念前：’La paciencia es una virtud.’（耐心是一种美德。）
un amigo → unos amigos | una amiga → unas amigas
3. Adjective Agreement and Position | 形容词的一致与位置
Adjectives must agree with the noun they modify in both gender and number. Most adjectives ending in -o change to -a for feminine, and add -s/-es for plurals. Adjectives ending in -e or a consonant generally have one form for both genders.
形容词必须与所修饰名词的性和数保持一致。以 -o 结尾的形容词在阴性时变为 -a，复数时加 -s 或 -es。以 -e 或辅音结尾的形容词通常阳阴性同形。
In Spanish, most adjectives follow the noun they describe. A few, such as ‘bueno’, ‘malo’, ‘grande’, can appear before the noun for stylistic or emphatic reasons, and sometimes change form: ‘gran’ before singular nouns.
西班牙语中，大多数形容词位于名词之后。少数如 ‘bueno’、’malo’、’grande’ 可因强调或风格原因置于名词前，有时会发生缩略：’gran’ 用于单数名词前。
casa blanca → casas blancas | hombre inteligente → hombres inteligentes
4. Regular Present Tense Verbs | 规则动词现在时变位
Spanish verbs fall into three conjugation groups: -AR, -ER, and -IR. The present indicative tense is formed by removing the infinitive ending and adding the appropriate set of endings.
西班牙语动词分为三类变位：-AR、-ER 和 -IR。现在时陈述式变位通过去掉动词原形词尾并添加相应的词尾构成。
hablar: habl + o, as, a, amos, áis, an
comer: com + o, es, e, emos, éis, en
vivir: viv + o, es, e, imos, ís, en
These endings are used as a template. For stem-changing verbs, the stem change applies in all forms except nosotros and vosotros.
这些词尾可作为模板使用。对于词干变化动词，词干变化发生在除 nosotros 和 vosotros 外的所有人称中。
5. Common Irregular Present Tense Verbs | 常用不规则动词现在时
High-frequency irregular verbs must be memorised. They often have unique stems or endings. The table shows the six presest indicative forms of five key verbs.
高频不规则动词必须熟记，它们通常有独特的词干或词尾。下表给出了五个关键动词的六种现在时变位。
| Verb | yo | tú | él/ella/usted | nosotros | vosotros | ellos/ustedes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ser | soy | eres | es | somos | sois | son |
| estar | estoy | estás | está | estamos | estáis | están |
| ir | voy | vas | va | vamos | vais | van |
| tener | tengo | tienes | tiene | tenemos | tenéis | tienen |
| hacer | hago | haces | hace | hacemos | hacéis | hacen |
Pay special attention to ‘ser’ and ‘estar’, which both mean ‘to be’. ‘Ser’ refers to permanent or defining qualities, while ‘estar’ expresses temporary states or location.
特别注意 ‘ser’ 和 ‘estar’，两者都表示“是，在”。’Ser’ 用于永久或本质属性，’estar’ 表达暂时状态或位置。
6. Preterite vs. Imperfect Past | 简单过去时与未完成过去时
The preterite (pretérito indefinido) is used for completed actions in the past, often with a clear beginning or end. The imperfect (pretérito imperfecto) describes ongoing, habitual, or background actions.
简单过去时用于过去已完成的动作，常带有明确的起点或终点。未完成过去时描述进行中的、习惯性的或背景性动作。
Preterite -AR: é, aste, ó, amos, asteis, aron
Preterite -ER/-IR: í, iste, ió, imos, isteis, ieron
Imperfect -AR: aba, abas, aba, ábamos, abais, aban
Imperfect -ER/-IR: ía, ías, ía, íamos, íais, ían
Common trigger words for the preterite include ‘ayer’, ‘anoche’, ‘una vez’. Imperfect triggers include ‘siempre’, ‘todos los días’, ‘mientras’.
简单过去时常见触发词有 ‘ayer’, ‘anoche’, ‘una vez’。未完成时常见触发词包括 ‘siempre’, ‘todos los días’, ‘mientras’。
7. Future and Conditional Tenses | 将来时与条件式
The future indicative is formed by adding endings directly to the entire infinitive. The conditional uses a near-identical set of endings that correspond to the English ‘would’.
将来时直陈式在动词原形后直接加词尾构成。条件式使用几乎相同的词尾，表达“将会”或“可能”的含义。
Future: hablar + é, ás, á, emos, éis, án
Conditional: hablar + ía, ías, ía, íamos, íais, ían
These patterns work for all regular verbs and for most irregular verbs, which use a modified stem but the same endings. For example: tener → tendr-, decir → dir-.
该模式适用于所有规则动词和大多数不规则动词，不规则动词使用变化词干但词尾相同。例如：tener → tendr-, decir → dir-。
8. Affirmative and Negative Commands | 肯定与否定命令式
The imperative mood is used for giving commands. Affirmative tú commands usually take the third-person singular form of the present indicative. Negative tú commands use the subjunctive form.
命令式用于下达指令。肯定 tú 命令通常使用现在时第三人称单数形式。否定 tú 命令使用虚拟式形式。
Formal commands (usted/ustedes) and negative commands use the subjunctive endings. There are only a handful of irregular affirmative tú forms.
正式命令（usted/ustedes）和否定命令使用虚拟式词尾。仅有少数肯定 tú 形式不规则。
Di la verdad. (tú: decir)
No digas mentiras. (tú negative)
Hable más despacio. (usted)
With object pronouns, affirmative commands attach pronouns to the end; negative commands place them between ‘no’ and the verb.
带宾语代词时，肯定命令将代词后附；否定命令中代词置于 ‘no’ 与动词之间。
9. Direct, Indirect, and Reflexive Pronouns | 直接宾语、间接宾语与自复代词
Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las) replace the noun that directly receives the action. Indirect object pronouns (me, te, le, nos, os, les) indicate to whom or for whom the action is done. Reflexive pronouns (me, te, se, nos, os, se) are used with reflexive verbs.
直接宾语代词（lo, la, los, las）替换动作的直接承受者。间接宾语代词（me, te, le, nos, os, les）表示动作的对象。自复代词（me, te, se, nos, os, se）与自复动词连用。
The pronouns generally precede a conjugated verb, but can be attached to infinitives, gerunds, and affirmative imperatives. When two object pronouns are used together, the indirect precedes the direct; if both are third-person, ‘le’ or ‘les’ changes to ‘se’.
代词通常位于变位动词之前，但可以后附于不定式、副动词和肯定命令式。当两个宾语代词连用时，间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后；若两者均为第三人称，’le’ 或 ‘les’ 变为 ‘se’。
Te lo doy. (I give it to you.)
Se lo expliqué. (I explained it to him/her/them.)
10. Present Subjunctive: Basic Uses | 虚拟语气现在时：基础用法
The present subjunctive is formed by taking the yo form of the present indicative, dropping the -o, and adding opposite vowel endings: -AR verbs take -e endings; -ER/-IR verbs take -a endings.
虚拟语气现在时通过取直陈式现在时 yo 形，去掉 -o，再加相反元音词尾构成：-AR 动词用 -e 词尾；-ER/-IR 动词用 -a 词尾。
hablar → hable, hables, hable, hablemos, habléis, hablen
comer → coma, comas, coma, comamos, comáis, coman
The subjunctive is used after certain expressions of desire, doubt, emotion, or impersonal statements, and always in a dependent clause introduced by ‘que’. Typical triggers: ‘Quiero que…’, ‘Es importante que…’, ‘Dudo que…’.
虚拟语气用在表达愿望、怀疑、情感或无人称结构之后，并且总是出现在由 ‘que’ 引导的从句中。典型触发词：’Quiero que…’、’Es importante que…’、’Dudo que…’。
11. Key Prepositions: por, para, de, a, en | 核心介词：por, para, de, a, en
‘Para’ indicates purpose, destination, recipient, or deadline. ‘Por’ expresses cause, duration, exchange, and means of transport/communication. The distinction is vital.
‘Para’ 表示目的、目的地、接受者或截止时间。’Por’ 表达原因、持续时间、交换和交通/通讯方式。二者的区分至关重要。
‘De’ is used for possession, origin, material, and description. ‘A’ marks direction, time, and the personal ‘a’ before animate direct objects. ‘En’ indicates location in space or time.
‘De’ 用于表示所属、来源、材质和描述。’A’ 表示方向、时间以及用于直接宾语为人的情况下加“个人 a”。’En’ 表示空间或时间上的“在……”。
Salimos para Madrid. (We leave for Madrid.)
Gracias por todo. (Thanks for everything.)
12. Comparatives and Superlatives | 比较级与最高级
Comparisons of inequality use ‘más … que’ (more … than) or ‘menos … que’ (less … than). Equality uses ‘tan … como’ (as … as) with adjectives/adverbs, or ‘tanto/a/os/as … como’ with nouns.
不等比较用 ‘más… que’（比……更）或 ‘menos… que’（比……少）。同等比较用 ‘tan… como’（跟……一样）修饰形容词或副词，用 ‘tanto/a/os/as… como’ 修饰名词。
Regular superlatives are formed with the definite article + ‘más’ + adjective. There are four irregular comparative/superlative forms: mejor (better/best), peor (worse/worst), mayor (older/oldest), menor (younger/youngest).
规则最高级由定冠词 + ‘más’ + 形容词构成。有四个不规则比较级/最高级形式：mejor（较好/最好），peor（较坏/最坏），mayor（较老/最老），menor（较年轻/最年轻）。
Ella es más alta que yo. (She is taller than me.)
Es el edificio más alto de la ciudad. (It is the tallest building in the city.)
Published by TutorHao | Spanish Revision Series | aleveler.com
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