📚 GCSE AQA Engineering: Key Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Study Guide | GCSE AQA 工程：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering subject-specific terminology is the foundation of success in GCSE AQA Engineering. Whether you are describing material properties, explaining mechanical systems, or evaluating manufacturing processes, precise use of vocabulary will earn you higher marks in both the written exam and your NEA. This guide breaks down the essential terms you need to know, with clear definitions, Chinese translations, and memory-friendly explanations.
掌握学科专项术语是 GCSE AQA 工程成功的基石。无论是在笔试中描述材料性能、解释机械系统，还是在非考试评估（NEA）中进行分析，准确使用词汇都能帮你获得更高分数。本指南整理了你必须掌握的核心术语，提供清晰的定义、中文翻译以及有助于记忆的说明。
1. Materials and Properties | 材料与性能
Engineers choose materials based on their mechanical, physical and environmental properties. A strong grasp of these key terms lets you justify material selection in any design context.
工程师根据材料的力学、物理和环境性能进行选择。牢固掌握这些关键术语，使你能够在任何设计情境中论证材料选择的合理性。
Tensile strength is the maximum stress a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before breaking. It is vital for components that carry tension, such as cables, ropes and structural ties. The unit is pascal (Pa) or megapascal (MPa).
抗拉强度是材料在拉伸或拉扯时断裂前所能承受的最大应力。它对承受拉力的部件（如缆绳、绳索和拉杆）至关重要，单位为帕斯卡（Pa）或兆帕（MPa）。
Compressive strength describes how well a material resists being squashed or compressed. Concrete and stone have high compressive strength but low tensile strength, which is why they are often reinforced with steel.
抗压强度描述材料抵抗被压扁或压缩的能力。混凝土和石材具有较高的抗压强度但抗拉强度低，因此常常用钢筋增强。
Ductility is the ability of a material to be drawn into thin wires without breaking. Copper is highly ductile, making it ideal for electrical wiring. Think of the word ‘ductile’ as ‘able to be pulled into a duct’.
延展性是材料被拉成细丝而不断裂的能力。铜的延展性极好，因此非常适合制作电线。联想记忆：’ductile’ 可看作 ‘能拉成管道（duct）’。
Malleability refers to a material’s capacity to be hammered, rolled or pressed into thin sheets without cracking. Aluminium foil and gold leaf exploit high malleability.
展性指材料被锤打、轧制或压制成薄片而不开裂的能力。铝箔和金箔就是利用了高展性。
Hardness measures a material’s resistance to indentation, scratching or surface wear. Hard materials, like tool steel, keep their shape under heavy load and are used for cutting tools.
硬度衡量材料抵抗压痕、划痕或表面磨损的能力。硬质材料（如工具钢）在重载下能保持形状，常用于切削工具。
Toughness is the ability to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing. A tough material, such as mild steel, is not necessarily hard, but it resists impact and shock loading.
韧性是材料吸收能量并发生塑性变形而不断裂的能力。韧性材料（如低碳钢）不一定硬度高，但能抵抗冲击载荷。
A quick classification: ferrous metals contain iron (e.g. steel, cast iron) and are mostly magnetic, while non-ferrous metals do not contain iron (aluminium, copper, zinc) and are often corrosion-resistant. An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements, at least one being a metal, to improve properties – for example, brass (copper + zinc).
快速分类：含铁金属含有铁（如钢、铸铁），大多具有磁性；非含铁金属不含铁（铝、铜、锌），通常耐腐蚀。合金是由两种或多种元素组成的混合物，其中至少一种为金属，用以改善性能——例如黄铜（铜+锌）。
| Term | Definition | 中文 | Memory Hint |
|---|---|---|---|
| Density | Mass per unit volume (kg/m³) | 密度 | ‘Heavy for its size’ |
| Elasticity | Ability to return to original shape after load removal | 弹性 | Like a rubber band |
| Conductivity (thermal / electrical) | Ability to conduct heat or electricity | 导热/导电性 | Copper does both well |
2. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
From shaping raw material to final finishing, production methods determine product quality, cost and waste. Familiarity with process terminology helps you link a design to the most suitable method.
从原料成形到最终精加工，生产方法决定了产品质量、成本和废料。熟悉工艺术语有助于将设计与最合适的方法关联起来。
Casting involves pouring molten metal into a mould cavity where it solidifies. Sand casting and die casting are common variants. It is suitable for complex shapes and high-volume runs.
铸造是将熔融金属倒入模腔中使之凝固。砂型铸造和压铸是常见方式，适合复杂形状和大批量生产。
Machining removes material from a workpiece using cutting tools. Turning (workpiece rotates), milling (cutter rotates) and drilling (creating holes) are all subtractive processes. CNC (Computer Numerical Control) automates them for precision.
机械加工用切削刀具从工件上去除材料。车削（工件旋转）、铣削（刀具旋转）和钻削（钻孔）都属于减材制造。CNC（计算机数字控制）使其实现自动化精密加工。
Forming reshapes material without adding or removing it. Bending, forging and rolling are forming techniques. They preserve material and often improve strength through grain restructuring.
成形在不增加或减少材料的情况下改变形状。弯曲、锻造和轧制都是成形工艺。它们节约材料，并常通过晶粒重构提高强度。
Welding uses heat (and sometimes filler) to fuse parts, creating a permanent joint. Soldering and brazing use a lower-melting-point filler without melting the base metals, commonly seen in electronics and plumbing.
焊接利用热量（有时加填充材料）将零件熔合，形成永久连接。软钎焊和硬钎焊使用熔点较低的填充料而不熔化母材，常见于电子和管道工程。
Additive manufacturing (3D printing) builds objects layer by layer from a digital model. It excels at prototyping and complex geometries, while subtractive manufacturing cuts away from a solid block, typically achieving better surface finish.
增材制造（3D打印）根据数字模型逐层构建物体，擅长原型制作和复杂几何形状；而减材制造从整块材料中切除多余部分，通常表面光洁度更佳。
3. Mechanical Systems & Motion | 机械系统与运动
Mechanical systems transmit and modify forces and motion. Learning the vocabulary around levers, gears and linkages allows you to calculate advantages and efficiency.
机械系统传递并改变力和运动。学习杠杆、齿轮和连杆机构的词汇，使你能够计算效率和优势。
Mechanical advantage (MA) is the factor by which a mechanism multiplies the input force. It is calculated as Load divided by Effort. An MA greater than 1 means less effort is needed to move a heavy load.
机械效益（MA）是机构将输入力放大的倍数，计算为负载除以动力。MA 大于 1 意味着用较小的力即可移动重载。
Mechanical Advantage (MA) = Load / Effort
机械效益 (MA) = 负载 / 动力
Velocity ratio (VR) is the ratio of distance moved by effort to distance moved by load. It depends purely on the dimensions of the mechanism, unlike MA which includes friction losses.
速比（VR）是动力移动距离与负载移动距离的比值，仅取决于机构尺寸，与包含摩擦损失的 MA 不同。
Velocity Ratio (VR) = Distance moved by effort / Distance moved by load
速比 (VR) = 动力移动距离 / 负载移动距离
Efficiency expresses how well a system converts input work into output work. It is always below 100% in real mechanisms due to friction. It links MA and VR: Efficiency = (MA / VR) × 100%.
效率表示系统将输入功转换为输出功的程度。由于摩擦，真实机构的效率始终低于 100%。它关联了 MA 与 VR：效率 = (MA / VR) × 100%。
Gears are rotating wheels with teeth that transmit torque. Spur gears run on parallel shafts, bevel gears change axis direction, worm and wheel drastically reduce speed and increase torque, while rack and pinion turns rotary motion into linear motion.
齿轮是带齿的旋转轮，用于传递扭矩。正齿轮用于平行轴，锥齿轮改变轴线方向，蜗轮蜗杆大幅降速增扭，齿轮齿条将旋转运动转化为直线运动。
Levers are simple machines with a rigid bar pivoting on a fulcrum. A Class 1 lever has the fulcrum between load and effort (e.g. scissors); Class 2 has the load in the middle (wheelbarrow); Class 3 has the effort in the middle (tweezers).
杠杆是绕支点转动的刚性杆。一类杠杆支点在负载和动力之间（如剪刀）；二类杠杆负载居中（手推车）；三类杠杆动力居中（镊子）。
4. Electronic & Control Systems | 电子与控制系统
Modern engineering products often embed electronic control. Understanding input-process-output blocks and component symbols is essential for circuit analysis and systems thinking.
现代工程产品常嵌入电子控制。理解输入-处理-输出模块和元件符号对电路分析和系统思维至关重要。
Input devices such as sensors detect changes in the environment. An LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) decreases resistance with more light; a thermistor changes resistance with temperature (NTC type: resistance drops as temperature rises).
输入设备如传感器检测环境变化。光敏电阻 (LDR) 光照越强电阻越低；热敏电阻随温度改变阻值（NTC 型：温度升高电阻下降）。
Process blocks contain components that make decisions. A transistor can act as an electronic switch or amplifier; a microcontroller (like Arduino) can be programmed to process sensor signals and drive outputs. A relay allows a low-power circuit to control a high-power one.
处理模块包含决策元件。三极管可用作电子开关或放大器；微控制器（如 Arduino）可编程处理传感器信号并驱动输出。继电器使低功率电路能够控制高功率电路。
Output devices convert electrical energy into other forms. LEDs emit light, buzzers produce sound, motors spin, and actuators physically move mechanisms. PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) effectively controls motor speed or LED brightness by switching power on/off rapidly.
输出设备将电能转化为其他形式。LED 发光，蜂鸣器发声，马达旋转，执行器物理移动机构。脉宽调制 (PWM) 通过快速开关电源来有效控制电机速度或 LED 亮度。
Open-loop control simply sends a command without checking the result (e.g. a toaster that times the heating). Closed-loop (feedback) control constantly monitors the output using a sensor and adjusts to match the desired set point – like a thermostat regulating room temperature.
开环控制仅发送指令而不检查结果（如定时的烤面包机）。闭环（反馈）控制使用传感器不断监测输出并调节以匹配设定值——就像恒温器调节室温。
| Component | Role | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| Resistor | Limits current | 电阻器 |
| Capacitor | Stores charge | 电容器 |
| Diode | Allows current in one direction only | 二极管 |
| LED | Emits light when current passes | 发光二极管 |
5. Engineering Drawings & Design | 工程制图与设计
Technical drawings are the universal language of engineering. Being fluent in orthographic projection, dimensioning and CAD/CAM terminology is critical for communicating design intent accurately.
技术图纸是工程的通用语言。熟练运用正投影、尺寸标注和 CAD/CAM 术语，对于精确传达设计意图至关重要。
Orthographic projection presents a 3D object using 2D views (front, side, plan). In first angle projection (common in Europe) the views are arranged as if the object is inside a glass box, with the plan view below the front view. Third angle projection (common in the US) places the plan view above the front.
正投影用二维视图（前视、侧视、俯视）展示三维物体。第一角投影（欧洲常用）将视图安排得好像物体在玻璃盒内，俯视图在下；第三角投影（美国常用）则俯视图在上。
Isometric drawing is a pictorial view where all three axes are equally foreshortened, typically at 30° to the horizontal. It gives a realistic 3D feel while allowing measurements along axes.
等轴测图是一种立体视图，三轴等比例缩短，通常与水平成30°，能在轴上测量尺寸的同时呈现真实三维感。
Dimensioning adds measurements to a drawing and must follow standards: extension lines touch the feature, dimension lines end with arrowheads, and the value is placed above the line in millimetres unless stated otherwise.
尺寸标注为图纸添加测量值，必须遵循标准：延伸线接触特征，尺寸线以箭头终止，数值置于线上方，单位默认为毫米。
Tolerance is the allowable variation in a dimension. It ensures parts fit together despite manufacturing imperfections. A tight tolerance improves precision but increases cost.
公差是尺寸的允许变动量。它确保零件尽管有制造误差仍能装配。精密的公差提高精度但增加成本。
CAD (Computer-Aided Design) software generates precise 2D and 3D models; CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacturing) translates those models into machine code (G-code) to control CNC machines. Together, they form the CAD/CAM pipeline.
CAD（计算机辅助设计）软件生成精确的二维/三维模型；CAM（计算机辅助制造）将模型转化为机器代码（G代码）以控制数控机床。两者构成 CAD/CAM 工作流。
6. Testing & Quality Control | 测试与质量控制
Testing verifies that a product meets design specifications and safety standards. Distinguishing between destructive and non-destructive methods, and between quality assurance and quality control, is a common exam topic.
测试验证产品是否符合设计规范和安全标准。区分破坏性与非破坏性方法，以及质量保证与质量控制，是考试中的常见主题。
Destructive testing pushes a sample until it fails to measure ultimate properties. A tensile test stretches a specimen to obtain yield strength, tensile strength and elongation. Impact tests (e.g. Charpy) measure toughness.
破坏性测试让样品加载至失效以测量极限性能。拉伸试验拉伸试样获得屈服强度、抗拉强度和延伸率。冲击试验（如 Charpy 试验）测量韧性。
Non-destructive testing (NDT) inspects components without damaging them. Ultrasonic testing uses high-frequency sound waves to detect internal flaws; dye penetrant reveals surface cracks by soaking coloured dye into defects.
非破坏性测试 (NDT) 在不损坏部件的情况下进行检查。超声波检测用高频声波探测内部缺陷；着色渗透检测通过将着色剂渗入裂缝来显露表面裂纹。
Quality assurance (QA) focuses on preventing defects by improving the process (e.g. staff training, documented procedures). Quality control (QC) is product-oriented, using inspection and testing to catch defects after production.
质量保证 (QA) 侧重于通过改善流程预防缺陷（如员工培训、文件化流程）；质量控制 (QC) 以产品为导向，使用检验和测试在生产后捕捉缺陷。
Go/No-Go gauge is a simple QC tool that checks whether a dimension is within tolerance. The ‘Go’ end must fit, and the ‘No-Go’ end must not. Regular calibration of instruments ensures accuracy against a standard.
通/止规是一种简单的 QC 工具，用于检查尺寸是否在公差内。“通”端必须通过，“止”端不应通过。仪器的定期校准可确保其相对于标准基准的准确性。
7. Health & Safety | 健康与安全
Engineering workshops and sites demand strict adherence to safety legislation. Using the correct terminology not only keeps you safe but also earns marks in NEA write-ups and written questions.
工程车间和现场须严格遵守安全法规。使用正确的术语不仅能保安全，还能在 NEA 报告和笔试题中得分。
Personal protective equipment (PPE) includes items such as safety glasses, steel-toe boots, gloves, ear defenders and hard hats. PPE is the last line of defence after engineering controls have been applied.
个人防护装备 (PPE) 包括安全眼镜、钢头鞋、手套、耳罩和安全帽。PPE 是在工程控制措施之后最后一道防线。
Risk assessment is a structured process of identifying hazards, evaluating the likelihood and severity of harm, and implementing control measures. A hazard is anything with the potential to cause injury or ill health.
风险评估是一个结构化过程：识别危险源，评估伤害的可能性和严重程度，并实施控制措施。危险源是指任何可能造成人身伤害或健康损害的事物。
COSHH (Control of Substances Hazardous to Health) requires employers to assess and control risks from chemicals, fumes and dust. Safety data sheets provide information on handling, storage and emergency measures.
COSHH（有害物质控制）要求雇主评估并控制化学品、烟气和粉尘带来的风险。安全数据表提供有关操作、储存
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