📚 GCSE Eduqas Geography: Key Terminology Quick Revision Guide | GCSE Eduqas 地理：关键术语速记指南
Master GCSE Eduqas Geography with this comprehensive glossary. Understanding and accurately using subject-specific terms is essential for exams. This guide breaks down key vocabulary into thematic sections, each with English explanations followed by Chinese translations to support bilingual learners and deepen conceptual clarity.
掌握 GCSE Eduqas 地理核心术语。准确使用学科专属词汇对考试至关重要。本指南按主题整理关键术语，每一条先提供英文解释，再配中文翻译，帮助双语学习者强化理解，清晰构建知识框架。
1. Rivers and Coasts Terminology | 河流与海岸术语
Abrasion is the wearing away of rock surfaces by particles carried by water or wind – often called the ‘sandpaper effect’. In rivers and waves, it scours beds and banks.
磨蚀是水流或风力携带的颗粒对岩石表面造成的磨损，常被称为“砂纸效应”。在河流和波浪中，它不断刮蚀河床和岸壁。
Hydraulic action is the force of moving water trapping air in cracks, causing pressure that weakens and breaks rock. It contributes to waterfall retreat and cliff undercutting.
水力作用是流水将空气困入岩缝并产生压力，使岩石松动破碎的过程。它促使瀑布后退并侵蚀悬崖底部。
A meander is a pronounced bend in a river channel formed by lateral erosion on the outer bank and deposition on the inner bank, producing a sinuous course.
曲流是河道中明显的弯绕，由外侧岸遭受侧蚀、内侧岸发生沉积而形成，呈现出蜿蜒曲折的形态。
Longshore drift describes the zigzag movement of sediment along a coast caused by waves approaching at an angle. It builds spits and changes beach profiles.
沿岸漂移指波浪以斜角冲向海岸，造成沙粒呈锯齿状沿海岸移动的现象。它能形成沙嘴并改变海滩剖面。
Fetch is the uninterrupted distance over which wind blows across open water. A longer fetch produces more powerful waves and increases coastal erosion risk.
风区是风在水面不受阻挡地吹过的距离。风区越长，波浪能量越大，海岸受侵蚀的风险也越高。
2. Weather and Climate | 天气与气候
Weather is the day-to-day state of the atmosphere, involving temperature, precipitation, wind speed and cloud cover at a specific place and time.
天气指大气逐日的状态，涉及特定地点和时间的气温、降水、风速和云量等要素。
Climate is the long-term average of weather conditions typically calculated over 30 years. It determines expected seasonal patterns for a region.
气候是长期（通常按30年计算）天气状况的平均值，它决定了一个地区预期的季节规律。
Precipitation includes all forms of water falling from clouds – rain, snow, sleet and hail. It is measured in millimetres using a rain gauge.
降水包括从云中降落的各类水 – 雨、雪、雨夹雪和冰雹，用雨量器以毫米为单位测量。
Condensation occurs when water vapour in the air cools and turns into liquid droplets, forming clouds, dew or fog. It is a key part of the water cycle.
凝结是空气中的水蒸气冷却变成液态水滴的过程，可形成云、露或雾，是水循环的关键环节。
Relief rainfall happens when moist air is forced to rise over hills or mountains, cools, condenses and produces rain on the windward side. The leeward side often lies in a rain shadow.
地形雨是潮湿空气被迫爬升山区，冷却凝结而在迎风坡形成降水的过程；背风坡往往位于雨影区。
3. Ecosystems and Biomes | 生态系统与生物群落
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment (soil, climate, water). Energy flows and nutrients cycle through the system.
生态系统是由生物群落与非生物环境（土壤、气候、水）相互作用的整体，能量在其中流动，养分在其中循环。
A biome is a global-scale ecosystem defined by distinct climate, vegetation and animal life, e.g. tropical rainforest, tundra or hot desert.
生物群落是全球尺度上的生态系统，由独特的气候、植被和动物界决定，如热带雨林、苔原或热沙漠。
Producers are green plants that convert solar energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis. They form the base of all food chains.
生产者是绿色植物，通过光合作用将太阳能转化为化学能，是食物链的基础。
Decomposers such as fungi and bacteria break down dead organic matter, returning nutrients to the soil and keeping the ecosystem functioning.
分解者如真菌和细菌，分解死亡的有机物，将养分归还土壤，维持生态系统的运作。
Nutrient cycling describes the continuous movement of elements like carbon and nitrogen between the living and non-living parts of an ecosystem.
养分循环指碳、氮等元素在生态系统的生物与非生物部分之间持续流动的过程。
4. Tectonic Hazards | 构造灾害
Tectonic plates are massive, rigid slabs of the Earth’s lithosphere that float on the semi-molten asthenosphere. Their movement causes earthquakes and volcanoes.
构造板块是地球岩石圈中巨大的刚性板块，漂浮在软流圈上，其运动引发地震和火山活动。
A divergent boundary occurs where two plates move apart, allowing magma to rise and create new crust. This is seen at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
离散型边界指两板块相互分离，岩浆上涌形成新地壳的边界，如大西洋中脊。
Subduction happens at a destructive boundary when a denser oceanic plate sinks beneath a continental plate, generating powerful earthquakes and explosive volcanoes.
俯冲发生在消亡型边界，较致密的大洋板块沉入大陆板块之下，产生强震和爆发型火山。
The Richter scale measures the magnitude of an earthquake based on seismic wave amplitude. Each whole number increase represents a tenfold increase in measured amplitude.
里氏震级通过地震波振幅衡量地震大小，每增大1个整数代表测量振幅增加10倍。
A tsunami is a series of giant sea waves usually triggered by undersea earthquakes. They travel at high speed and build height in shallow coastal waters.
海啸是一系列巨型海浪，通常由海底地震触发，传播速度极快，在浅海区浪高急剧增加。
5. Urbanisation and Settlement | 城市化与定居
Urbanisation is the increasing proportion of a country’s population living in urban areas. It results from rural-to-urban migration and natural increase within cities.
城市化指一国人口中居住在城市地区的比例不断上升，通常由乡村向城市迁移以及城市内部自然增长驱动。
A greenfield site is undeveloped rural land on the edge of a city considered for new building. Development here is often cheaper but may provoke environmental concerns.
绿地指城市边缘未开发的乡村土地，用于新建设时成本较低，但可能引发环境争议。
A squatter settlement is an unplanned, densely populated residential area with inadequate housing, sanitation and legal tenure, common in megacities of low-income countries.
贫民窟是指建筑无序、人口密集、缺乏住房、卫生设施和法律权属的居住区，在低收入国家的大型城市中十分常见。
Causes of counter-urbanisation include the search for a quieter lifestyle, cheaper housing and improved transport links, leading to population growth in rural towns and suburbs.
逆城市化的推动因素包括追求更安静的生活方式、房价更便宜和交通改善，从而使人口向乡村和小城镇增长。
Sustainability in urban planning means meeting present needs without compromising the future. It includes green roofs, cycle lanes and renewable energy use.
城市规划中的可持续性意味着满足当前需要而不损害未来，手段包括绿色屋顶、自行车道和可再生能源利用。
6. Population and Migration | 人口与迁移
Birth rate is the number of live births per 1,000 people per year. It is a key indicator of population growth alongside death rate and migration.
出生率是每年每千人中的活产婴儿数，与死亡率和迁移一起构成人口增长的核心指标。
Infant mortality rate measures deaths of children under one year per 1,000 live births. High rates indicate poor healthcare and nutrition.
婴儿死亡率指每千名活产婴儿中一岁前死亡的数量，高数值往往反映医疗保健和营养状况差。
Push factors are negative conditions that force people to leave their place of origin, such as war, drought, unemployment or poor services.
推力因素是指迫使人离开原居地的负面条件，如战争、干旱、失业或公共服务匮乏。
Pull factors attract migrants to a new location – better job opportunities, higher wages, good schools, safety and family links.
拉力因素吸引移民前往新地点 – 更好的就业机会、更高工资、优质学校、安全环境及家庭联系。
Net migration is the difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants. A positive net migration adds to population, while negative reduces it.
净迁移是移入与移出人数之差。正净迁移增加人口，负净迁移减少人口。
7. Economic Development and Globalisation | 经济发展与全球化
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita is the total value of goods and services produced in a country divided by its population. It gives a rough measure of average income.
人均国内生产总值（GDP）是一个国家生产的商品和服务总值除以人口，粗略反映平均收入水平。
The Human Development Index (HDI) combines life expectancy, education and income to rank countries’ overall development from 0 to 1.
人类发展指数（HDI）综合了预期寿命、教育水平和收入，用来以0到1的数值衡量国家整体发展程度。
Globalisation is the growing interdependence of countries through trade, investment, communication and movement of people. It can accelerate economic growth but also create inequality.
全球化是指通过贸易、投资、通信和人员流动，各国间相互依存日益加深的过程，它能加速经济增长但也可能加剧不平等。
A Transnational Corporation (TNC) operates in multiple countries, e.g. a clothing retailer with headquarters in a high-income country and factories in low-income nations.
跨国公司（TNC）在多个国家开展业务，例如总部设在高收入国家，工厂设在低收入国家的服装零售商。
Aid is the transfer of money, goods or expertise from one country or organisation to another. Types include emergency aid, development aid and tied aid.
援助是指一个国家或组织向另一个提供资金、物资或专长的转移，类型包括紧急援助、发展援助和附带条件的援助。
8. Resource Management and Sustainability | 资源管理与可持续性
Food miles measure the distance food travels from production to consumer. Shorter food miles reduce carbon footprint and support local farming.
食物里程衡量食品从生产地到消费者手中所行的距离。缩短食物里程可减少碳足迹，支持本地农业。
Carbon footprint is the total greenhouse gas emissions caused directly or indirectly by an individual, organisation or product, expressed in tonnes of CO₂ equivalent.
碳足迹是指个人、组织或产品直接或间接造成的温室气体排放总量，以二氧化碳当量的吨数表示。
Renewable energy sources – solar, wind, hydro and tidal – can be replenished naturally and produce little or no greenhouse gases during operation.
可再生能源 – 太阳、风、水力及潮汐能 – 可自然补充，运行中几乎不产生温室气体。
Resource depletion means the consumption of natural resources faster than they can be regenerated. It challenges sustainability for future generations.
资源耗竭指自然资源的消耗速度快于其再生速度，这给未来世代的可持续性带来挑战。
Water stress occurs when the demand for water exceeds the available amount during a specific period or when poor quality restricts its use. It affects large parts of Africa and Asia.
水压力指一段时期内用水需求超过可用水量，或因水质差限制使用的情况，非洲和亚洲大片地区深受其害。
9. Geographical Skills: Maps and Data | 地理技能：地图与数据
An Ordnance Survey map uses contour lines to show relief. Closely spaced contours represent steep slopes, while widely spaced lines indicate gentle slopes.
英国地形测量图利用等高线表现地形。密集的等高线代表陡坡，稀疏的等高线表示缓坡。
A four-figure grid reference locates a grid square (e.g. 1642), whereas a six-figure grid reference (e.g. 163425) pinpoints an exact point within that square.
四位数字网格参照定位一个方格（如1642），而六位数字参照（如163425）可精确标定方格内的具体地点。
GIS (Geographic Information System) is digital software that captures, stores and analyses spatial data on layered maps. It helps in environmental planning and disaster response.
地理信息系统（GIS）是能够捕捉、存储和分析分层地图空间数据的数字软件，广泛应用于环境规划和灾害应对。
Choropleth maps use colour shading to represent data values across areas, such as population density. They reveal spatial patterns quickly.
等值区域图通过色彩浓淡表示不同区域的数据值（如人口密度），能快速揭示空间分布格局。
Primary data is information collected firsthand for a specific investigation, e.g. field sketches, questionnaires or river measurements. It is reliable for the intended purpose.
一手数据是为特定调查而直接收集的信息，例如实地速写、问卷或河流测量。它在预期目的上具有可靠性。
10. Exam Command Words and Key Phrases | 考试指令词与关键短语
‘Describe’ asks you to state features or trends without giving reasons. Use precise facts and figures from a resource.
‘Describe（描述）’ 要求陈述特征或趋势而不解释原因，需引用资料中的准确事实与数据。
‘Explain’ requires you to give reasons or causes for a pattern, event or concept. Use ‘because’ or ‘this leads to’ to structure your answer.
‘Explain（解释）’ 要求说明模式、事件或概念的原因或起因，作答时用’因为’或’这导致’来组织逻辑。
‘Evaluate’ means weighing up strengths and weaknesses before reaching a supported conclusion. Include both sides of an argument and a final judgment.
‘Evaluate（评价）’ 指权衡优缺点后得出有依据的结论，需涵盖正反两面论据并给出最终判断。
‘Compare’ expects you to identify similarities and differences. Use comparative phrases like ‘whereas’, ‘in contrast’ or ‘similarly’.
‘Compare（比较）’ 要求找出相似与差异，用’而’、’相比之下’、’类似地’等短语进行对比。
‘To what extent’ asks for an assessment of the degree of truth or validity in a statement. You must often analyse evidence from case studies to arrive at a nuanced answer.
‘To what extent（在多大程度上）’ 要求评估某个陈述的真实性或有效性，常常需要分析案例研究的证据，从而给出细致的答案。
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